Deck 12: Attraction and Close Relationships

Question 1

A combination of _____ self esteem and _____ interpersonal trust results in a dismissive attachment style.

A) high; low
B) low; high
C) high; high
D) low; low

Answer 1

high; low

Question 2

According to your textbook, which of the following is predicted by the attachment styles of a couple?

A) Marital success
B) Professional success
C) Sexual orientation
D) Religious affiliation

Answer 2

Marital success

Question 3

Psychologist Harry Harlow (1958) gave baby monkeys a choice of surrogate "mothers" after being separated from their birth mother. One surrogate was made of terrycloth and another made of wire. What were his findings?

A) Baby monkeys preferred their cloth surrogate for security and comfort, choosing the wire surrogate only for food.
B) Baby monkeys rejected both cloth and wire surrogate mothers.
C) Baby monkeys always preferred the cloth surrogate mother.
D) Wire mothers were always preferred by baby monkeys.

Answer 3

Baby monkeys preferred their cloth surrogate for security and comfort, choosing the wire surrogate only for food.

Question 4

What do those with a fearful-avoidant attachment style and a dismissive attachment style have in common?

A) They both have low self-esteem.
B) They both have high self-esteem.
C) They both have low interpersonal trust.
D) They both have high interpersonal trust.

Question 5

Research has shown that friendships may benefit your life in which of the following ways?

A) Friendships foster a sense of positive well-being.
B) Friendships help boost our self-esteem.
C) Friendship is associated with better health.
D) Friendships foster a sense of positive well-being, boost our self-esteem, and are associated with better health.

Question 6

Jane and Julie live on the same floor of the same freshman dorm while Amy lives six floors above them. Jane and Julie end up becoming close friends but they never end up crossing paths with Amy. In this example, Jane and Julie were more likely to develop a friendship due to:

A) functional distance.
B) similarity in personality.
C) similar interests.
D) need for affiliation.

Question 7

Which attachment style is considered the most successful?

A) Preoccupied
B) Fearful-avoidant
C) Secure
D) Dismissive

Question 8

According to work by John Bowlby, early parent-child interactions lead to what in children?

A) The formation of stranger anxiety
B) Increased oxytocin
C) The formation of self-esteem and interpersonal trust
D) The formation of self-esteem and self-confidence

Question 9

Which of the following did Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues (1978) use to test attachment styles in children?

A) The Strange Situation paradigm
B) The strange woman situation
C) The wire surrogate experiment
D) The strange surrogate paradigm

Question 10

What characteristic distinguishes a fearful-avoidant attachment style from a dismissive attachment style?

A) The level of interpersonal trust
B) The level of self-esteem
C) The level of self-confidence
D) The level of both self-esteem and interpersonal trust

Question 11

The desire to establish and maintain rewarding relationships is called:

A) need for affiliation.
B) need for cognition.
C) need for closure.
D) need for association.

Question 12

Which of the following attachment styles has been linked with eating disorders, such as anorexia?

A) Preoccupied
B) Fearful-avoidant
C) Secure
D) Dismissive

Question 13

Why is the hormone oxytocin believed to be important in parent-infant relationships?

A) Oxytocin has been linked to improved relationships between mothers and fathers, which helps the infant.
B) Oxytocin has been linked to increased excitement in mothers, which encourages bonding behaviours.
C) Oxytocin has been linked to increased physiological arousal in mothers, which encourages bonding behaviours.
D) Oxytocin has been linked to feeling calm and connected with the infant, which encourages bonding behaviours.

Question 14

About ____ in 10 infants display a secure attachment style.

A) 7
B) 2
C) 5
D) 3

Question 15

What attitude is considered to underlie the formation of attachment styles?

A) Affection
B) Interpersonal trust
C) Self-respect
D) Interpersonal trust and self-respect

Question 16

According to work by Pennebaker and colleagues, if you were at a bar, the perceived attractiveness of another individual would ____ as the night progressed.

A) go down
B) go up
C) stay the same
D) go up then go down

Question 17

Moreland and Beach (1992) had different assistants attend a class 0, 5, 10, or 15 times over a semester. None of the assistants, however, actually interacted with the students. At the end of the semester, when students were shown photos of the assistants and asked how much they liked each one, it was found that:

A) the more often an assistant was present in class, the less students liked him or her.
B) the less often an assistant was present in class, the more students liked him or her.
C) there was no relationship between how often an assistant had been present in class and how much he or she was liked.
D) the more often an assistant was present in class, the more students liked him or her.

Question 18

Which of the following factors is likely to lead to an increase in attraction and liking?

A) Proximity
B) Opposite personalities
C) Competition
D) Reduced exposure

Question 19

Researchers studying the way the brain responds to social pain found that:

A) different areas of the brain respond to social pain compared with physical pain.
B) the same area of the brain that responds to physical pain, responds to social pain.
C) the brain does not react to social pain.
D) the brain seems to react more strongly to physical pain than to social pain.

Question 20

What characteristic distinguishes a preoccupied attachment style from a dismissive attachment style?

A) The level of interpersonal trust
B) The level of self-esteem
C) The level of self-confidence
D) The level of both self-esteem and interpersonal trust

Question 21

Mike and Shana feel an intense passion for one another and spend all of their free time together. They can often be found gazing into each other's eyes. Mike and Shane are exhibiting what type of love?

A) Obsessive
B) Companionate
C) Passionate
D) Romantic

Question 22

Mere exposure often leads to an increased favourable response towards a stimulus in all of the following circumstances EXCEPT:

A) when you have an initial favourable reaction.
B) when you have an initial neutral reaction.
C) when you have an initial negative reaction.
D) when you have either an initial favorable or initial neutral reaction.

Question 23

Passionate love is defined in your textbook as a___________.

A) state of high self-awareness
B) state of pure happiness with one another
C) state of intense longing for union with another
D) state of overwhelming anxiety

Question 24

According to evolutionary psychologists, men emphasize _______, while women emphasize _______.

A) physical attractiveness; conservative values
B) physical attractiveness; affection
C) resources; physical attractiveness
D) physical attractiveness; resources

Question 25

In research conducted by Hammermesh and Parker (2005), students rated professors as more skilled at teaching when they were __________.

A) younger
B) more attractive
C) less attractive
D) older

Question 26

Recent research by Vasey and Vanderlann (2010) suggests that male same-sex attraction can be explained by which of the following?

A) Mere exposure
B) The matching hypothesis
C) The kin selection hypothesis
D) Same-sex attraction hypothesis

Question 27

The "plain-ness penalty" refers to:

A) salaries that are 5 to 10 percent lower for unattractive than for attractive individuals.
B) salaries that are 5 to 10 percent lower for men than for women.
C) salaries that are 5 to 10 percent lower for couples than for single people.
D) salaries that are 25 to 40 percent lower for unattractive than for attractive individuals.

Question 28

The 'what is beautiful is good' stereotype would lead us to assume that because an individual is attractive he is also:

A) competitive.
B) successful.
C) ruthless.
D) power-hungry.

Question 29

We often like those who like us back. This can best be understood as an example of:

A) the matching hypothesis.
B) mere exposure.
C) reciprocity.
D) proportion of similarity.

Question 30

Children of different cultural backgrounds tend to find the same types of features attractive, regardless of race, gender, and age. This suggests that:

A) there is no generalized definition of attraction.
B) individuals are socialized to like certain features.
C) culture plays a role in what is deemed attractive .
D) preferences for attraction may be 'hardwired.'

Question 31

Research has revealed the tendency for ??________ men and women to earn ________ money than their peers.

A) more attractive; more
B) more attractive; less
C) less attractive; less
D) less attractive; more

Question 32

Lee is from China and Daniel is from the United States. What does research suggest about how Lee and Daniel would rate the attractiveness level of a photograph of a white woman?

A) Lee would probably rate the attractiveness level of the woman higher than Daniel.
B) Daniel would probably rate the attractiveness level of the woman higher than Lee.
C) Lee and Daniel would probably rate the attractiveness level of the woman about the same.
D) Researchers would not be able to predict who would rate the woman as more attractive.

Question 33

According to your textbook, ___________ is the most visible trait in social interactions.

A) behaviour
B) appearance
C) demeanor
D) character

Question 34

Based on information presented in your textbook on the relationship between similarity and attraction, which of the following sayings is most supported by research?

A) Opposites attract.
B) Familiarity breeds contempt.
C) Absence makes the heart grow fonder.
D) Familiarity breeds liking.

Question 35

According to your textbook, gender differences in mate preference are not as great when:

A) researchers consider people's career goals.
B) researchers measure people's short-term relationship goals.
C) researchers measure people's long-term relationship goals.
D) researchers consider personality traits.

Question 36

________ states that similarity does not actually have any effect on attraction.

A) The matching hypothesis
B) Proportion of similarity
C) Reciprocity
D) The repulsion hypothesis

Question 37

When you ride the subway in the morning on the way to work, you often see the same stranger day in and day out. According to the mere exposure effect, over time you are likely to view this stranger:

A) in a neutral way.
B) more critically.
C) less favourably.
D) more favourably.

Question 38

The proportion of similarity refers to which of the following?

A) An equation that divides the number of topics on which people share similar views by the total number of topics they have communicated on
B) An equation that adds the number of topics on which people share similar views to the total number of topics they have communicated on
C) An equation that predicts an individual's level of physical attractiveness
D) An equation that predicts the likelihood an individual will get married to an individual who is similar

Question 39

Laura is homely, artistic, and intelligent. She marries Jeff, who is also homely, artistic, and intelligent. Laura and Jeff's relationship illustrates an example of:

A) proximity.
B) mere exposure.
C) the matching hypothesis.
D) the correspondence hypothesis.

Question 40

Research suggests that we like people more if they reveal _____ about themselves in a conversation.

A) less
B) more
C) nothing
D) non-personal information

Question 41

Jack spends a Saturday cleaning up around the house then cooking dinner for his wife Gloria. Falling into negative attributional style, Gloria thinks Jack's behaviour is motivated by:

A) Jack's sense that Gloria deserves a relaxing day.
B) Jack's desire to have a romantic dinner with his wife.
C) Jacks helpful personality.
D) Jack's remorse for forgetting their anniversary.

Question 42

According to information presented in your textbook, which of the following individuals would be better off health-wise?

A) Sarah, who is depressed but married
B) Kristen, who is unhappily married
C) Marc, who is unhappy and not married
D) Brian, who is happy but not married

Question 43

The relationship between an employer and an employee is best described as a(n):

A) private relationship.
B) personal relationship.
C) communal relationship.
D) exchange relationship.

Question 44

Stephanie has dated her boyfriend, Johnny, for 11 years. Although she feels the relationship is not working anymore, she is hesitant to break things off because she has devoted so much time and energy to their relationship. In this example, the time that Stephanie has spent with her boyfriend can be considered:

A) a waste of time.
B) an emotional burden.
C) an investment.
D) both a waste of time and an emotional burden.

Question 45

Julie is fearful of flying and on her trip to Florida finds herself sitting next to a handsome stranger. They strike up a conversation during take-off and exchange numbers when they land. Julie feels very attracted to her new acquaintance and hopes he will call her soon. According to the excitation transfer hypothesis, Julie's attraction could be a function of which of the following?

A) The excitement she feels from meeting someone new
B) The increase in oxytocin which transfers her feelings of attraction to the handsome stranger
C) The happiness she feels from spending time with someone who is attractive
D) The transfer of physiological arousal she feels from her fear of flying to the handsome stranger

Question 46

The triangular theory of love was developed by which of the following psychologists?

A) John Bowlby
B) Robert Stemberg
C) John Gottman
D) Mary Ainsworth

Question 47

Rick is committed to his wife Laurie, but does not feel passion or intimacy with her. What type of love is Rick experiencing?

A) Empty love
B) Non-love
C) Liking
D) Fatuous love

Question 48

________involves emotional withdrawal and refusal to communicate.

A) Criticism
B) Contempt
C) Defensiveness
D) Stonewalling

Question 49

The relationship between a husband and wife is best described as a(n):

A) exchange relationship.
B) reciprocal relationship.
C) communal relationship.
D) investment relationship.

Question 50

Larry and Lisa are in love. They share the same religious values, both like to travel, and they have developed a deep level of trust. Larry and Lisa's love can best be defined as:

A) intense love.
B) passionate love.
C) companionate love.
D) adoring love.

Question 51

According to research, women are more likely than men to be upset when:

A) their partner has sexual intercourse with someone else.
B) their partner forms an emotional attachment to someone else.
C) their partner flirts with someone powerful and successful.
D) either when their partner has sexual intercourse with someone else or when their partner forms an emotional attachment to someone else.

Question 52

According to Gottman, men are more likely than woman to use:

A) stonewalling.
B) contempt.
C) criticism.
D) defensiveness and contempt.

Question 53

Negative attributional style occurs when:

A) a person describes his or her partner's behaviours in positive ways.
B) a person explains his or her partner's behaviours in negative ways.
C) a person reacts negatively to his or her partner's behaviours.
D) a person ignores his or her partner's negative behaviours.

Question 54

According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, which type of love is characterized by both passion and commitment?

A) Passionate love
B) Fatuous love
C) Companionate love
D) Romantic love

Question 55

Mike and Sally are in a long-distance relationship but they are both very busy with their careers and don't have much free time. Since Sally feels that the relationship isn't strong enough to justify taking time off work to go visit Mike or spending the money it would cost to visit him, she decides to break things off. In this example, it appears that the costs of the relationship outweighed the benefits. Which of the following theories explains Sarah's decision to end her relationship with Mike?

A) Social exchange theory
B) Equity theory
C) Exchange relationship theory
D) The cost-benefit theory of personal relationships

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT a component of the triangular theory of love?

A) Passion
B) Empathy
C) Commitment
D) Intimacy

Question 57

Research shows that same-sex couples are _______ than heterosexual couples.

A) not happier
B) just as happy, if not happier
C) less satisfied
D) less committed, but happier

Question 58

Research findings on arranged marriages support which of the following statements?

A) Initially individuals in arranged marriages report more satisfaction in relationships than non-arranged marriages; they then report less satisfaction over time.
B) Individuals in arranged marriages report no difference in long-term satisfaction than non-arranged marriages.
C) Individuals in arranged marriages report less long-term satisfaction than non-arranged marriages.
D) Individuals in arranged marriages report more long-term satisfaction than non-arranged marriages.

Question 59

In Sternberg's triangular theory of love, physical attraction and sexual consummation represent the component __________.

A) passion
B) empathy
C) commitment
D) intimacy

Question 60

Doug believes that he invests far more time, energy, and resources in his relationship with his girlfriend Melissa than she dos. As a result, he breaks up with Melissa because he feels she benefits much more than he does from their relationship. Doug's break-up with Melissa can be understood in terms of:

A) equity theory.
B) the dissimilarity hypothesis.
C) the matching hypothesis.
D) the proportion of similarity.

Question 61

Companionate love is a state of intense longing for union with another person.

Question 62

Attachment styles predict marital success among heterosexual, but not homosexual couples.

Question 63

Men are not as "hardwired" to bond with their children as women.

Question 64

You might guess that John, who has high self-esteem and high interpersonal trust, is securely attached.

Question 65

The excitation transfer process would suggest that physiological arousal from exercising can transfer to a person you meet while working out.

Question 66

From her relationship and break-up with her ex-boyfriend, Kelly has learned how to better communicate with people and understands that she should move more slowly when first dating someone. Kelly has experienced what type of personal growth?

A) Individual-positive personal growth
B) Relational positive personal growth
C) Environment positive personal growth
D) Affiliation positive personal growth

Question 67

Negative attributional style occurs when a person explains his or her partner's behaviour in a negative way.

Question 68

What is reciprocity and how does it relate to attraction and liking?

Question 69

Why are friendships and relationships important for social and physical health and well-being? Provide at least two reasons.

Question 70

If Rose likes her new dress more after trying it on several times, her increased liking may be a function of the mere exposure effect.

Question 71

Phil, who doesn't think much of himself and doesn't trust easily, has a preoccupied attachment style.

Question 72

A relationship between an employer and an employee is an example of a communal relationship.

Question 73

Define 'need for affiliation.'

Question 74

Attachment style refers to the degree of security experienced in interpersonal relationships.

Question 75

What is the repulsion hypothesis and is there research evidence to support this idea?

Question 76

The repulsion hypotheses states that people of similar levels of attractiveness will be more likely to form a long-lasting relationship.

Question 77

An evolutionary psychologist would say that a man should fear his partner's sexual infidelity because:

A) sexual competition can lead to lower self esteem.
B) sexual infidelity is an indication of bad parenting skills.
C) sexual infidelity could result in the use of his resources to raise another man's child.
D) sexual infidelity sets a bad example for his children.

Question 78

Low levels of social interaction can be as detrimental to health as behaviours such as smoking.

Question 79

Women are more likely than men to use stonewalling in their relationships.

Question 80

The correlation between investments made in a relationship and commitment to the relationship is positive.