Deck 8: Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

According to Erikson,once children have a sense of autonomy,they

A) achieve the psychological conflict of the preschool years.
B) become less contrary than they were as toddlers.
C) become hesitant to try new things.
D) have a new sense of purposefulness.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The attributes,abilities,attitudes,and values that we believe define ourselves comprise our __________,whereas the judgments we make about our worth and the feelings associated with those judgments are our __________.

A) self-concept; self-esteem
B) identity; self-concept
C) self-esteem; self-concept
D) self-concept; identity

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Preschoolers tend to

A) overestimate task difficulty.
B) rate their own ability as extremely high.
C) form few self-judgments.
D) distinguish between their desired and their actual competence.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Three-year-old Paul's self-awareness is strengthening.He describes himself as "big" and "really fast," and says he is happy when he plays with friends.Paul is beginning to develop a

A) subjective id.
B) restrained superego.
C) self-concept.
D) moral self.

Question 5

Research on emotional understanding shows that preschoolers

A) cannot correctly judge the causes of many basic emotions.
B) cannot predict what a playmate expressing a certain emotion might do next.
C) come up with effective ways to relieve others' negative feelings.
D) do not realize that thinking and feeling are interconnected.

Question 6

Which of the following statements is supported by research on emotional understanding?

A) Preschoolers whose parents explain emotions to them show delayed emotional understanding.
B) With age, preschoolers engage in less emotion talk with siblings and friends.
C) Make-believe play can cause emotional confusion, especially when children play with younger children or siblings.
D) Preschoolers who are securely attached to their mothers better understand emotion than preschoolers who are insecurely attached.

Question 7

During a parade,3-year-old Bart puts his hands over his ears when the band marches by.Bart is engaging in

A) emotional self-regulation.
B) deduction.
C) induction.
D) self-concept adjustment.

Question 8

Effortful control

A) involves judgments we make about our own worth.
B) consists of our attributes, abilities, and personal values.
C) continues to be vital in managing emotion during early childhood.
D) does not emerge until the late elementary school years.

Question 9

The more parents __________,the more "emotion words" children use and the better developed their emotional understanding.

A) label emotions, explain them, and express warmth and enthusiasm when conversing with preschoolers
B) encourage peer sociability and demand that their children share with peers
C) label their children's successes and failures and point out when their children make errors
D) expect their children to behave like adults

Question 10

According to Erikson,preschoolers' exuberant play and bold efforts to master new tasks break down when they

A) are threatened, criticized, and punished excessively by adults.
B) identify too strongly with the same-sex parent.
C) identify too strongly with the other-sex parent.
D) have an overly lenient superego.

Question 11

By age 3,children whose parents criticize their worth and performance

A) express shame and despondency after failing.
B) rate their own abilities as extremely low.
C) develop an exaggerated sense of self-importance.
D) are eager to tackle new tasks.

Question 12

In observational research on Irish-American families in Chicago and Chinese families in Taiwan,

A) Chinese parents rarely told their preschoolers stories about children's transgressions.
B) Irish-American parents told their preschoolers stories about the child's misdeeds.
C) Irish-American parents told stories interpreting the child's misbehavior as a negative act.
D) Chinese parents told stories stressing the impact of the child's misdeeds on others.

Question 13

If you ask preschoolers to describe themselves,they usually

A) give personality traits and characteristics, such as being friendly, kind, helpful, and smart.
B) give concrete descriptions that include physical appearance, possessions, and everyday behaviors.
C) compare themselves to people they know, such as parents, siblings, or peers.
D) describe themselves differently each time you ask the question.

Question 14

When asked "Tell me about yourself," which of the following is 3-year-old Riley the most likely to say?

A) "I have new, blue shoes."
B) "I am cheerful."
C) "I am shy." 
D) "I am friendly."

Question 15

Warm parents who __________ strengthen children's capacity to handle stress.

A) explain strategies for controlling feelings
B) rarely express emotion
C) react boldly when angry or frustrated
D) label children's feelings as overemotional

Question 16

Between ages 2 and 6,

A) self-esteem develops from repeated experiences with failure.
B) emotional self-regulation improves.
C) the ego begins to cause children to feel guilt.
D) preschoolers focus less intently on qualities that make them unique.

Question 17

__________ are a major means through which caregivers imbue the young child's self-concept with cultural values.

A) Formal lessons
B) Concrete rewards
C) Read-aloud books
D) Self-evaluative narratives

Question 18

Which of the following individuals is most likely to handle stress effectively?

A) Sal, whose parents rarely express positive emotions
B) Cara, whose parents punish her when she loses control of her emotions
C) Sean, whose parents explain strategies for controlling feelings
D) Louisa, who experiences negative emotion intensely

Question 19

According to Erikson,one of the major functions of play is to

A) allow children to escape from the demands of their lives into a fantasy world.
B) show caregivers the things that are important to children.
C) create a small social organization of children who try out culturally meaningful roles and skills.
D) allow children to represent their unconscious wishes and desires symbolically.

Question 20

According to Erikson's theory,children best learn to cooperate to achieve goals through

A) play.
B) discipline.
C) modeling.
D) scaffolding.

Question 21

Parents should be concerned if their preschooler engages in

A) more parallel play than nonsocial activity.
B) nonsocial functional play involving repetitive motor action.
C) more solitary play than play with peers.
D) more make-believe play than parallel play.

Question 22

Rachel and Michael play near each other in the sandbox.Rachel uses a scoop and a sifter.Michael uses a pail and a shovel.They do not talk or try to influence each other's behavior.They are engaging in __________ play.

A) cooperative
B) associative
C) parallel
D) nonsocial

Question 23

Empathy serves as an important motivator of __________ behavior.

A) assertive
B) dishonest
C) prosocial
D) self-interested

Question 24

Which of the following statements about peer sociability in collectivist versus individualistic societies is true?

A) Children in collectivist cultures spend more time in parallel play than children in individualistic cultures.
B) Children in collectivist cultures spend more time in make-believe play than children in individualistic cultures.
C) Children in individualistic cultures tend to play in larger groups than children in collectivist cultures.
D) Children in collectivist societies generally play in large groups, which require high levels of cooperation.

Question 25

Preschool friends

A) interact in essentially the same way as nonfriends.
B) share mutual trust but are not usually emotionally expressive.
C) talk, laugh, and look at each other more than nonfriends do.
D) usually have lasting ties with each other.

Question 26

Roger wants to promote his preschool son's peer interaction skills.Which of the following is a particularly effective technique for Roger to try?

A) Roger should encourage his son to make his own play dates.
B) Roger should talk to his son about the values associated with friendship.
C) Roger should encourage his son to play group sports.
D) Roger should arrange informal peer play activities.

Question 27

In associative play,

A) a child plays near other children with similar materials but does not try to influence their behavior.
B) a child plays alone or watches other children while they play.
C) children engage in separate activities but exchange toys and comment on one another's behavior.
D) children orient toward a common goal, such as acting out a make-believe theme.

Question 28

Which of the following statements about the development of morality is true?

A) At first, a child's morality is regulated by inner standards.
B) Gradually, a child's morality becomes externally controlled by adults.
C) Moral individuals do the right thing to conform to others' expectations.
D) Truly moral individuals have developed compassionate concerns and principles of good conduct.

Question 29

All theories of moral development recognize that conscience begins to take shape

A) prenatally.
B) at birth.
C) in early childhood.
D) in late childhood.

Question 30

Preschoolers understand that a friend is someone who

A) understands you and cares about you.
B) likes you and shares toys.
C) will be in a relationship with you for a long time.
D) trusts you and who you trust.

Question 31

Among Western children,__________ is associated with feelings of personal inadequacy and with maladjustment.

A) guilt
B) intense shame
C) sympathy
D) fear

Question 32

Wendy and James pretend to fly.They run around the yard with their arms outstretched.James says,"Wendy,flap your arms.It makes you go faster!" They are engaged in __________ play.

A) cooperative
B) associative
C) parallel
D) nonsocial

Question 33

Jonah,a kindergartener,laughs with and talks to many classmates.Jonah's classmates,in turn,seem to accept him.Jonah probably

A) needs assistance completing learning tasks.
B) cooperatively participates in classroom activities.
C) receives a lot of teacher attention for misbehavior.
D) exhibits impulse behavior and overactivity.

Question 34

According to Mildred Parten's research on peer sociability,play develops in what sequence?

A) nonsocial, parallel, cooperative, associative
B) nonsocial, parallel, associative, cooperative
C) cooperative, parallel, nonsocial, associative
D) associative, cooperative, parallel, nonsocial

Question 35

Preschoolers seem to use __________ play as a way station or a crossroad to new activities.

A) nonsocial
B) parallel
C) associative
D) cooperative

Question 36

Caregivers who view play as mere entertainment are __________ likely to __________.

A) more; provide props than those who value its cognitive and social benefits
B) more; have children who have rich imaginations than those who view play as developmentally beneficial
C) more; encourage associative play than to encourage parallel play
D) less; encourage pretend play than those who value its cognitive and social benefits

Question 37

Four-year-old Harry has parents who show sensitive,empathic concern for his feelings.When another child is unhappy,Harry is likely to respond with

A) sympathetic concern.
B) fear and anger.
C) frowning and lip biting.
D) anxiety and distress.

Question 38

Which of the following statements about peer sociability is true?

A) Later-appearing forms of play replace earlier ones in the developmental sequence.
B) Once a child begins to play cooperatively, she no longer engages in parallel play.
C) Nonsocial activity is almost nonexistent among kindergarteners.
D) It is the type, not the amount, of solitary and parallel play that changes in early childhood.

Question 39

Four-year-old Simka is sociable and good at regulating emotion.She is likely to

A) experience personal distress when she sees a peer in distress.
B) help, share, and comfort others in distress.
C) less often display sympathetic concern for others.
D) less often display prosocial behavior.

Question 40

As the ability to take another's perspective improves,

A) children rely less on words to convey empathetic feelings.
B) the tendency to focus on one's own anxiety increases.
C) sympathetic feelings decrease.
D) empathic responding increases.

Question 41

Giving young children reasons for changing their behavior

A) is futile because they do not have the cognitive capacity to process the information.
B) encourages them to adopt moral standards because they make sense.
C) is not as effective of a motivator as fear of punishment or withdrawal of affection.
D) can lead to denial of emotion and development of a weak conscience.

Question 42

According to Freud,children

A) listen to the id to avoid shame and doubt.
B) behave morally when adults point out the effects of their misbehavior on others.
C) obey the ego to avoid feelings of mistrust.
D) obey the superego to avoid guilt.

Question 43

Research on corporal punishment shows that African-American and Caucasian-American parents

A) consider physical punishment to be wrong.
B) seem to mete out physical punishment differently.
C) culturally approve of physical discipline.
D) are usually highly agitated when they use physical punishment.

Question 44

The __________ perspective regards children as active thinkers about social rules.

A) cognitive-developmental
B) psychoanalytic
C) behaviorist
D) social learning

Question 45

Mia bit her brother and threw a tantrum,so her father sent her to her room until she was ready to act appropriately.This technique,known as time out,

A) gives Mia's father a cooling-off period.
B) predicts depressive symptoms.
C) helps Mia relate biting to her father's expectations for her future behavior.
D) is not as effective as corporal punishment.

Question 46

Corporal punishment

A) promotes permanent compliance.
B) models aggression.
C) teaches children to act kindly.
D) increases from age 5 upward.

Question 47

Three-year-old Brandon sees Denny put Mark's toy in his pocket and Margot put her finger in Janice's soup.Brandon is most likely to view

A) the bad table manners as worse than the stealing.
B) both actions as okay as long as they were not witnessed by an adult.
C) the stealing as worse than the bad table manners.
D) both actions as equally wrong.

Question 48

Parents are most likely to use forceful methods of discipline when

A) they want to foster long-term goals.
B) very serious transgressions occur.
C) immediate obedience is necessary.
D) children are verbally aggressive towards others.

Question 49

Mr.Cortez explains to his 5-year-old daughter that she should not talk loudly at the library because other people are trying to read.Mr.Cortez's explanation is an example of

A) induction.
B) positive parenting.
C) a disciplinarian moral imperative.
D) an inner standard of morality.

Question 50

When parents use inductive discipline,they

A) threaten to withdraw their love to motivate good behavior.
B) model the behavior that they want their child to follow.
C) rely on rewards and punishment to shape their child's behavior.
D) point out the effects of their child's misbehavior on others.

Question 51

Research on physical punishment suggests that Caucasian parents

A) view physical punishment as necessary for instilling moral values.
B) spank in the context of parental warmth.
C) typically consider physical punishment to be wrong.
D) believe that spanking is done with the child's best interests in mind.

Question 52

Each major theory of moral development

A) recognizes that moral behavior is learned through operant conditioning.
B) emphasizes a different aspect of morality.
C) recognizes that guilt motivates good conduct.
D) emphasizes the role of thinking in conscience development.

Question 53

Which of the following children is the most likely to respond well to gentle,inductive discipline?

A) Taylor, who is anxious
B) Evelyn, who is impulsive
C) Mercedes, who is fearless
D) Ned, who is low in empathy

Question 54

Empathy-based guilt reactions

A) are associated with repairing damage caused by misdeeds.
B) interfere with moral development.
C) are only influential in early childhood.
D) are the only force that compels children to act morally.

Question 55

A few minutes in time out can be enough to change behavior and also allows parents

A) time to discuss alternative punishments.
B) to use positive discipline.
C) to use induction.
D) time to cool off.

Question 56

Preschoolers with warm parents who use induction are __________ likely to __________.

A) less; confess after wrongdoing
B) less; repair damage after misdeeds
C) more; display prosocial behavior
D) more; misbehave

Question 57

An example of instrumental aggression is a child

A) calling a peer a name.
B) pushing another child off a seat that he wants to sit on.
C) telling the teacher that someone else is sitting in her seat.
D) hitting a peer who has hurt her feelings.

Question 58

According to social learning theorists,

A) prosocial acts often occur spontaneously in early childhood.
B) morality is acquired through reinforcement and modeling.
C) children behave morally because they are capable of effortful control.
D) guilt is the only force that compels us to act morally.

Question 59

Connie teaches her children to call adults "sir" and "ma'am" and to say "please" and "thank you." These rituals are known as

A) moral imperatives.
B) matters of personal choice.
C) politeness imperatives.
D) social conventions.

Question 60

According to cognitive-developmental theorists,preschoolers

A) cannot distinguish a moral imperative from a social convention.
B) view not sharing as a more serious transgression than breaking a peer's toy.
C) acquire ready-made standards of good conduct from adults.
D) tend to reason rigidly.

Question 61

Which of the following types of aggression is 7-year-old Alecia the most likely to use to inflict harm?

A) physical
B) verbal
C) relational
D) proactive

Question 62

Macy spreads a rumor about Tya after Tya is cast as the lead in the school play,the role Macy desired.This is an example of __________ aggression.

A) physical
B) proactive
C) reactive
D) verbal

Question 63

Jacob rates his personality as ambitious,affectionate,competitive,cheerful,and soft-spoken.Jacobs's responses indicate a(n)__________ gender identity.

A) androgynous
B) traditionally feminine
C) traditionally masculine
D) abnormal

Question 64

Gender __________ refers to any association of objects,activities,roles,or traits with one sex or the other in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes.

A) identity
B) selection
C) modeling
D) typing

Question 65

Adults can combat children's gender stereotyped beliefs by

A) labeling gender for children.
B) affirming children's stereotypical gender claims.
C) calling attention to gender.
D) asking children to avoid using gender labels.

Question 66

In a study involving mother-child conversations about gender typing,

A) mothers' directly expressed gender attitudes were stereotypical.
B) when children voiced stereotypes, mothers affirmed them only 2 percent of the time.
C) mothers rarely explicitly countered a child's stereotype.
D) mothers rarely called attention to gender.

Question 67

Typical parents give their sons toys that emphasize

A) cooperation.
B) competition.
C) nurturance.
D) physical attractiveness.

Question 68

Which of the following preschool children is the most likely to be a target of harsh,inconsistent discipline?

A) Samantha, who is shy
B) Xander, who is active
C) Amir, who is cheerful
D) Li Ming, who is helpful

Question 69

Gender-stereotyped beliefs

A) strengthen during early childhood.
B) emerge slowly, as parents treat boys and girls in similar ways.
C) weaken during the preschool years.
D) are flexible until about age 8, after which they become more rigid.

Question 70

The V-Chip

A) allows parents to block undesired TV programs.
B) identifies violent TV and computer programs.
C) violates the First Amendment right to free speech.
D) remains optional for new television sets in the United States.

Question 71

Preschool teachers

A) give girls more encouragement than boys to participate in adult-structured activities.
B) give more overall attention to girls than to boys.
C) tend to praise girls more often than boys for their academic knowledge.
D) use more disapproval and controlling discipline with girls than with boys.

Question 72

Verbally and relationally aggressive acts are particularly frequent in

A) children's television programming.
B) police and hospital TV shows.
C) reality TV shows.
D) cartoons.

Question 73

Research found that girls exposed prenatally to high levels of androgens showed a preference for

A) quiet over active play.
B) girl playmates.
C) "ladylike" behavior.
D) trucks and blocks over dolls.

Question 74

Which of the following situations would most likely evoke a negative reaction from preschool peers?

A) a boy quietly looking at a book
B) a boy playing with a Barbie doll
C) a girl running in a race
D) a girl wearing overalls

Question 75

In early childhood,__________ aggression __________.

A) relational; tends to rise
B) physical; gradually replaces verbal aggression
C) reactive; declines
D) proactive; rises gradually

Question 76

When Henry is asked to judge the baking contest,he evaluates the boys more positively than the girls.This is an example of

A) same-sex selection.
B) in-group favoritism.
C) gender selection.
D) gender typing.

Question 77

Research on environmental influences on gender typing shows that

A) girls are especially intolerant of "cross-gender" play in other girls.
B) preschoolers often engage in "cross-gender" activities at home, but rarely do so in the presence of peers.
C) when preschoolers engage in "cross-gender" activities, peers criticize them.
D) preschoolers play in mixed-gender groups more than they play in same-sex groups.

Question 78

A growing number of studies confirm that playing violent video games

A) increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior.
B) does not spark hostile behavior in nonaggressive children.
C) impacts girls more than boys.
D) has a greater impact on teens than on preschool and young school-age children.

Question 79

Evaluations of Incredible Years reveal that the program

A) is somewhat helpful to control groups but does not improve the parenting of children with conduct problems.
B) initially helps families with aggressive children, but the effects of the parent training component do not endure.
C) improves parenting and reduces child behavior problems in families with aggressive children.
D) does not have any real lasting impact on children with serious conduct problems.

Question 80

Violent television programming

A) creates short-term increases in aggression, but does not have long-term negative consequences.
B) increases the likelihood of hostile thoughts and emotions.
C) helps children learn the consequences of misbehavior.
D) only has a negative effect on children who are already highly aggressive.