Deck 10: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Question 1

Richard feels women in his company should not get promoted over men, but also feels that men should take care of women and support them in achieving certain types of goals. You might describe Richard's contradictory beliefs as:

A) hostile sexism.
B) ambivalent sexism.
C) prejudice.
D) benevolent sexism.

Answer 1

ambivalent sexism.

Question 2

The idea that women should stay home and take care of the children, while men should go out and earn money for the family best describes the notion of:

A) sexism.
B) racial prejudice.
C) gender prejudice.
D) gender stereotypes.

Answer 2

gender stereotypes.

Question 3

If you dislike individuals who are gay simply because of their sexual orientation, you are exhibiting:

A) discrimination.
B) prejudice.
C) racism.
D) prejudice and discrimination.

Answer 3

prejudice.

Question 4

The tendency to hold a hostile attitude toward an individual because of his or gender is termed___________.

A) hostile discrimination
B) discrimination
C) gender prejudice
D) gender stereotypes

Question 5

Prejudice is to ___________ as discrimination is to ___________.

A) behaviour; attitudes
B) attitudes; behaviour
C) emotions; attitudes
D) feelings; attitudes

Question 6

Which of the following statements concerning stereotypes can be considered FALSE?

A) Stereotypes can be useful because they supply basic information about our social world.
B) Once a stereotype has formed, it can be difficult to change.
C) People have a tendency to ignore new information that does not support their stereotype.
D) Stereotypes do not change.

Question 7

Which type of sexism is more overt and characterized by the endorsement of traditional gender roles, differential treatment of men and women, and stereotypes about lesser female competence?

A) Ambivalent sexism
B) Benevolent sexism
C) Modern sexism
D) Old-fashioned sexism

Question 8

June was born in Canada and is white. At age three she was adopted and raised by an Asian family in Korea. According to your textbook, which faces would June best recognize?

A) White faces
B) Asian faces
C) Black faces
D) Hispanic faces

Question 9

Old fashioned sexism is to ____________ as modern sexism is to ____________.

A) subtle sexism; overt sexism
B) overt sexism; subtle sexism
C) subtle sexism; benevolent sexism
D) benevolent sexism; hostile sexism

Question 10

The tendency to hold a hostile attitude toward an individual because of his or her racial background is known as:

A) sexism.
B) racial tolerance.
C) racial discrimination.
D) racial prejudice.

Question 11

Clark and Clark's (1947) findings that ________ children preferred ________ dolls, helped to end racial segregation in North America.

A) white; white
B) black; black
C) white; black
D) black; white

Question 12

A negative learned attitude towards particular groups of people is best defined as:

A) prejudice.
B) discrimination.
C) sexism.
D) racism.

Question 13

Glick and colleagues have found that ambivalent sexism is more prevalent in people from:

A) countries with the greatest wealth.
B) countries with the greatest degree of economic and political inequality between races.
C) countries that have very low educational achievement.
D) countries with the greatest degree of economic and political inequality between the sexes.

Question 14

___________ refers to a behaviour directed toward a group of people based solely on their membership in that group.

A) Racism
B) Prejudice
C) Discrimination
D) Sexism

Question 15

The study conducted by Kenneth and Mamie Clark testing children's attitudes toward black and white dolls was used as evidence for which of the following?

A) To support segregation
B) To demonstrate the destructive effects of segregation
C) To support the idea that black children learn better when taught with other black children
D) To show that black children could more easily recognize black faces

Question 16

An employer who refuses to hire an applicant based solely on his old age is guilty of:

A) racism.
B) prejudice.
C) discrimination.
D) racism and prejudice.

Question 17

An apartment complex manager refuses to rent apartments to Hispanic families. This is an example of:

A) racism.
B) prejudice.
C) sexism.
D) a stereotype.

Question 18

"All black people are good at basketball" is an example of:

A) a stereotype.
B) racism.
C) discrimination.
D) an implicit attitude.

Question 19

Stereotypes are most closely associated with which of the following?

A) Reasoned action
B) Automatic processing
C) Discrimination
D) Controlled processing

Question 20

You would expect that Jack, a Caucasian man, would more easily recognize people of which racial/ethnic group?

A) Blacks
B) Hispanics
C) Caucasians
D) Both Caucasians and blacks

Question 21

Which of the following terms describes the process of dividing people into categories according to common attributes, such as race and gender?

A) Ingroup favouritism
B) Social categorization
C) Outgroup homogeneity effect
D) Outgroup favouritism

Question 22

Which of the following represents the most likely reason why somepeople see members of outgroups as 'all the same'?

A) Because we are less familiar with outgroup members
B) Because outgroup members behave the same way
C) Because media outlets always present people from other groups as 'all the same'
D) Because outgroup members behave the same way and because media outlets always present people from other groups as 'all the same'

Question 23

According to Kunda and Spencer (2003), ________ does not require ________.

A) stereotype activation; stereotype application
B) stereotype application; stereotype activation
C) outgroup homogeneity; attribution errors
D) attribution errors; outgroup homogeneity

Question 24

Which of the following does your textbook suggest as a reason for ingroup favouritism?

A) Because we often see other groups as naturally superior to our own
B) Because our ingroups are likely to favour us in return
C) Due to the ultimate attribution error
D) Due to the self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 25

The notion that people 'get what they deserve' is associated with which of the following biases?

A) Just-world hypothesis
B) Ultimate attribution error
C) Ingroup favouritism
D) Outgroup homogeneity effect

Question 26

________ is the tendency to explain the behaviour of groups in terms of internal dispositional factors, without taking the situational constraints into consideration.

A) Realistic group conflict theory
B) Ultimate attribution error
C) Minimal ingroup theory
D) Just-world hypothesis

Question 27

___________ is defined as the attitudes of whites who openly endorse egalitarian views but discriminate in ways they are able to rationalize.

A) Benevolent racism
B) Modern racism
C) Aversive racism
D) Sexism

Question 28

________ is the idea that when different groups are in competition for resources, they tend to close ranks, favouring ingroup members and discriminating against outgroup members.

A) Just-world hypothesis
B) Minimal ingroup theory
C) Realistic group conflict theory
D) Relative deprivation

Question 29

Based on research presented in your textbook related to aversive racism, you would predict that, despite similar qualifications, an individual with a name like _______ would be less likely to receive an interview than an individual with a name like ______.

A) Emily; Lakisha
B) Greg; Emily
C) Lakisha; Jamal
D) Jamal; Emily

Question 30

At company ABC, white workers seem to receive more informal mentoring from senior colleagues compared with black workers, which then allows them to get promoted at a higher rate. This best illustrates a form of:

A) overt racism.
B) hostile racism.
C) old-fashioned racism.
D) modern racism.

Question 31

Studies conducted with the Implicit Associations Test (IAT) suggests that people tend to hold implicit negative attitudes toward people of:

A) the same race.
B) all races.
C) a different race.
D) just Hispanics.

Question 32

Mario is driving to work and sees a woman cause a three-car accident on the highway. He is not surprised by this because he believes that almost all women are bad drivers. Mario's conclusion illustrates the concept of:

A) the fundamental attribution error.
B) just-world hypothesis.
C) ultimate attribution error.
D) ingroup favouritism.

Question 33

Which of the following would NOT be considered a source of stereotypes and prejudice?

A) Social learning
B) Social categorization
C) Competition for scarce resources
D) Increasing contact between members of different groups

Question 34

Which researchers coined the term aversive racism?

A) John Gaertner and Patricia Devine
B) Samuel Dovidio and Patricia Devine
C) Samuel Dovidio and John Gaertner
D) Patricia Devine and John Bargh

Question 35

Laura's family is deeply religious and she has grown up listening to her parents make disparaging remarks about other religious groups, especially those who are Jewish. Laura has developed similar negative feelings towards those who subscribe to Judaism. Laura's attitude likely formed through which of the following?

A) Classical conditioning
B) Social categorization
C) Social learning
D) Ingroup favouritism

Question 36

Dr. Jones, a professor who teaches literature, believes that most mathematics professors have poor social skills and are not very friendly. However, he sees people within his own discipline as possessing a range of social skills with varying degrees of friendliness. This example illustrates which phenomenon?

A) Social cataloguing
B) Outgroup homogeneity effect
C) Outgroup favouritism
D) Ingroup favouritism

Question 37

Brian believes in conformity and obedience to authority figures. In addition, he is intolerant of people who appear to display any form of weakness. This represents which personality type?

A) Authoritarian
B) Neurotic
C) Unconventional
D) Authoritative

Question 38

Wendy believes that mothers on welfare have gotten themselves into their situation and don't deserve any government assistance. This best illustrates which of the following?

A) Ingroup favouritism
B) Ultimate attribution error
C) Just-world hypothesis
D) Outgroup homogeneity effect

Question 39

The idea that one's own group is naturally superior to other groups is known as__________.

A) social supremacy orientation
B) social dominance orientation
C) just-world hypothesis
D) outgroup homogeneity effect

Question 40

Which of the following represents a motivational factor related to the development of prejudice and discrimination?

A) Social learning
B) Social categorization
C) Social classification
D) Competition for scarce resources

Question 41

Children with Williams Syndrome show abnormal activity in which part of the brain?

A) The amygdala
B) The brain stem
C) The occipital lobe
D) The hippocampus

Question 42

Why are negative emotions, such as anger and fear, argued to increase the use of stereotyping?

A) Because negative emotions lead to central route processing
B) Because negative emotions lead to more controlled processing
C) Because negative emotions reduce the amount of cognitive resources available to people
D) Because negative emotions lead to central route processing and controlled processing

Question 43

Based on research presented in your textbook, which of the following people would you predict would be LEAST likely to exhibit racial bias?

A) Very young children
B) Black children
C) Children with Williams Syndrome
D) The elderly

Question 44

What appears to be one consequence of threatening a person's self-esteem?

A) It leads to increased understanding between members of different groups.
B) It decreases the tendency to stereotype.
C) It decreases the tendency to display prejudice.
D) It increases the tendency to stereotype.

Question 45

A teacher who wants to reduce prejudice in her classroom and promote acceptance and harmony assigns the students to complete group projects where the final grade is dependent on each group member completing their assigned task. The teacher is utilizing what technique?

A) Decreased contact
B) The jigsaw classroom technique
C) Education
D) Individual personal motivation

Question 46

__________ refers to the belief that increased communication and contact between different racial groups reduces levels of prejudice and discrimination.

A) The contact hypothesis
B) Just-world hypothesis
C) The communication hypothesis
D) Jigsaw classroom hypothesis

Question 47

The prejudice and discrimination that occurred in the Robber Cave Experiment is explained, in part, by which of the following?

A) Aversive racism
B) Just-world hypothesis
C) Realistic group conflict theory
D) Modern racism

Question 48

Which of the following is described in your textbook as a consequence of stereotyping?

A) Self-fulfilling prophecies
B) Stereotype threat
C) Decreased prejudice and discrimination
D) Both self-fulfilling prophecies and stereotype threat

Question 49

In one study, researchers showed men and women stereotypical and counter-stereotypical commercials before having them take a hard math test. Researchers found that:

A) only women who were bad at math did worse than men.
B) women scored worse than men when exposed to both the stereotypical and counter-stereotypical commercials.
C) men and women performed equally regardless of the type of commercial shown.
D) women performed worse than men when exposed to stereotypical commercials and equally well when exposed to counter-stereotypical commercials.

Question 50

Based on minimal ingroup paradigm, you would expect members of randomly assigned groups to:

A) favour their own group members over different group members.
B) feel neutral toward one another given that groups were randomly assigned.
C) dislike their own group members.
D) It depends on the circumstances.

Question 51

If Julie is in a happy mood, you would predict that she would be:

A) less likely to stereotype.
B) more likely to stereotype.
C) more likely to favour the outgroup.
D) more likely to favour the outgroup and less likely to stereotype.

Question 52

Increasing contact between groups of people will be more likely to reduce prejudice and discrimination under which of the following circumstances?

A) When the groups are of unequal status but have similar goals
B) When the groups are working towards the same goal with limited resources
C) When the groups are placed in a situation designed to foster friendships
D) When the groups have been at odds for a long period of time but have similar goals

Question 53

Steele and Aronson (1995) conducted a study examining black and white university students' performance on a difficult test. They found that:

A) blacks performed better than whites when they were told the test was diagnostic of their ability.
B) blacks performed worse than whites when they were told the test was diagnostic of their ability.
C) blacks and whites performed equally well.
D) blacks performed better than whites when they were told the test was very easy.

Question 54

Which of the following does NOT represent a strategy for reducing stereotypes and prejudice?

A) Provide better education
B) Increase interdependence between groups
C) Increase equal contact between members of different social groups
D) Increase competition for scarce resources

Question 55

Education seems to be an effective way to combat stereotyping and prejudice under what condition?

A) When the targets are intelligent
B) When the targets are young
C) When the targets actually participate in the educational exercise
D) When the targets are shown educational videos on prejudice

Question 56

Fear of confirming a negative stereotype about a group to which you belong is defined as ___________.

A) minimal ingroup paradigm
B) stereotype risk
C) self-fulfilling prophecy
D) stereotype threat

Question 57

Andrea knows that many people believe that women are not good at math. When taking the standardized test needed for admission to graduate school, she feels anxiety about the possibility that she might do poorly, thereby confirming society's expectation about women's math abilities. This example best describes the notion of:

A) relative deprivation.
B) performance anxiety.
C) stereotype threat.
D) outgroup homogeneity effect.

Question 58

According to your textbook, which of the following conditions is associated with an increased tendency to engage in ingroup favouritism and outgroup derogation?

A) A high status
B) Being part of a small ingroup
C) Being young
D) Being part of a big ingroup

Question 59

A teacher believes that students in his class that are from lower income areas are not as intelligent as students from higher income areas. As a result, he inadvertently provides them with less challenging work and does not demand the same level of performance. Over time, these students begin to show a decline in their test scores across a variety of subject matters. This illustrates what phenomenon?

A) Ingroup-favouritism
B) Self-fulfilling prophecy
C) Outgroup homogeneity effect
D) Old-fashioned racism

Question 60

Your friend Maurice is not usually prejudicial, but just told you a racist joke. According to your textbook, what is the best way to help Maurice inhibit such behaviour in the future?

A) Ignore the fact that Maurice made a prejudicial joke
B) Make Maurice aware of the prejudicial nature of his joke
C) Laugh at the prejudicial joke Maurice told you
D) Tell Maurice a prejudicial joke about another race

Question 61

Suppose there is a shortage of jobs in Canada. At the same time, there seems to be an increase in prejudice and discrimination against immigrant workers and illegal aliens by Canadian citizens. Using realistic group conflict theory, explain why this has occurred. Be sure to define realistic group conflict theory in your answer.

Question 62

When an individual feels frustrated that he has access to fewer resources than his neighbour, this illustrates the idea of relative deprivation.

Question 63

Describe how gender prejudice and gender stereotypes are related. Be sure to define each concept in your answer.

Question 64

Personal motivation to avoid stereotyping and prejudice has no impact on one's ability to reduce prejudiced responses.

Question 65

Prejudice refers to attitudes while discrimination refers to behaviours.

Question 66

You view people from your rival high school as a bunch of 'snobby rich kids' who are all 'lazy and unmotivated.' In contrast, you view people from your high school as a diverse group of individuals with different levels of wealth and motivation to achieve their goals. This example describes which concept? Provide a possible reason why this phenomenon occurs.

Question 67

Which of the following is true concerning the role of apology in combating prejudice and stereotyping?

A) Apologies lead to forgiveness for incidents that are historical and intentional.
B) Apologies to wronged groups always lead to forgiveness.
C) Apologies can lead to improved intergroup relations.
D) Apologies can increase feelings of victimization.

Question 68

Stereotypes can be activated without being applied.

Question 69

Merely watching a lecture or a video is enough to change prejudiced attitudes.

Question 70

The notion that people who lose their jobs are simply lazy and unmotivated is an example of a just-world belief.

Question 71

The contact hypothesis argues that increased communication and equal contact between different racial groups will reduce levels of prejudice and discrimination.

Question 72

Gender stereotypes appear to form much later in life.

Question 73

Research has shown that people can reduce their prejudiced responses when:

A) they have a high IQ.
B) they are motivated to do so.
C) they are under time constraints.
D) they are less self-aware.

Question 74

Distinguish between prejudice and discrimination.

Question 75

Compare and contrast old-fashioned sexism and modern sexism.

Question 76

Highly prejudiced individuals who are confronted about their prejudiced comments are less likely to espouse such views in the future.

Question 77

People are equally good at recognizing the faces of people of the same race and of different races.

Question 78

Define modern racism and provide an example.

Question 79

Research suggests that people with low self-esteem favour their ingroup more than people with high self-esteem.

Question 80

The belief that 'all men are emotionally unavailable' is an example of the ultimate attribution error.