Deck 4: The Self

Question 1

Jane describes herself as intelligent, kind, a mother, a wife, and an artist. These descriptions of Jane's identity are known as ____________.

A) self-schemas
B) self ideas
C) self-concepts
D) self knowledge

Answer 1

self-schemas

Question 2

Which term best describes the notion that we see ourselves through the eyes of other people?

A) Self-concept
B) Self-efficacy
C) Self-esteem
D) Looking glass self

Answer 2

Looking glass self

Question 3

Research conducted on the brain using brain imaging technology suggests which of the following to be true?

A) Trauma to the brain does not really affect our sense of self.
B) The self appears to occupy a unique area of the brain.
C) The self does not appear to occupy a unique area of the brain.
D) The same part of the brain is activated when we are shown unflattering pictures of ourselves as when we are shown unflattering pictures of other people

Answer 3

The self appears to occupy a unique area of the brain.

Question 4

Mike's belief that he has the ability to successfully complete a rigorous law program at a top university in Canada reflects the fact that Mike has ____________.

A) self-important views
B) high self-awareness
C) high self-efficacy
D) a positive self-concept

Question 5

A cultural focus on the self as interdependent and defined by the connectedness of people to one another is called ___________.

A) individualism
B) capitalism
C) collectivism
D) introspection

Question 6

According to your textbook, our sense of self is affected by which of the following factors?

A) Social factors
B) Personal factors (such as motivation)
C) Cultural factors
D) Social, personal, and cultural factors affect our sense of self.

Question 7

Individualism places an emphasis on ___________, while collectivism places an emphasis on ___________.

A) independence; autonomy
B) autonomy; independence
C) interdependence; dependence
D) independence; interdependence

Question 8

Which of the following statements about self-schemas is FALSE?

A) Different self-schemas will take on different levels of importance for different people.
B) Self-schemas help organize the processing of information related to the self.
C) Self-schemas may take on different levels of importance depending on the situation.
D) Self-schemas usually have the same level of importance across situations.

Question 9

Your mental representation or overall sense of 'you' is known as your _____________.

A) self-schema
B) self-esteem
C) self-concept
D) social schema

Question 10

A cultural focus on the self as independent from others is known as ___________.

A) individualism
B) communism
C) collectivism
D) socialization

Question 11

Which theory argues that the development of our identities is connected to particular social groups?

A) Social relationship theory
B) Social perception theory
C) Social identity theory
D) Self-discrepancy theory

Question 12

What piece of evidence from Gordon Gallup's work on chimpanzees can be used to support the idea that the self's relationship to others is important for the development of the self-concept?

A) Only female chimpanzees recognized their reflection in the mirror.
B) Chimpanzees can recognize other chimpanzees but not their own reflection in the mirror.
C) All chimpanzees recognized their own reflection.
D) Only chimpanzees who had been raised in social environments seemed to recognize their reflection in the mirror.

Question 13

Which of the following people is most likely to be from a culture emphasizing collectivism?

A) Megan, who describes herself foremost as a creative and unique individual
B) George, who plans to move far away from home to start his own business
C) Jennifer, who plans to devote her time to supporting the family business
D) Barbara, who only visits with her family on special occasions

Question 14

In comparison to women's self-concepts, men tend to define themselves more in terms of their:

A) relationships with others.
B) unique characteristics.
C) cultural background.
D) in-group affiliations.

Question 15

Clive Wearing, a professional musician with detailed knowledge of composers and musical scores, contracted an infection of the brain which damaged his hippocampus. Following the development of the infection, what was Clive Wearing unable to do anymore?

A) He could not name songs he once knew.
B) He was not able to play music.
C) He was not able to recognize his wife by sight.
D) He was not able to name songs he once knew or play music.

Question 16

In comparison to men's self-concepts, women tend to define themselves more in terms of their:

A) in-group affiliations.
B) relationships with others.
C) cultural background.
D) unique characteristics.

Question 17

A group that we consider ourselves to be a part of is known as a(n) _________________.

A) group
B) ingroup
C) outgroup
D) assembly

Question 18

Researchers who have studied the relationship between self-efficacy and goal achievement have found support for which of the following conclusions?

A) People with higher self-efficacy are more likely to achieve personal goals.
B) People with lower self-efficacy are surprisingly more likely to achieve personal goals.
C) There does not appear to be a relationship between self-efficacy and goal achievement.
D) The relationship between self-efficacy and goal achievement is not clear or well-understood.

Question 19

Who coined the term looking-glass self?

A) Charles H. Cooley
B) George Herbert Mead
C) George Mead.
D) Albert Bandura.

Question 20

The expression "the nail that sticks out gets pounded down" is associated with which of the following concepts?

A) Individualism
B) Western ideology
C) Collectivism
D) Introspection

Question 21

___________ posits that when we are unsure of our attitude, we look to our behaviour to infer our attitude toward something, much like an outside observer.

A) Self-discrepancy theory
B) Self-perception theory
C) Social identity theory
D) Social comparison theory

Question 22

You start your day by stopping in at the local coffee shop to get your morning cup of coffee on your way to work. One day you think to yourself, "Why do I go to the same coffee shop every morning? Oh, I must go to this coffee shop because I like the the coffee." This is an example of:

A) self-discrepancy theory.
B) self-perception theory.
C) social identity theory.
D) social comparison theory.

Question 23

John is trying to decide between two universities. According to research, John would be happier with his decision if he did the following:

A) thought long and hard about his decision.
B) weighed all of the pros and cons of his two choices before making his decision.
C) spent time talking with his friends and family about the pros and cons of the two choices before making his decision.
D) made his decision based on his gut feelings about each university.

Question 24

Derek is feeling sad. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, what could Derek do that would likely make him feel better?

A) Sleep
B) Frown
C) Smile
D) Yawn

Question 25

What does James Laird believe is the mechanism behind the facial feedback hypothesis?

A) We infer our mood state from other people.
B) Facial expressions bring about physiological changes in the brain which then changes our emotional states.
C) We infer our mood state from our facial expressions.
D) We spend lots of time carefully thinking about our mood state.

Question 26

Introspection refers to which of the following?

A) Quick decision-making
B) Relying on instincts and feelings
C) Thinking about your own thoughts
D) Both quick decision-making and relying on instincts and feelings

Question 27

Which theory suggests that our self-concepts are impacted by the degree to which our actual selves match our ideal selves?

A) Self-determination theory
B) Social identity theory
C) Self-discrepancy theory
D) Self-perception theory

Question 28

In general, how will a large gap between the ideal self and the actual self impact a person's self-image?

A) A large gap between the ideal and actual self will positively impact a person's self-image.
B) A large gap between the ideal and actual self will have no effect on a person's self-image.
C) A large gap between the ideal and actual self will negatively impact a person's self-image.
D) People do not usually have large gaps between their ideal self and their actual self.

Question 29

___________ refers to the force that drives us to complete a task or achieve a goal.

A) Self-awareness
B) The self-concept
C) Motivation
D) Self-esteem

Question 30

The expression "the squeaky wheel gets the grease" is associated with which of the following concepts?

A) Individualism
B) Western ideology
C) Collectivism
D) Introspection

Question 31

Which of the following statements about self-awareness is most true?

A) An increase in self-awareness can lead to a desire to escape self-awareness.
B) An increase in self-awareness can lead people to match their attitudes to their behaviour.
C) A decrease in self-awareness can lead to increases in self-esteem.
D) Both an increase in self-awareness can lead to a desire to escape self-awareness and increase in self-awareness can lead people to match their attitudes to their behaviour.

Question 32

Danny's father rewards him with $10 every time he receives an A in a class. Danny works hard to get as many As as he can so that he can earn more money. In this example, Danny's behaviour would be considered:

A) extrinsically motivated.
B) intrinsically motivated.
C) inherently motivated.
D) unmotivated.

Question 33

Which of the following would you do if you wanted to increase Jim's self-awareness?

A) Place Jim in front a mirror
B) Place Jim in front of a crowd of people
C) Videotape Jim
D) Placing Jim in front of a mirror, in front of a crowd, or videotaping him will increase his self-awareness.

Question 34

What did researchers find when they administered Botox injections that impaired individual's abilities to frown?

A) It took them a shorter time to emotionally process angry and sad statements that they were asked to read.
B) It took them a shorter time to emotionally process happy statements that they were asked to read.
C) It took them a longer time to emotionally process angry and sad statements that they were asked to read.
D) The Botox injections did not impact their ability to process emotional information.

Question 35

Moskalenko and Heine (2003) manipulated the type of feedback individuals received about their level of intelligence. They found that individuals who received negative feedback about an IQ test subsequently:

A) consumed more alcohol.
B) spent more time watching TV.
C) ate more cookies.
D) improved their test scores.

Question 36

If you had just won the lottery and were asked how you would feel five years from now, research suggests you would predict:

A) feeling very sad.
B) feeling extremely happy and overjoyed.
C) feeling about the same.
D) feeling angry.

Question 37

You and your friends have agreed to exercise and lose weight together. You are hosting a get together with these friends to celebrate a birthday. Based on information presented in your text on self-discrepancy theory, what could you do if you wanted to discourage overindulgence in high calorie foods?

A) Place the food in the hallway in front of a mirror
B) Place the food in the kitchen so it's further from the guests
C) Place the food in living room so it's closer to the guests
D) Serve all the food at one time

Question 38

Which of the following factors appears to be important for motivating people to change their behaviour to match personal standards?

A) High self-esteem
B) Low self-esteem
C) High self-awareness
D) Low self-awareness

Question 39

You are waiting to hear back from your top university choice. You predict that if you are rejected, you will feel sad about this situation for a very long time. This process refers to ___________.

A) affective forecasting
B) selective filtering
C) affective anticipation
D) perseverance

Question 40

Charlie practices the piano every day after school because he loves music and finds playing the piano enjoyable. In this example, Charlie's behaviour is:

A) extrinsically motivated.
B) intrinsically motivated.
C) self-serving.
D) unmotivated.

Question 41

Which theory argues that we compare ourselves to others in different situations because there is no given standard against which to measure our abilities and opinions?

A) Self-discrepancy theory
B) Self-verification theory
C) Social comparison theory
D) Group comparison theory

Question 42

John skips all of his classes on most Fridays. He does not think it's a big deal and believes most other people skip classes on Fridays too. This best represents an example of which of the following concepts?

A) Cognitive distortion bias
B) Self-fulfilling prophecy
C) Self-serving attribution
D) False consensus effect

Question 43

Rosemarie wants her son Mark to enjoy playing the violin and be more motivated to practice on his own. Based on research on the overjustication effect, what would be the MOST effective way to intrinsically motivate Mark to practice?

A) Surprise him with $20 after he practices
B) Promise him a trip to the toy store if he practices every day for a week
C) Promise to pay him $30 every time he practices the violin.
D) Promise to pay him $50 every time he practices the violin

Question 44

When explaining life events, individuals from collectivistic cultures tend to focus on:

A) external factors.
B) comparative factors.
C) discrepant factors.
D) internal factors.

Question 45

Research on motivation and culture would suggest that Susan, a Canadian, would be motivated to perform well at her job if rewarded with:

A) a salary increase.
B) an increase in medical benefits.
C) a financial bonus.
D) the title of employee of the month.

Question 46

____________ refers to a self-protection strategy in which we are likely to believe that external factors are responsible for situations in which we perform poorly.

A) Self-serving attribution
B) Self-fulfilling prophecy
C) Cognitive distortion bias
D) False consensus

Question 47

Researchers have found that positive self-esteem is correlated with positive performance in school and good physical health. What conclusion can you draw from this information?

A) Higher self-esteem causes good physical health.
B) Higher self-esteem causes positive performance in school.
C) Higher self-esteem is associated with both positive performance in school and good physical health.
D) Good physical health and positive performance in school cause higher self-esteem.

Question 48

Rosemarie wants her son Mark to be more motivated to practice the violin on his own. Based on research on the overjustification effect, what would be the LEAST effective way to intrinsically motivate Mark to practice?

A) Surprise him with $20 after he practices
B) Do not provide him with any reward
C) Promise to pay him $30 every time he practices the violin
D) Surprise him with $50 after he practices

Question 49

Khan's teacher thinks that he is a high-performing student. Khan comes to share this belief and, as a result, is more likely to achieve. This example refers to:

A) self-serving attribution.
B) false consensus.
C) self-fulfilling prophecy.
D) unrealistic optimism.

Question 50

Children who are praised for their hard work, rather than their intelligence, are more likely to:

A) give up on tasks early on.
B) believe they are unintelligent.
C) seek out challenges.
D) avoid difficult tasks.

Question 51

Research on unrealistic optimism supports which of the following findings?

A) University students who were unrealistically optimistic about their likelihood of experiencing problems related to binge drinking were less likely to have alcohol-related problems.
B) University students who were unrealistically optimistic about their likelihood of experiencing problems related to binge drinking were more likely to have alcohol-related problems.
C) Unrealistic optimism makes people less likely to drive after drinking.
D) Unrealistically optimistic students are more likely to spend time studying than pessimistic students.

Question 52

Researchers have suggested a downside to the desire for a high level of self-esteem. According to your textbook, which of the following is argued to be a possible drawback to the pursuit and maintenance of high self-esteem?

A) Anxiety
B) Neglecting others
C) Avoiding activities that might not end in success
D) Anxiety, neglecting others, and avoiding activities that might not end in success

Question 53

When we tend to imagine that the outcomes of situations will be better for us than for other people this is referred to as _____________.

A) BIRGing
B) unrealistic optimism
C) CORFing
D) ingratiation

Question 54

Madeleine did not pass her driver's test. When explaining the situation to her mom, she said, "It wasn't my fault! It was raining and I wasn't feeling very well." Madeleine's excuse is an example of:

A) cognitive distortion bias.
B) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
C) a self-serving attribution.
D) the false consensus effect.

Question 55

Deciding who or what is responsible for the outcome of a situation is known as ___________.

A) a self-serving attribution
B) an attribution
C) self-knowledge
D) self-perception

Question 56

You are buying a new car and you have narrowed it down to two choices. Both cars have a number of positive and negative features. After you make your choice, you are more likely to remember:

A) just the negative qualities of the car you did not chose.
B) the positive and negative qualities of both cars.
C) the positive qualities of the car you chose and the negative qualities of the car you did not choose.
D) just the positive qualities of the car you chose.

Question 57

According to research presented in your textbook, the false consensus effect may be due, in part, to which of the following?

A) Having friends and family with different views
B) Having friends and family with similar views
C) Watching the news
D) Reading books

Question 58

James is choosing his classes for next semester. He holds a fixed theory of intelligence. Based on this information, James would be likely to:

A) choose some challenging classes.
B) choose classes he might not get an A in.
C) avoid taking a hard chemistry class.
D) take a hard calculus class.

Question 59

Which of the following represents a major difference between behaviours driven by intrinsic motivation compared with extrinsic motivation?

A) Compared with extrinsically motivated behaviours, intrinsically motivated behaviours are driven by enjoyment.
B) Compared with extrinsically motivated behaviours, intrinsically motivated behaviours are driven by external rewards.
C) Compared with extrinsically motivated behaviours, intrinsically motivated behaviours are driven by success.
D) Compared with extrinsically motivated behaviours, intrinsically motivated behaviours are driven by money.

Question 60

Which of the following is true in regards to self-esteem?

A) An individual's level of self-esteem is stable across social environments.
B) The need for positive self-esteem can cause us to ignore criticism.
C) Possessing low levels of self-esteem may cause unrealistic optimism.
D) Possessing high levels of self-esteem is associated with poor health.

Question 61

Your self-concept is made up of various beliefs you hold about yourself.

Question 62

___________ refers to a strategy whereby we disassociate ourselves from others who have failed or behaved poorly.

A) CORFing
B) Ingratiation
C) BIRGing
D) Downward social comparison

Question 63

If you acted consistently across situations and behaved according to your own personal views you would be considered:

A) high in self-monitoring.
B) low in self-monitoring.
C) low in self-esteem.
D) high in self-efficacy.

Question 64

When we predict the impact of a future event on our emotional state we are usually correct in estimating how we will feel.

Question 65

Self-efficacy is a person's evaluation of his or her self-worth.

Question 66

We often think that our beliefs, appearance, and our internal states are obvious to other people. This is known as ____________.

A) a self-serving attribution
B) the spotlight effect
C) social comparison
D) self-monitoring

Question 67

Aaron is overweight. To feel better, he often compares himself to individuals who are heavier. This process illustrates:

A) downward social comparison.
B) ingratiation.
C) BIRGing.
D) upward social comparison.

Question 68

Which of the following statements is an example of an ingratiating tactic?

A) "Luck is the only reason you passed that exam."
B) "Your father may be a lawyer, but my father is a doctor."
C) "Did you get a haircut? Your hair looks great!"
D) "I need an extension on my final essay."

Question 69

Tom has an important job interview on Monday and he is feeling very nervous. He decides to stay out late on Sunday night with his friends instead of getting a good night's sleep. He now has a handy excuse if he does not perform well during his interview. This illustrates which concept?

A) CORFing
B) Self-handicapping
C) Self-fulfilling prophecy
D) Downward social comparison

Question 70

Which of the following concepts explains why sports fans might be more likely to wear clothing supporting their favourite team after a big win instead of after a big loss?

A) CORFing
B) Ingratiation
C) BIRGing
D) Upward social comparison

Question 71

Which of the following explains why many people prefer text messages and online interaction over face-to-face interaction or phone calls?

A) Text messages and online interaction are less intimate than face-to-face interaction or phone calls.
B) Text messages and online interaction are more fulfilling than face-to-face interaction or phone calls.
C) Text messages and online interaction prevent others from engaging in self-serving attributions.
D) Text messages and online interaction make it easier for us to control other's impressions of us.

Question 72

Researchers have found that in online dating profiles women are more likely to underreport ____________, while men are more likely to over-report ____________.

A) income; weight
B) income; height
C) weight; age
D) weight; height

Question 73

If Sally has a well-developed sense of self, you would predict she has lower self-efficacy.

Question 74

An individual concerned with gaining financial independence and moving away from his family to pursue his music career is likely from an individualistic culture.

Question 75

Derek was asked to choose between two women to take on a date. He chose a woman who was open, outgoing, and highly unattractive over a woman who was shy, self-centered, and highly attractive. According to this information Derek is most likely:

A) a high self-monitor.
B) a low self-monitor.
C) intrinsically motivated.
D) extrinsically motivated.

Question 76

Jill wants her new sorority sisters to like her so she compliments them on their hair and clothing. Jill is using what strategy to manage other people's impressions of her?

A) Upward social comparison
B) Unrealistic optimism
C) Ingratiation
D) Self-serving attribution

Question 77

Under which circumstance are we especially likely to engage in self-handicapping?

A) When we are happy
B) When we are sad
C) When we are nervous about our performance
D) Both when we are sad and when we are uncertain about our performance

Question 78

BIRGing is to ____________ as CORFing is to ____________.

A) rejoicing in reflected glory; cutting off of reflective failure
B) cutting off of reflective failure; rejoicing in reflected glory
C) cutting off of reflective failure; basking in reflected glory
D) basking in reflected glory; cutting off of reflective failure

Question 79

According to self-verification theory, when our self-concepts are negative:

A) we want other to see us positively.
B) we want other to see us the same way we see ourselves.
C) we want others to boost our self-efficacy.
D) we want others to see us positively and we want others to boost our self-efficacy.

Question 80

Increasing self-awareness is one way to motivate people to change their behaviour to match their personal standards.