Deck 17: What You Know About You: the Self

Question 1

Members of collectivist cultures might be more ________ in the ________ sense than members of individualist cultures.

A) inconsistent; absolute
B) inconsistent; relative
C) consistent; absolute
D) consistent; relative

Answer 1

A

Question 2

According to the text, Canadians who failed an experimental task ________ on a second task, whereas Japanese participants who failed an experimental task ________.

A) performed better; persisted less
B) worked harder to improve themselves; retreated from a second task
C) persisted less; worked harder on a second task
D) worked harder; worked much more slowly on a second task

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Individuals from ________ are least likely to demonstrate consistencies in emotional experience across situations.

A) Australia
B) New Zealand
C) United States
D) Japan

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A person who knows that he is hostile and aloof is said to have ________ knowledge.

A) procedural
B) episodic
C) implicit
D) declarative

Question 5

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the relative consistency of emotional experiences in Japan and the United States?

A) Japanese individuals show much less relative consistency in this regard than do Americans.
B) Japanese individuals show much more relative consistency in this regard than do Americans.
C) There is little evidence for differences in relative consistency between members of these two groups.
D) Relative consistency in emotional experiences is a concept that only applies to Americans.

Question 6

According to previous research about cultural differences in person-based descriptions, which of the following might be a way someone in India would describe another individual?

A) She is very collectivist.
B) She is very individualist.
C) She is kind and nice.
D) She does nice things for people.

Question 7

________ is NOT one of the key functions of the self.

A) Facilitating self-regulation
B) Serving as an information processing filter
C) Facilitating basic and reflexive responses to environmental contingences
D) Fulfilling identity functions

Question 8

Which of the following statements best describes the state of the evidence regarding individualist versus collectivist cultures and the sense of self?

A) Individuals in both collectivist and individualist cultures have a sense of self.
B) Only a very few members of collectivist cultures have a distinct sense of self.
C) A sense of self takes longer to develop in individualist as opposed to collectivist cultures.
D) A sense of self takes longer to develop in collectivist as opposed to individualist cultures.

Question 9

According to the text, college students from individualist cultures who failed a test of creativity ________, whereas Japanese students ________.

A) wanted to take the test again; searched for ways to think well of themselves
B) searched for ways to think well of themselves; did not show this response
C) showed no signs of distress; showed signs of great distress
D) felt bad about themselves; felt bad about their group

Question 10

Behavioral consistency is positively associated with ________ in American culture, whereas behavior consistency is ________ in Korean culture.

A) personality disorders; associated with mental health
B) mental health; associated with personality disorders
C) mental health; positively associated with cognitive ability
D) mental health; not necessarily associated with mental health

Question 11

Why might an individual from Japan lack a pervasive need for self-regard?

A) Japanese individuals do not have a sense of self that is distinct from the larger collective.
B) Japanese individuals are more likely to tie individual well-being to group well-being.
C) Self-regard is a completely foreign concept in collectivist cultures.
D) Individuals in Japan may not have the genetic factors responsible for self-regard.

Question 12

Self-knowledge can be divided into ________ knowledge and ________ knowledge.

A) procedural; episodic
B) procedural; declarative
C) procedural; semantic
D) declarative; explicit

Question 13

A person who habitually avoids social interaction but is unaware of his shyness is said to have ________ knowledge about the self.

A) procedural
B) episodic
C) semantic
D) declarative

Question 14

William James believed that our ________ includes ________.

A) I self; our possessions
B) I self; our personality traits only
C) me self; our possessions
D) me self; our personality traits only

Question 15

Procedural self-knowledge does NOT include ________.

A) social skills
B) styles of relating to others
C) unconscious self-knowledge
D) explicit self-knowledge

Question 16

Individuals from ________ are least likely to use trait terms.

A) Germany
B) New Zealand
C) India
D) Canada

Question 17

Individuals from ________ are least likely to demonstrate consistencies in self-descriptions across situations.

A) Australia
B) New Zealand
C) Korea
D) Canada

Question 18

According to theorizing about behavior consistency, an individual from a collectivist country would be less conflicted about inconsistent behavior because such cultures ________.

A) do not place much emphasis on adherence to behavioral norms
B) expect more conformity to the social demands of different situations
C) provide fewer opportunities to display behavioral inconsistency
D) place more value on behavior inconsistency from an early age

Question 19

According to William James, the ________ does the thinking and sensing, whereas the ________ is the object of thoughts about the self.

A) I; me
B) me; I
C) independent self; interdependent self
D) interdependent self; independent self

Question 20

According to the text, individuals from India used personality trait terms to describe their acquaintances ________ percent of the time, whereas individuals from the United States used personality trait terms ________ percent of the time.

A) 10; 90
B) 90; 10
C) 20; 50
D) 50; 20

Question 21

Sam is schematic for agreeableness. When he is asked to make judgments about whether he is friendly, kind, and modest, he will ________.

A) take far longer to answer than someone who is aschematic for this trait
B) answer more quickly than someone aschematic for this trait
C) answer at about the same speed as someone who is aschematic for this trait
D) become emotionally distressed at the question prompts

Question 22

Individuals with amnesia are ________, which suggests that accurate self-knowledge ________ memories of specific life events.

A) unable to provide accurate self-reports of personality; depends on
B) able to provide accurate self-reports of personality; exists separately from
C) unable to provide accurate self-reports of personality; exists separately from
D) able to provide accurate self-reports of personality; depends on

Question 23

The overall opinion of the self is called ________.

A) the procedural self
B) self-esteem
C) self-concept
D) self-schema

Question 24

The ________ effect describes the enhancement of long-term memory that comes from relating information to the self.

A) self-enhancement
B) self-consistency
C) self-justification
D) self-reference

Question 25

Jack's friends don't think he is very smart; however, Jack considers himself to be quite intelligent. Jack would most likely be considered high in ________.

A) self-insight
B) self-enhancement
C) sociometry
D) self-justification

Question 26

Repeating the items on a grocery list such as "cheese, bread, soda, canned soup, salad dressing, and paper napkins" over and over again in your mind is an example of what process?

A) rehearsal
B) elongation
C) elaboration
D) reverberation

Question 27

Everything you think you know about your traits and abilities resides in the ________.

A) procedural self
B) self-esteem structure
C) I self
D) declarative self

Question 28

What "selves" are two aspects of procedural self-knowledge?

A) relational and implicit
B) rational and explicit
C) collectivist and individualist
D) I and me

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT associated with low self-esteem?

A) depression
B) suicide
C) loneliness
D) fearlessness about death

Question 30

A study in China showed that information about one's ________ is remembered as well as information about the self.

A) coworkers
B) enemies
C) mother and father
D) romantic partners

Question 31

Which of the following is the best way to get information into long-term memory?

A) rehearsal
B) elongation
C) elaboration
D) reverberation

Question 32

According to the text, self-esteem is part of the ________.

A) procedural self
B) declarative self
C) I self
D) ought self

Question 33

What is the name of the cognitive structure that contains the declarative self?

A) self-determination center
B) I self
C) self-schema
D) self-esteem

Question 34

What state government set up a task force to enhance the self-esteem of its residents?

A) Texas
B) Massachusetts
C) California
D) Oregon

Question 35

Individuals who are responsible or shy are sometimes said to be experts in these particular traits. A cognitive personality psychologist in this tradition would describe these so-called experts as individuals who ________.

A) are schematic for these attributes
B) have episodic memories consistent with these traits
C) have possible selves aligned with these traits
D) have self-discrepancies related to these traits

Question 36

Which methods are appropriate for identifying self-schema?

A) S data only
B) B data only
C) S data and I data
D) S data and B data

Question 37

What emotions are thought to occur when a stranger harms aspects of your me self?

A) anger and distress
B) shame and guilt
C) sadness and anxiety
D) fear and terror

Question 38

What is likely to happen if every morning a person low in self-esteem repeats self-affirmations such as "Every day, in every way, I am getting better and better"?

A) The individual will start to report feeling worse.
B) The individual will start to report increased self-esteem.
C) Nothing will happen, as these interventions do little to change self-esteem.
D) The individual will become slightly more aggressive.

Question 39

According to the ________ theory of self-esteem, low self-esteem might serve as a warning signal for rejection.

A) detection
B) sociometer
C) threatened egotism
D) rejection sensitivity

Question 40

Providing individuals with ________ seems to be the best way to raise self-esteem.

A) a series of self-affirmations to repeat each day
B) harsh criticism to inoculate them against insults
C) unconditional positive feedback
D) opportunities for success

Question 41

According to research described in the text, how is narcissism related to implicit and explicit attitudes?

A) Narcissism might be more evident in those whose implicit self-esteem is low relative to their declarative self-esteem.
B) Narcissism occurs when implicit and declarative self-esteem are both low.
C) Narcissism is unrelated to implicit self-esteem but strongly related to declarative self-esteem.
D) Narcissism is strongly related to implicit self-esteem but unrelated to declarative self-esteem.

Question 42

According to self-discrepancy theory, what emotion arises from discrepancies between ought and actual selves?

A) depression
B) anxiety
C) frustration
D) hostility

Question 43

What is actually measured by the Implicit Association Test?

A) heart rate
B) blood pressure
C) visual tracking
D) reaction time

Question 44

The ________ self is NOT one of the self-relevant schemas that are part of self-discrepancy theory.

A) rejected
B) actual
C) ideal
D) ought

Question 45

Imagine that you are trying to teach a classroom of personality students how to better remember the material for an exam. What would likely be the best recommendation that you could make?

A) Do your best to relate the material to something that is personally relevant.
B) Avoid making the material personally relevant to avoid self-related cognitive biases.
C) Make flash cards and repeat the material three times before going to sleep.
D) Highlight relevant passages and do your best to rehearse those passages.

Question 46

According to the textbook, the ought self resembles Jeffrey Gray's ________ system, whereas the ideal self resembles Gray's ________ system.

A) Go; Stop
B) Neuroticism; Conscientiousness
C) Conscientiousness; Neuroticism
D) Stop; Go

Question 47

When people think about their own behavior, they tend to believe that their ________.

A) behavior arises from who they are
B) behavior is the logical response to the situation
C) behavior arises from a chronic pattern of activities
D) "positive" behaviors are always a result of the situation

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of the realistic accuracy model?

A) detection
B) utilization
C) relevance
D) accuracy

Question 49

According to self-discrepancy theory, what emotion arises from discrepancies between ideal and actual selves?

A) fear
B) anxiety
C) depression
D) hostility

Question 50

According to recent work by Carol Dweck, what is one way to change your own personality?

A) Try to change your beliefs about your own personality.
B) Try to change your actual behaviors.
C) Keep telling yourself that you can and will change your personality.
D) Tell your friends to provide you with different feedback on your personality flaws.

Question 51

What seems to be the connection between accurate self-knowledge and mental health?

A) Self-knowledge is negatively correlated with mental health.
B) There seems to be little connection between self-knowledge and mental health.
C) Accurate self-knowledge seems to be a hallmark of mental health.
D) Mental health leads to self-enhanced self-knowledge.

Question 52

What term refers to self-schemas based on our past experience that direct how we relate to the important people in our lives?

A) relational self-schema
B) self-in-relationship schema
C) interdependence self-schema
D) interdependent self-schema

Question 53

Coaches often try to make their athletes believe they have the talent to succeed. What self related concept are the coaches trying to improve?

A) the feared self
B) self-references
C) self-discrepancies
D) self-efficacy

Question 54

What is the name of Carol Dweck's program designed to promote incremental theories in school-age children?

A) Incrementalism
B) Mastery Motivation
C) Brain Science and You
D) Brainology

Question 55

Which stage of the realistic accuracy model probably has the fewest limitations when it comes to making self-judgments?

A) relevance
B) utilization
C) availability
D) detection

Question 56

You are only able to observe what you actually did and thought when faced with a particular dilemma. This fact creates problems for which two stages of the realistic accuracy model applied to self-judgments?

A) relevance and detection
B) relevance and utilization
C) availability and utilization
D) availability and detection

Question 57

Introspection is relevant to which stage of the realistic accuracy model?

A) detection
B) utilization
C) accuracy
D) relevance

Question 58

According to the discussion of self-discrepancy theory, the root of depression is ________, whereas the root of anxiety is ________.

A) disappointment; fear
B) anger; fear
C) anger; frustration
D) disappointment; anger

Question 59

According to the text, which stage of the realistic accuracy model seems to have the most important implications for self-knowledge?

A) relevance
B) utilization
C) availability
D) detection

Question 60

Sarah moved from a small town in Ohio to New York City and has since learned a lot about herself. According to the realistic accuracy model, she has expanded the amount of information available at the ________ stage of the RAM.

A) accuracy
B) utilization
C) relevance
D) detection

Question 61

Negative media portrayals of particular groups can be linked with less self-efficacy.

Question 62

According to the text, accurate self-knowledge is a hallmark of mental health.

Question 63

According to prominent cultural theorists, members of collectivist cultures show a greater need for positive self-regard than members of individualist cultures.

Question 64

Self-enhancement appears to be linked to adjustment problems and relationship difficulties.

Question 65

Judging your own personality is typically much easier than judging others' personalities.

Question 66

Someone who is high in self-consciousness and primed with words related to stereotypes about senior citizens might ________.

A) walk more slowly after the priming episode
B) walk more quickly after the priming episode
C) react with more anxiety when viewing pictures of Florida
D) react with more sadness when viewing pictures of Florida

Question 67

Researchers have yet to find evidence for the self-reference effect in China.

Question 68

Knowing how to ride a bike is an example of declarative knowledge.

Question 69

Individuals with amnesia are typically unable to provide valid self-reports of personality.

Question 70

Rehearsal is sufficient to move information into long-term memory.

Question 71

Behavioral consistency seems to be unrelated to measures of mental health among Koreans.

Question 72

According to the text, one study found the ________ measures of shyness predicted spontaneous expressions of shyness better than ________ measures of shyness.

A) self report; implicit
B) implicit; self-report
C) IAT; implicit
D) IAT; reaction time

Question 73

According to the text, individuals in India never use personality trait terms to describe their acquaintances.

Question 74

According to the sociometer theory, the function of self-esteem is to protect the individual from painful thoughts about death and annihilation.

Question 75

Members of collectivist cultures are more consistent in their behavior than members of individualist cultures.

Question 76

Albert Bandura criticized theories involving multiple selves on what grounds?

A) Existing theories have not identified a representative range of selves.
B) Once you start fractionating the self, there is no clear place to stop.
C) The concept of a self is unnecessary because we should concentrate on observable behavior.
D) There is no good way to measure the self.

Question 77

Different observers of a target individual's personality tend not to agree as well in their descriptions when using samples collected in Korea as compared to samples from the United States.

Question 78

On average, a Japanese person who is relatively happier than her peers in one context will also tend to be happier than her peers in another context.

Question 79

According to the text, the self-related phenomena studied by cognitively oriented personality psychologists and the phenomena studied by trait psychologists are very different.

Question 80

Personality trait terms are used less frequently in India than in Europe.