Deck 11: Aggression

Question 1

Making disparaging remarks about your boss to other employees in your office can be considered an example of which of the following?

A) Direct aggression
B) Indirect aggression
C) Controlled aggression
D) Explicit aggression

Answer 1

Indirect aggression

Question 2

Which of the following individuals supported the idea that aggression was unlearned and innate, and evolved because it is evolutionarily adaptive to human survival?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Konrad Lorenz
C) Albert Bandura
D) Sigmund Freud and Konrad Lorenz

Answer 2

Konrad Lorenz

Question 3

One of the first places that social psychologists began to study cultures of honour was in:

A) the Southern United States.
B) Russia.
C) the Eastern United States.
D) Ireland.

Answer 3

the Southern United States.

Question 4

Expressive views of anger are held more by which group of individuals?

A) Men
B) Older individuals
C) Women
D) Less intelligent individuals

Question 5

__________ is defined as behaviour, either verbal or physical, that is used to intentionally harm another individual.

A) Anger
B) Assault
C) Aggression
D) Belligerence

Question 6

Social exclusion is to __________ aggression, as insults are to ________ aggression.

A) indirect; direct
B) indirect; indirect
C) direct; direct
D) direct; indirect

Question 7

__________ aggression refers to action or behaviour that is clearly derived from the aggressor and is aimed directly at the target.

A) Direct
B) Indirect
C) Instrumental
D) Non-expressive

Question 8

Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between testosterone and aggression?

A) Testosterone is unrelated to aggression in men.
B) Testosterone is negatively related to aggression in men.
C) Testosterone is positively related to aggression in women.
D) Testosterone is unrelated to aggression in women.

Question 9

According to your textbook, honour killings are more prevalent in:

A) individualistic cultures.
B) Arab nations.
C) Asian cultures.
D) Western cultures.

Question 10

According to your textbook, which of the following is true concerning gender differences in provoked aggression?

A) Women are more likely than men to act aggressively when provoked.
B) Women are more likely than men to act aggressively when unprovoked.
C) Men are more likely than women to act aggressively when unprovoked.
D) Men and women are equally likely to act aggressively when unprovoked.

Question 11

According to research presented in your book, what is the relationship between level of aggression in young boys and amount of testosterone?

A) Negative
B) Positive
C) Curvilinear
D) Nonsignificant

Question 12

One study found that __________ were more likely than__________ to respond with aggression and show physical signs of distress when their honour was challenged by insults.

A) older people; younger people
B) women; men
C) Northerners; Southerners
D) Southerners; Northerners

Question 13

Salma has been seen in public with a man other than her husband, thereby shaming her family. Her brother kills her because she has damaged her family's reputation. This serves as an example of:

A) direct and indirect aggression.
B) explicit aggression.
C) a dishonourable killing.
D) an honour killing.

Question 14

Aggression that is performed as a means to some other end would be most closely associated with the concept of_________ aggression.

A) direct
B) hostile
C) expressive
D) instrumental

Question 15

A wrestler throws his opponent onto the ground in order to try and pin him. The wrestler is displaying what type of aggression?

A) Affective aggression
B) Hostile aggression
C) Expressive view of aggression
D) Instrumental aggression

Question 16

A man hits his wife because he is angry with her and wants her to feel pain. This serves as an example of:

A) indirect aggression.
B) instrumental aggression.
C) hostile aggression.
D) non-injurious aggression.

Question 17

Which of the following terms describes a method of aggression in which aggression is used as a way to express anger and reduce stress?

A) Expressive view of aggression
B) Indirect aggression
C) Controlled aggression
D) Explicit aggression

Question 18

You would expect cultures of honour to exist to a greater extent in which of the following places?

A) Country W, where the laws are not well enforced
B) Country Z, where there is strong financial security
C) Country Y, where the majority of citizens enjoy middle to upper class status and wealth
D) Country X, where there are strong laws and harsh punishments for disobeying rules

Question 19

Men are more __________ aggressive, while women are more __________ aggressive.

A) physically; relationally
B) verbally; physically
C) relationally; verbally
D) relationally; physically

Question 20

Cultures of honour refer to which of the following?

A) Cultures where you honour other fellow citizens.
B) Cultures where strong norms suggest that aggression is an inappropriate response to insults or threats.
C) Cultures where strong norms suggest that aggression is an appropriate response to insults or threats.
D) Cultures where you honour the elderly.

Question 21

Peter is an aggressive man. Based on information presented in your textbook, if researchers looked at Peter's brain through an imaging technique you might expect to see:

A) a lot of brain activity in the right hemisphere.
B) not enough brain activity in the left temporal lobe.
C) too much brain activity in the left temporal lobe.
D) either not enough brain activity or too much brain activity in the left temporal lobe.

Question 22

Researchers have found that aggressive men have ________ activity in their left temporal lobe.

A) too much
B) too little
C) no
D) too much or too little

Question 23

A mom throws a dish in anger. Her child picks up a different dish and throws it immediately after watching her aggressive behaviour. The child is:

A) modelling his mother's behaviour.
B) displaying implicit aggression.
C) displaying instrumental aggression.
D) acting instinctually and displaying implicit aggression.

Question 24

Researchers have found that, in comparison to inmates who committed property crimes of larceny, drug possession, and burglary, inmates who committed violent, personal, or sexual crimes had:

A) more testosterone.
B) less testosterone.
C) a lower IQ level.
D) no activity in their left temporal lobe.

Question 25

Which psychologist conducted the famous Bobo doll study looking at the effects of modelling on aggressive behaviour in children?

A) Albert Bandura
B) Jane Elliot
C) Leon Festinger
D) Konrad Lorenz

Question 26

Which theory argues that frustration precedes aggression when we are delayed from reaching our goal?

A) Frustration aggression theory
B) Instinct theory
C) Social learning theory
D) Disappointment aggression theory

Question 27

Which of the following has been found in violence-prone children and adults?

A) High levels of serotonin
B) Low levels of serotonin
C) Low levels of testosterone
D) Low levels of corticosterone

Question 28

Albert Bandura exposed children to an adult model displaying aggressive behaviour towards a Bobo doll. He then placed them in a mildly frustrating situation before observing and recording their behaviour. He found that:

A) children exposed to the aggressive adult model were more likely to imitate aggressive acts compared with a control group.
B) children exposed to the aggressive adult model were less likely to imitate aggressive acts compared with a control group.
C) children exposed to the aggressive adult model were more likely to verbally abuse other children compared with a control group.
D) children exposed to the aggressive adult model were less likely to share compared with a control group.

Question 29

Which of the following ideas could be used to refute the validity of instinct theory?

A) Aggressive behaviour evolved out of the necessity to survive.
B) Aggressive behaviour varies from culture to culture.
C) Aggressive behaviour is universal.
D) Aggressive behaviour is innate.

Question 30

Which of the following statements regarding the role of biochemical influences in aggressive behaviour is supported by research?

A) A low level of serotonin causes aggressive behaviour.
B) Alcohol causes aggressive behaviour.
C) Testosterone causes aggressive behaviour.
D) Testosterone is correlated with aggressive behaviour.

Question 31

Based on information presented in your textbook, when would you predict the relationship between alcohol consumption and aggressive behaviour to become even stronger?

A) When people are tired
B) When people know one another very well
C) When people have increased self-awareness
D) When people expect alcohol to make them more aggressive

Question 32

Charlie learns that when his father yells at his mother, she complies with his demands. As a result, Charlie yells at his girlfriend when she doesn't agree with him in an attempt to get her to change her views. Which theory of aggression best explains Charlie's verbal aggression against his girlfriend?

A) Instinct theory
B) Social learning theory
C) Frustration aggression theory
D) Cognitive-neoassociation theory

Question 33

Low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin are associated with which of the following?

A) Compromised impulse control
B) Improved impulse control
C) Decreased direct aggression
D) Decreased indirect aggression

Question 34

The frustration aggression theory suggests that frustration ________ aggression.

A) precedes
B) replaces
C) follows
D) impedes

Question 35

Which of the following theories posits that when a person experiences something with a negative result, such as pain or discomfort, aggressive behaviour can often occur in the wake of that experience?

A) Instinct theory
B) Social learning theory
C) Cognitive-neoassociation theory
D) Frustration aggression theory

Question 36

A psychologist by the name of ___________ developed social learning theory, which is also known as ___________.

A) Leonard Berkowitz; social cognitive theory
B) Albert Bandura; social cognitive theory
C) Konrad Lorenz; social cognitive theory
D) Albert Bandura; social comparison theory

Question 37

You are aggravated because you are late to meet your friends at the movies and cannot find the keys to your car. This illustrates:

A) aggression.
B) frustration.
C) relative deprivation.
D) disappointment aggression theory.

Question 38

Which theory would predict that you are more likely to exhibit aggression just by being in the same room as a gun mounted on the wall?

A) Instinct theory
B) Social learning theory
C) Frustration aggression theory
D) Cognitive-neoassociation theory

Question 39

The mixed support for the original frustration aggression theory led Berkowitz to posit which of the following?

A) Frustration leads to biased processing of information, which may then lead to aggression.
B) Frustration leads to automatic thinking, which may then lead to aggression.
C) Frustration leads to sadness, which may then lead to aggression.
D) Frustration leads to anger, which may then lead to aggression.

Question 40

The correlation between alcohol consumption and aggressive behaviour is best characterized as:

A) nonlinear.
B) positive.
C) negative.
D) negative and nonlinear.

Question 41

Pain, overcrowding, and attacks can all be considered examples of:

A) aggressive cues.
B) aversive experiences.
C) frustration.
D) relative deprivation.

Question 42

Dodge's social information processing theory emphasizes the role of ___________ in explaining how children may eventually engage in aggressive behaviour.

A) culture
B) cognition
C) modelling
D) observational learning

Question 43

Amy is angry from receiving a bad grade on an exam at school. When she returns home, she acts aggressively towards her roommates. This example best demonstrates:

A) the two-factor theory of emotion.
B) excitation transfer theory.
C) cognitive-neoassociation theory.
D) instinct theory.

Question 44

Dodge's social information processing theory involves a 5-step model that outlines how a child responds to a problematic event or situation. Which of the following represents a main step in that model?

A) Modelling parents' behaviour
B) Evaluating a response
C) Encoding social cues
D) Both evaluating a response and encoding social cues

Question 45

Which of the following concepts is considered a main component of social learning theory?

A) Reinforcement
B) Modelling
C) Relative deprivation
D) Reinforcement and modelling

Question 46

Carnagey and Anderson (2005) had participants play a car-racing video game where players either lost points for violence, were rewarded for violence, or where violence did not impact a player's score. What did they find?

A) Rewarding violent behaviour decreased hostile emotions
B) Punishing violent behaviour increased hostile emotions
C) Rewarding violent behaviour decreased aggressive behaviour and thinking
D) Punishing violent behaviour decreased aggressive behaviour and thinking

Question 47

In Schacter and Singer's (1962) classic study, participants were injected with adrenaline or saline and then exposed to either an angry or a euphoric confederate. Of those who received the adrenaline shot, some were told to expect the side effects, some were misinformed about the side effects, and others were told nothing about potential side effects. Participants who expected the injection to make them feel __________ became __________ when placed with the happy confederate.

A) aroused; angry
B) aroused; happy
C) no side effects; happy
D) no side effects; angry

Question 48

Research suggests that reinforcement of behaviours can come from which of the following sources?

A) The media
B) Parents
C) Peers
D) The media, parents, and peers can all reinforce behaviour.

Question 49

You are on a crowded bus that has no air-conditioning and you hate being in small spaces. You are trying to get off the bus but it seems as if nobody will make room for you to move through the crowd. As a result, you begin to push people out of your way. In this example, Leonard Berkowitz would most likely explain your aggressive behaviour as a function of:

A) an aggressive cue.
B) an aversive experience.
C) frustration.
D) relative deprivation.

Question 50

Schacter and Singer's two-factor theory of emotion argues that __________is important for determining how we label our arousal.

A) appraisal
B) time
C) culture
D) personality

Question 51

According to the General Aggression Model (GAM), "input variables must influence several different processes at a variety of levels before they increase or decrease aggressive behaviour." Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a route of influence within this model?

A) Arousal state
B) Affective state
C) Cognitive state
D) Arousal state, affective state, and cognitive state are all mentioned as a route of influence.

Question 52

An action or process that strengthens a behaviour is known as:

A) relative deprivation.
B) modelling.
C) reinforcement.
D) positive punishment.

Question 53

Which of the following have researchers found is associated with aggressive tendencies in people?

A) Higher temperatures
B) Increased pain
C) Increased alcohol consumption
D) Higher temperatures, increased pain, and increased alcohol consumption have all been associated with aggressive tendencies.

Question 54

Which of the following is an example of a proximal factor that may lead to aggression, according to the general aggression model?

A) Cultural norms
B) Family norms
C) Media violence
D) Mood

Question 55

In one study with children, researchers found that those who had just played with a toy gun were:

A) less likely to share.
B) more likely to share.
C) more likely to knock down another child's tower of blocks.
D) no more or less likely to knock down another child's tower of blocks compared with a control group.

Question 56

Research by Berkowitz and colleagues suggests that aggressive cues in the environment, such as a gun, can lead to:

A) decreased aggression.
B) increased aggression.
C) the same level of aggression as a neutral cue.
D) increased central route processing and increased aggression.

Question 57

Which theory of aggression builds on social learning theory and provides a more integrative framework for specific theories of aggression by including situational and personal variables?

A) Instinct theory
B) General Aggression Model
C) Frustration aggression theory
D) Cognitive-neoassociation theory

Question 58

_________ states that when a person experiences arousal in one situation it may not fully dissipate and then may transfer to a subsequent situation or event.

A) Two-factor theory of emotion
B) Social transfer theory
C) Excitation-transfer theory
D) General Aggression Model

Question 59

In one version of Bandura's Bobo doll study, children watched one of three videos where they were exposed to an individual either being punished, rewarded, or receiving no consequences for aggressing against a Bobo doll. What did Bandura find with respect to the group who watched the video of an individual receiving no consequences for acting aggressively?

A) These children displayed the least amount of aggressive behaviour towards the doll compared to the other groups.
B) These children did not engage in aggressive behaviour towards the doll.
C) These children engaged in aggressive behaviour towards the doll.
D) These children were verbally aggressive but not physically aggressive.

Question 60

Which of the following is an example of a distal factor that may lead to aggression, according to the general aggression model?

A) Mood
B) Media violence
C) Social stress
D) Provocation

Question 61

Females are more likely than males to be targets of aggression.

Question 62

The American Psychological Association reports that by the time a child finishes elementary school he or she will have watched:

A) about 1,000 murders on television.
B) less than 5,000 murders on television.
C) more than 8,000 murders on television.
D) fewer than 1,000 murders on television.

Question 63

Greg wants his son to learn to solve his problems and frustrations without using any verbal or physical aggression. In order to teach his son to solve problems without aggression, he takes great care to solve his own problems through calm communication. What strategy is Greg using in this example?

A) Desensitization
B) Modelling
C) Positive punishment
D) Negative reinforcement

Question 64

If you wanted to see an increase in a person's level of aggression all you would have to do is inject them with testosterone.

Question 65

Research suggests that the death penalty is a more effective deterrent for heinous crimes than is imprisonment.

Question 66

In one study, participants listened to either a song with misogynistic lyrics or more neutral lyrics. After overhearing another 'participant' state a dislike for spicy foods, they were then asked to prepare a sample of hot sauce for this individual. The participants were told they could dish out as large of a sample as they wished, with the knowledge that the other 'participant' would be required to drink the entire sample. Researchers found that:

A) participants who heard the misogynistic lyrics gave less hot sauce to the confederate compared with participants who heard the neutral lyrics.
B) participants who heard the misogynistic lyrics gave more hot sauce to a male confederate than to a female confederate.
C) participants who heard the misogynistic lyrics gave more hot sauce to a female confederate than to a male confederate.
D) participants gave the same amount of hot sauce regardless of the condition they were assigned into.

Question 67

Compare and contrast direct and indirect aggression. Provide examples of each one.

Question 68

Honour killings are often committed against women and perpetrated by a male relative.

Question 69

What have researchers found with the respect to the effectiveness of training programs designed to reduce violence in schools?

A) Violence prevention programs in schools have resulted in decreased aggression among students.
B) Violence prevention programs in schools have unfortunately resulted in increased aggression among students.
C) Violence prevention programs in schools have unfortunately had no impact on the amount of aggression among students.
D) Violence prevention programs in schools have decreased verbal aggression but not physical aggression among students.

Question 70

Modelling can both increase and decrease aggression.

Question 71

Ben, an aggressive man, would likely show too much activity in the right temporal lobe if researchers looked at his brain with imaging technology.

Question 72

The excitation-transfer theory suggests that arousal from one experience can transfer to a second, unrelated situation.

Question 73

According to your textbook, which of the following represents a reason why punishment will not always be effective in reducing or preventing aggressive behaviour?

A) Because punishments are never strong enough
B) Because punishments are too time-consuming to administer
C) Because aggressive acts are often a function of controlled processing
D) Because some types of aggressive acts are a function of impulsive responses to a situation

Question 74

A child who views extensive violence on television may exhibit a reduced physiological response to what he is watching. In this circumstance, we could label this child as:

A) reactive to violence.
B) inhibited by violence.
C) desensitized to violence.
D) responsive to violence.

Question 75

Aggression that is performed to attain a non-injurious goal refers to hostile aggression.

Question 76

If you believe that Timmy learned to hit his sister by imitating his father, who often hits his mother, you are explaining his aggression with social learning theory.

Question 77

Consider the following behaviours: (1) Spreading rumours, (2) punching a family member in anger, and (3) a bank robber who shoots a teller while stealing money. Identify and describe the type of aggression represented by each example.

Question 78

Gender differences in aggression virtually disappear when there is no provocation.

Question 79

Punishment alone is effective to reduce aggression.

Question 80

A hockey player who checks an opponent to prevent him from getting the puck is engaging in instrumental aggression.