Deck 9: The Power of the Group

Question 1

Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a factor that may lead to increased arousal?

A) The complexity of a task
B) Distraction
C) Evaluation apprehension
D) Mere presence

Answer 1

The complexity of a task

Question 2

What is a proposed reason why sports teams have a tendency to lose critical games more often on their home turf?

A) Self-awareness decreases which decreases performance
B) Increased pressure to succeed results in increased self-consciousness which then decreases performance
C) Decreased self-confidence in the team's abilities when they play on their home turf
D) Self-monitoring decreases which decreases performance

Answer 2

Increased pressure to succeed results in increased self-consciousness which then decreases performance

Question 3

_________refers to the idea that a person performing a task in front of others experiences a conflict of attention between the audience and the task at hand.

A) Evaluation apprehension
B) Distraction conflict theory
C) Interruption conflict theory
D) Disruption conflict theory

Answer 3

Distraction conflict theory

Question 4

According to the concept of social facilitation, a social psychologist would predict that a novice pool player will perform ________ in front of an audience.

A) the same
B) better
C) worse
D) slightly better

Question 5

Kristen spends as little time as possible on a group paper that is due at the end of the semester because she knows that her teacher will not be able to tell how much she has contributed. Kristen's behaviour is an example of:

A) social facilitation.
B) deindiviudation.
C) social loafing.
D) diffusion of responsibility.

Question 6

Your basketball team is up by 50 points at halftime only to lose in the final seconds of the game due to your star player missing his free throw shots. If your teammate experienced increased arousal from the potential of being judged by the audience, this could be described as arousal due to:

A) evaluation apprehension.
B) mere presence.
C) decreased self-awareness.
D) distraction.

Question 7

Which of the following refers to the idea that just having another person present is enough to increase arousal?

A) Mere presence
B) Distraction
C) Evaluation apprehension
D) Appraisal apprehension

Question 8

The physiological arousal created by the presence of others enhances the ________ response.

A) dominant
B) non-dominant
C) correct
D) incorrect

Question 9

According to the concept of social facilitation, a social psychologist would predict that a talented pool player will perform ________ in front of an audience.

A) better
B) worse
C) the same
D) slightly worse

Question 10

Well established groups are often characterized by all of the following EXCEPT?

A) Common goals
B) Common motives
C) Defined roles and statuses
D) Absence of social rank or hierarchy among group members

Question 11

The extent to which a group is connected refers to the_________ of a group.

A) unanimity
B) structure
C) cohesion
D) consistency

Question 12

________ is the idea that one's performance will be hindered or heightened due to approval or disapproval from others.

A) Evaluation apprehension
B) Mere presence
C) Arousal
D) Assessment apprehension

Question 13

A _________is defined as two or more people who are seen as a unit and interact with one another.

A) mass
B) group
C) clan
D) crowd

Question 14

According to the distraction conflict theory, when an individual is tackling a simple task, their motivation _____________ compared to if he or she is tackling a difficult task.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) stays the same
D) deteriorates

Question 15

You are a teacher assigning group projects to your class, but you want to make sure each group member contributes equally. Which of the following would be the best strategy to prevent social loafing?

A) Allow the students to choose group members rather than assign students to groups
B) Assign students to groups rather than allow the students to choose group members
C) Grade each student on the performance of the group rather than individually
D) Assign students to groups based on their grades rather than randomly

Question 16

According to one study described in your textbook, an individual who spends a lot of time with a heavy drinker is _________to also drink to excess.

A) 20% less likely
B) 50% more likely
C) 20% more likely
D) not likely

Question 17

Who would be the most likely to experience improved performance in the presence of an audience?

A) Terry, who is a competent ski instructor
B) John, who just learned how to play pool
C) Sarah, who plays tennis in the summers
D) Tim, who is a talented Olympic swimmer

Question 18

Research suggests that the presence of others can have either a positive or negative impact on our performance. According to information presented in your textbook, what factor helps to determine whether performance is enhanced or hindered by others?

A) The duration of the task
B) The age of the individual
C) The familiarity of the task
D) How time-consuming the task is

Question 19

Which of the following is true concerning groups?

A) All group members will be highly cohesive.
B) Each and every group membership is life-long.
C) It is always the case that group members know each other.
D) Highly distinguishable groups are often stereotyped.

Question 20

Which of the following represents an example of social facilitation?

A) A talented musician performs better in front of an instructor than an audience.
B) An individual's test score improves after studying with a group of friends the previous evening.
C) An individual concentrates better on his exam after the teacher moves him to a more quiet room.
D) An individual runs faster with a group of friends than by herself.

Question 21

____________ refers to the tendency of an attitude to become magnified within a group after members discuss an issue among themselves.

A) Group transfer effect
B) Groupthink
C) Group polarization
D) Group facilitation

Question 22

Risky shift is somewhat related to social loafing in that both involve:

A) taking chances.
B) slacking off.
C) less accountability on the part of the individual.
D) an increase in physical arousal.

Question 23

You are attending a school football game with thousands of other university students. The official makes a bad call and people begin to protest by throwing things onto the field. You begin to follow the crowd and throw things as well. Your behaviour illustrates an example of_______.

A) deindividuation
B) social loafing
C) distraction conflict theory
D) social facilitation

Question 24

In a study conducted by Zimbardo and colleagues, participants were directed to decide how much shock to administer to another 'subject' in the study. Participants either wore hoods that obscured their face or remained uncovered. Researchers found that:

A) participants who were not wearing hoods would have administered four times as much shock as those wearing hoods.
B) participants who wore hoods would have administered twice as much shock as those who were not wearing hoods.
C) participants who were not wearing hoods would have administered twice as much shock as those who were wearing hoods.
D) participants with and without hoods would have administered the same level of shock.

Question 25

Which of the following describes the tendency for people in groups to take greater risks than individual members would?

A) Risky shift
B) Group polarization
C) Social facilitation
D) First-shift rule

Question 26

_________ the personal importance of a task will _________social loafing.

A) Increasing; increase
B) Increasing; decrease
C) Changing; not affect
D) Decreasing; decrease

Question 27

According to the social identity deindividuation (SIDE) model, why does the phenomenon of deindividuation occur?

A) Because there is a loss of identity
B) Because there is a loss of self awareness
C) Because there is increased arousal
D) Because there is a shift from identification with oneself to identification with the group.

Question 28

The concept of __________ may help explain why big crowds of people engage in violent acts that they would normally never commit on their own.

A) social facilitation
B) social loafing
C) deindividuation
D) evaluation apprehension

Question 29

Mullen, Migdall, and Rozell (2003) found that when individuals completed a survey on identity ________, they were ________ able to identify themselves socially.

A) in front of a mirror; less
B) wearing a hood; more
C) wearing a hood; less
D) in a controlled environment; less

Question 30

Research suggests that as self-awareness decreases, ________ will likely increase.

A) evaluation apprehension
B) performance
C) deindividuation
D) social facilitation

Question 31

One reason social loafing may occur is because:

A) people experience increased self-awareness.
B) people are lazy.
C) people feel increased pressure to perform.
D) people feel less responsible for an outcome when other people are present to carry the burden of the task.

Question 32

________ refers to the tendency for people to take greater risks than individuals would alone.

A) Group polarization
B) Risky shift
C) Deindividuation
D) Group transfer effect

Question 33

If an employer wanted to prevent employees, who might be dissatisfied with a new policy, from developing even stronger negative attitudes towards this policy, what could he do?

A) Encourage employees to discuss the new policy with one another
B) Allow employees to express their frustrations with the policy
C) Try to prevent the employees from discussing the new policy with one another
D) Provide incentives for good performance

Question 34

Individuals from ________ are more prone to social loafing than ??are individuals from ________.

A) collectivist cultures; individualistic cultures
B) individualistic cultures; collectivist cultures
C) public schools; private schools
D) private schools; public schools

Question 35

The rules that guide how the initial distribution of views of each group member influences the final group decision are referred to as:

A) social decision schemes.
B) group polarization factors.
C) social distribution laws.
D) member influence elements.

Question 36

Latane, Williams, and Harkins (1979) found that when performing ???________, participants clapped and shouted much louder than when performing________.

A) alone; in a group
B) in a group; alone
C) well; poorly
D) poorly; well

Question 37

Greg and his like-minded friends are discussing their views on the issue of gay marriage. After spending time sharing reasons gay marriage should be legal, their views become even stronger in support of gay rights. This example best illustrates the phenomenon of:

A) the risky group effect.
B) group polarization.
C) groupthink.
D) group facilitation.

Question 38

Which of the following individuals would you predict is most susceptible to deindividuation?

A) Tom, who is dressed in a Halloween costume and on his way to a party
B) Dawn, who is walking down a street and can see her reflection in store windows
C) Jill, who is delivering a speech to a crowd of people
D) Todd, a store manager who is helping a customer

Question 39

The three antecedent conditions associated with deindividuation are anonymity, arousal, and_________.

A) increased feelings of responsibility
B) reduced feelings of responsibility
C) anti-social personality tendencies
D) poor impulse control

Question 40

A boss wants to decrease social loafing in his company. Which of the following strategies would be most effective?

A) Every other week provide a free lunch to recognize the hard work of the entire group
B) Allow group members to work together anonymously
C) Every Friday have each worker submit their own list of work he or she has completed
D) Place less emphasis on the importance of a task and encourage workers to do their best

Question 41

If you wanted to be part of the best performing group at your company, you would likely want what type of leader to run your office?

A) A transactional leader
B) An authoritarian leader
C) A transformational leader
D) A totalitarian leader

Question 42

What are the two causes of group polarization?

A) Social comparison and persuasion
B) Deindividuation and collectivism
C) Need for cognition and motivation
D) Deindividuation and intelligence

Question 43

You see a driver on the highway weaving in and out lanes of traffic and driving rather erratically. You make the assumption that this person is a crazy driver who has no regard for the safety of others. However, you are unaware that he is furiously trying to get his sick daughter the hospital. In this instance you have engaged in which of the following?

A) Hostile attribution bias
B) False consensus effect
C) External attribution bias
D) Trait attribution bias

Question 44

Robert has been found guilty by a jury of his peers. Based on research presented in your textbook, a juror leaning towards a lighter sentence would recommend ______years in prison after deliberating with like-minded jurors.

A) more
B) less
C) the same
D) slightly more

Question 45

________ is a manner of thinking where the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic evaluation of other solutions.

A) Group polarization
B) Groupthink
C) Social facilitation
D) Social loafing

Question 46

Which of the following is considered a drawback of the transformational leadership style?

A) People may naively believe that their leader's confidence and passion will always translate to a positive result.
B) Transformational leaders do not welcome new approaches for problem solving.
C) The transformational leadership style does not produce internal motivation among group members.
D) Transformational leaders do not foster trust among group members.

Question 47

Research suggests that if you are unable to achieve your goals and feel frustrated, you might do which of the following?

A) Change your attitude to match your behaviour.
B) Distract yourself with another activity to avoid feeling frustrated
C) Blame another individual for failure to achieve your goals
D) Blame yourself

Question 48

Researchers have found that people tend to view _______ as more effective leaders than _______.

A) men; women
B) younger men; older men
C) women; men
D) younger women; younger men

Question 49

A(n) ________leader rewards good behaviour, but ultimately only takes action when something goes wrong.

A) transactional
B) authoritarian
C) transformational
D) totalitarian

Question 50

Which theory argues that conflict stems from competition for limited resources (e.g., money)?

A) Realistic group conflict theory
B) Realism theory
C) Social conflict theory
D) Social group conflict theory

Question 51

Which of the following was identified by Janis as a solution to groupthink?

A) Training members in group decision making
B) Being open to criticism
C) Working with diverse people
D) All of the answers mentioned were identified by Janis as solutions to groupthink.

Question 52

A(n) ________leader welcomes new approaches for problem solving and creates internal motivation among group members.

A) transactional
B) authoritarian
C) transformational
D) totalitarian

Question 53

According to your textbook, Steve Jobs of Apple, Inc would be considered an example of what type of leader?

A) Transactional leader
B) Authoritarian leader
C) Transformational leader
D) Totalitarian leader

Question 54

Rules or expectations regarding desirable behaviours that group members strive to follow are known as ________.

A) social roles
B) group norms
C) transactional norms
D) transformational norms

Question 55

According to your text, when do biased perceptions most often occur?

A) In groups or individuals in powerful or controlling positions
B) In groups or individuals with very little social status
C) In collectivist cultures
D) In individualistic cultures

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT a factor associated with the tendency for groupthink to occur?

A) Diversity among groups members
B) A strong sense of unity among group members
C) The presence of group norms
D) The desire to promote harmony among the group members

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT a solution to groupthink?

A) Training members in group decision making
B) Excluding members outside of the group
C) Working with diverse people
D) Being open to criticism

Question 58

_________is the perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

A) Combat
B) Warfare
C) Conflict
D) Groupthink

Question 59

Michael is the manager of a paper company who views the salespeople in his office as subordinates that need to obey his instructions. Michael is an example of a(n) ________ leader.

A) transactional
B) authoritarian
C) transformational
D) totalitarian

Question 60

_________coined the term groupthink after examining the _________.

A) Janis; the Bay of Pigs invasion
B) Janis; the Challenger space shuttle disaster
C) Stoner; the Bay of Pigs invasion
D) Stoner; the Challenger space shuttle disaster

Question 61

The manager of a department store wants to reduce social loafing among his employees. Describe at least two ways in which he could decrease their tendency to loaf.

Question 62

An individual high in the need for cognition is less likely to engage in social loafing.

Question 63

GRIT appears to work on the basis of the ability of both parties to do which of the following?

A) Carefully support the viewpoint of their own party
B) Argue convincingly
C) Make concessions
D) Hold firm to their convictions

Question 64

According to Janis, groupthink is inevitable.

Question 65

Group membership is always intentional.

Question 66

Describe the concept of deindividuation. Provide a real-world example of this phenomenon.

Question 67

Women are more prone to social loafing than men.

Question 68

According to your textbook, one suggested way of reducing or avoiding the hostile attribution bias and the reactions that go along with it is to:

A) remain aware of the tendency people have to engage in this attribution bias.
B) avoid interacting with people.
C) use heuristics.
D) process information through the peripheral route.

Question 69

Co-workers working together on a report would be considered a group.

Question 70

GRIT is a step-by-step formula for:

A) de-escalating a conflict.
B) reducing groupthink.
C) reducing social loafing.
D) learning how to become a transformational leader.

Question 71

When people come together to discuss their ideas for resolving conflicts, this is known as:

A) bargaining.
B) negotiation.
C) confrontation.
D) bargaining and negotiation.

Question 72

Social loafing has only been identified in adults.

Question 73

If government officials want to avoid groupthink they should consult with a diverse group of individuals while making their decision.

Question 74

If Anna is an accomplished violinist she will perform worse in the presence of other people.

Question 75

In their work, both Norman Triplett and Max Ringlemann found that the presence of others increased performance.

Question 76

Transactional leaders tend to see less fruitful results than transformational leaders.

Question 77

Name and describe the three factors that may lead to arousal.

Question 78

Decreasing self-awareness increases the likelihood of deindividuation.

Question 79

GRIT is more effective than non-GRIT methods of resolving conflicts with a mutually beneficial agreement.

Question 80

Which of the following is NOT a means of resolving conflict with bargaining?

A) Making offers
B) Making demands
C) Making concessions
D) Making counteroffers