Deck 10: Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

Chandler is high in academic self-esteem and motivation.He is likely to

A) credit his successes to luck.
B) use mastery-oriented attributions.
C) credit his failures to ability.
D) develop learned helplessness.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Children and adolescents who __________ have fewer self-esteem problems.

A) attend schools where their SES and ethnic groups are well-represented
B) attend schools in high-SES neighborhoods, regardless of their own SES,
C) have permissive parents
D) spend longer hours in child care

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the development of self-concept is true?

A) As children move into adolescence, self-concept is increasingly vested in feedback from close friends.
B) A large discrepancy between an ideal self and a real self boosts self-esteem.
C) In middle childhood, self-descriptions rarely include reference to social groups.
D) School-age children often avoid making social comparisons when describing themselves.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

When school-age children provide descriptions of themselves,they

A) seldom include negative traits in their descriptions.
B) are more likely than younger children to rely on concrete descriptions of their appearance.
C) are likely to use abstract terms such as "fair," "just," or "insightful" in their descriptions.
D) are far less likely than younger children to describe themselves in extreme, all-or-none ways.

Question 5

Nine-year-old Noah observed that he is better than his peers at math but not as good at spelling.Noah is using

A) stereotyping.
B) social comparisons.
C) self-regulation.
D) an ideal self.

Question 6

By age 6 to 7,children in diverse Western cultures have formed at least __________ broad self-evaluations.

A) two
B) four
C) six
D) eight

Question 7

Children with unrealistically high self-esteem are likely to

A) be achievement-oriented.
B) be hostile and aggressive.
C) rely heavily on peers to affirm their self-worth.
D) reject compliments from others.

Question 8

Self-esteem

A) is unstable and fluctuates substantially across childhood.
B) differentiates and adjusts to a more realistic level as children enter school.
C) cannot be reliably measured until late adolescence.
D) continues to increase throughout elementary school.

Question 9

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory,the negative outcome of middle childhood is

A) industry.
B) shame.
C) inferiority.
D) role confusion.

Question 10

When asked to recall personally significant past experiences,Chinese school-age children are more likely that U.S.children to refer to

A) personal opinions.
B) others.
C) their skills.
D) their interests.

Question 11

The best way for parents to foster a positive,secure self-image is to

A) make decisions for their children.
B) use a firm, controlling parenting style.
C) use frequent social comparisons.
D) encourage their children to strive for worthwhile goals.

Question 12

Self-esteem takes on a __________ structure in the mid-elementary school years.

A) unidirectional
B) hierarchical
C) flat
D) horizontal

Question 13

Sam is a U.S.sixth grader.Compared with school-age children in China,when asked to describe himself,Sam is more likely to say which of the following?

A) "I'm good at sports."
B) "I'm in sixth grade."
C) "I'm an older brother."
D) "My friends think I'm cool."

Question 14

Which of the following statements about self-esteem in middle childhood is true?

A) Children's self-evaluations become increasingly vague and overlapping with age.
B) Perceived physical appearance correlates more strongly with overall self-worth than any other self-esteem factor.
C) Throughout middle childhood, girls' self-esteem tends to be higher than boys'.
D) From fourth grade on, self-esteem drops for the majority of young people.

Question 15

In middle childhood,children begin to

A) describe themselves in unrealistically positive terms.
B) compare their own characteristics to those of peers.
C) experience role confusion.
D) reject conventional standards for moral behavior.

Question 16

__________ parenting is correlated with __________ self-esteem.

A) Authoritative; low
B) Authoritarian; unrealistically high
C) Indulgent; unrealistically high
D) Controlling; moderate

Question 17

Which of the following statements about self-esteem is true?

A) Asian children have higher self-esteem than U.S. children.
B) Boys have considerably higher self-esteem than girls throughout childhood.
C) From middle childhood on, individual differences in self-esteem become increasingly less stable.
D) Compared with their Caucasian agemates, African-American children tend to have slightly higher self-esteem.

Question 18

As children internalize others' expectations and make social comparisons,they

A) form an ideal self that they use to evaluate their real self.
B) develop a strong sense of superiority.
C) seldom look to people beyond the family for information about themselves.
D) experience shame, the negative outcome of middle childhood.

Question 19

Which of the following children is the most likely to have the highest self-esteem?

A) Brad, whose parents use an authoritarian child-rearing style
B) Kyle, whose parents use an authoritative child-rearing style
C) Linda, whose parents use an uninvolved child-rearing style
D) Mercedes, whose parents use a permissive child-rearing style

Question 20

Erikson's sense of __________ combines several developments of middle childhood: a positive but realistic self-concept,pride in accomplishment,moral responsibility,and cooperative participation with agemates.

A) trust
B) autonomy
C) identity
D) industry

Question 21

Mastery-oriented children are most likely to attribute failure to

A) the malicious intent of another person.
B) ability.
C) bad luck.
D) insufficient effort.

Question 22

By middle childhood,children

A) have internalized rules for good conduct.
B) reject conventional standards for moral behavior.
C) pick up morally relevant behaviors, but do not understand the reasons behind them.
D) begin to recognize that the context of behavior is more important than the intent.

Question 23

Excessive guilt is linked to

A) ignoring responsibilities.
B) intentional wrongdoing.
C) depressive symptoms.
D) lying and cheating.

Question 24

When John succeeds,his father says,"You're so smart!" However,when he fails,his father says,"You can't do that,can you? It's OK if you quit." John's father's messages could play a key role in John's adoption of a

A) fixed view of ability.
B) mastery-oriented style.
C) high academic self-esteem.
D) healthy self-image.

Question 25

__________ encourages learned-helpless children to believe that they can overcome failure by exerting more effort.

A) Attribution retraining
B) Vicarious learning
C) Identity achievement
D) An ability-oriented approach

Question 26

Which of the following students is the most likely to receive less favorable feedback from teachers,resulting in a drop in academic self-esteem?

A) Joh, who is from a high-SES family
B) Alana, who is Caucasian
C) Marina, who is from a middle-SES family
D) Stella, who is from a low-SES family

Question 27

Maximus often experiences hostile,dismissive reactions from his parents when he is distressed.Maximus probably has

A) well-developed perspective-taking skills.
B) a strong sense of emotional self-efficacy.
C) a sense of empathy towards others.
D) poor emotional regulation.

Question 28

Between the ages of 6 and 12,children become more aware

A) that others' facial expressions indicate their true feelings.
B) that feelings of pride and guilt primarily occur when adults are present.
C) of circumstances likely to spark mixed emotions.
D) that basic emotions are related to personal responsibility.

Question 29

School-age children are likely to explain emotion by referring to

A) internal states.
B) personality traits.
C) external events.
D) observable characteristics.

Question 30

In problem-centered coping,children

A) think about thinking.
B) redefine the situation and appraise it as unchangeable.
C) appraise the situation as changeable, identify the difficulty, and decide what to do about it.
D) opt for distraction when faced with outcomes beyond their control, such as receiving a bad grade.

Question 31

When girls do not do well,they tend to receive messages from teachers and parents that __________ is at fault.

A) their gender
B) their ability
C) bad luck
D) insufficient effort

Question 32

Having received a bad grade on a test,Aiden employs internal strategies such as distraction.Aiden is using

A) problem-centered coping.
B) emotion-centered coping.
C) analogical problem solving.
D) defensive coping.

Question 33

Appreciating mixed emotions helps children realize that

A) people's expressions may not reflect their true feelings.
B) negative emotions are more frequent than positive emotions.
C) positive and negative emotions cannot be experienced simultaneously.
D) tone of voice is a more accurate predictor of emotion than facial expressions.

Question 34

Asian parents and teachers are more likely than their American counterparts to view __________ as key to success.

A) ability
B) luck
C) effort
D) intelligence

Question 35

Which of the following statements about attribution retraining is true?

A) Following a failure, children are given repeated feedback that helps them revise their attributions, such as "You can do it if you try harder."
B) One approach is to encourage low-effort students to focus more on grades and less on mastering a task for individual improvement.
C) Attribution retraining is an alternative to instruction in effective strategies and self-regulation.
D) Attribution retraining encourages children to believe that success should be attributed to ability, rather than luck or effort.

Question 36

__________ motivates children to take on further challenges,whereas __________ prompts them to strive for self-improvement.

A) Fear; anger
B) Anger; pride
C) Guilt; fear
D) Pride; guilt

Question 37

Ten-year-old Greta is beginning to feel like she is in control of her emotional experience.She is acquiring

A) perspective-taking skills.
B) a sense of emotional self-efficacy.
C) an ideal self.
D) a sense of inferiority.

Question 38

Greater self-awareness and social sensitivity

A) lead to learned helplessness.
B) support gains in emotional competence in middle childhood.
C) do not appear for most children until adolescence.
D) lead to a decrease in self-esteem in late childhood.

Question 39

Fernando's parents respond sensitively and helpfully when he is distressed.Fernando is probably

A) overwhelmed by negative emotion.
B) high in self-esteem.
C) prosocial.
D) less empathetic than his agemates.

Question 40

Children who develop __________ attribute their failures,not their successes,to ability.

A) learned helplessness
B) mastery-oriented attributions
C) a realistically oriented view of ability
D) an ideal self

Question 41

Michaela performs well in school and communicates with her peers in sensitive,friendly,and cooperative ways.She is a __________ child.

A) popular-antisocial
B) controversial
C) rejected-aggressive
D) popular-prosocial

Question 42

According to research on friendship during middle childhood,

A) by age 8 or 9, children name only a handful of good friends.
B) friendships are highly unstable over the elementary and middle school years.
C) school-age children's friendships are less selective than those of preschoolers.
D) friendships are largely based on engaging in similar activities.

Question 43

The less __________ children experience,the more likely white children will express out-group prejudice.

A) interracial contact
B) aggression and hostility
C) media exposure
D) homogeneous grouping

Question 44

Eight-year-old Jennifer,an African American,describes the white,wealthier girls in her school as "pretty," "smart," and "nice," whereas she describes the black,poorer girls as "bossy," "average," and "chubby." Jennifer is expressing

A) in-group favoritism.
B) out-group prejudice.
C) in-group prejudice.
D) out-group favoritism.

Question 45

Which of the following children is the most likely to volunteer to help the needy?

A) Helen, who views others' traits as fixed
B) Jane, who has overly high self-esteem
C) Lisa, who views others' traits as changeable
D) Angie, who has very low self-esteem

Question 46

Peer acceptance

A) is a mutual relationship.
B) is unrelated to social skills.
C) refers to likability.
D) has little correlation with psychological adjustment.

Question 47

Compared with preschoolers,school-age children

A) are less aggressive.
B) resolve conflicts less effectively.
C) have less peer contact.
D) are less willing to compromise.

Question 48

Which of the following children is the most likely to believe in racial and ethnic equality?

A) Yaowu, a child who attends an ethnically diverse school and shares feelings with close, cross-race friends
B) Gonzalo, a child who believes that people's personality traits are fixed rather than changeable
C) Deonte, a child with overly high self-esteem
D) Judy, a child whose parents highlight group distinctions

Question 49

Which of the following truthful statements is 8-year-old Matthew the most likely to evaluate negatively?

A) Jack tells the teacher that he forgot his book.
B) Jack tells a classmate that he does not like her artwork.
C) Jack tells his mom that a classmate is cute.
D) Jack tells his friend that he feels sad because his dog ran away.

Question 50

In middle childhood,the __________ becomes an increasingly important context for development.

A) home
B) extended family
C) society of peers
D) church

Question 51

On a measure of peer acceptance,Rita received mostly negative votes.Rita would be considered a __________ child.

A) neglected
B) rejected
C) popular
D) controversial

Question 52

Grace,along with six other girls in her classroom,spends her time developing rules for popularity.The girls have developed their own vocabulary and dress code.Grace is most likely

A) part of a peer group.
B) part of a gang.
C) a controversial child.
D) a popular-prosocial child.

Question 53

On a measure of peer acceptance,Doreen got a large number of positive votes and also a large number of negative votes.Doreen would be considered a __________ child.

A) neglected
B) rejected
C) popular
D) controversial

Question 54

Which of the following statements about children's understanding of individual rights is true?

A) Children tend to regard laws that discriminate against individuals as okay.
B) As early as age 6, children view freedom of speech and religion as individual rights.
C) Older school-age children believe that all matters are best decided democratically.
D) Prejudice usually increases during middle childhood.

Question 55

Children and adults with __________ are more likely to hold racial and ethnic prejudices.

A) very low self-esteem
B) very high self-esteem
C) high interracial contact
D) ethnically diverse families

Question 56

Which of the following emerges first?

A) out-group favoritism
B) in-group prejudice
C) out-group prejudice
D) in-group favoritism

Question 57

Within peer groups,children

A) acquire many social skills.
B) rarely exclude peers.
C) often become peer-avoidant and isolated.
D) develop individuality.

Question 58

Children who believe that people's personality traits are __________ rather than __________ readily form prejudices on the basis of limited information.

A) singular; mixed
B) genetic; nurtured
C) fixed; changeable
D) malleable; constant

Question 59

In middle childhood,once friendship forms,__________ becomes its defining feature.

A) proximity
B) trust
C) exclusivity
D) dispute

Question 60

By age 7 or 8,children

A) consider prosocial and antisocial intentions for truthfulness.
B) begin to copy their morality from others.
C) say truth telling is always good.
D) say lying is always bad.

Question 61

When the victim of bullying develops a close or gratifying friendship,

A) the new friend is often ostracized by other children.
B) the children are more likely to team up and retaliate against the bully.
C) the bully often targets the new friend.
D) bullying often comes to an end.

Question 62

Greg feels comfortable being a boy.Which of the following accurately describes Greg's gender identity self-evaluation?

A) gender contentedness
B) gender typicality
C) feels pressure to conform to gender roles
D) gender-disconnectedness

Question 63

Which of the following statements about peer victimization is true?

A) About 5 percent of children are bullies, while 35 percent are repeatedly victimized.
B) As bullies move into adolescence, gender harassment increases.
C) Few bullies experience social prominence.
D) Chronic victims tend to be active when passive behavior is expected.

Question 64

Neglected children are

A) those who blend hostile, disruptive behavior with positive, prosocial acts.
B) usually well-adjusted and not unhappy about their social lives.
C) in need of intervention to prevent long-term adjustment problems.
D) rejected by peers throughout childhood and adolescence.

Question 65

Training in __________ often improves the peer relations and psychological adjustment of rejected children.

A) positive social skills
B) personal defense
C) public speaking
D) emotional self-efficacy

Question 66

School-age children often regard __________ as a "__________" subject.

A) music; masculine
B) language arts; masculine
C) physical education; feminine
D) reading; feminine

Question 67

As children demonstrate that they can manage daily activities and responsibilities,effective parents engage in

A) transitive inference.
B) coregulation.
C) distributive justice.
D) permissive parenting.

Question 68

Which of the following statements about sibling rivalry in middle childhood is true?

A) Sibling rivalry tends to decrease in middle childhood as siblings rely on each other for companionship.
B) For same-sex siblings who are close in age, parental comparisons are more frequent, resulting in more antagonism.
C) Single parents and parents with marital conflicts tend to be more careful about being fair to each individual child.
D) To reduce sibling rivalry, siblings should strive to select the same athletic and extracurricular pursuits.

Question 69

In middle childhood,boys

A) are more likely than girls to describe themselves as having "other-gender" characteristics.
B) are more androgynous than girls.
C) usually stick to "masculine" activities.
D) experiment with a wider range of gender-traditional activities than girls.

Question 70

Billie Jean likes football and fishing.However,she feels that her parents and friends would prefer her to play tennis and take dance classes.Which of the following self-evaluations reflects Billie Jean's gender identity?

A) gender contentedness
B) gender typicality
C) feels pressure to conform to gender roles
D) gender disconnectedness

Question 71

Compared to children with siblings,only children

A) are higher in self-esteem.
B) are more accepted by peers.
C) exhibit higher rates of antisocial behavior.
D) display poorer social skills.

Question 72

During middle childhood,

A) fathers engage in as much caregiving as mothers.
B) fathers spend more time than mothers with school-age children.
C) fathers are more knowledgeable than mothers about children's everyday activities.
D) each parent tends to devote more time to children of his or her own sex.

Question 73

Sibling rivalry can be reduced if

A) parents make an effort not to compare their children.
B) children know that sibling conflict in the home will lead to punishment.
C) the mother pays attention to one child and the father pays attention to the other child.
D) children are encouraged to develop common activities and interests.

Question 74

Coregulation

A) is an agreement between parents and other caregivers to be consistent with rules.
B) is a permissive child-rearing style where the child takes responsibility for making rules.
C) involves general parental oversight while letting the child make moment-by-moment decisions.
D) involves firm parental control and greater child dependence.

Question 75

Padma is hostile and disruptive,but she also engages in positive,prosocial acts.Padma is a __________ child.

A) popular-aggressive
B) rejected-withdrawn
C) controversial
D) neglected

Question 76

__________ children show high rates of conflict,physical and relational aggression,and hyperactive,inattentive,and impulsive behavior.

A) Popular-prosocial
B) Rejected-aggressive
C) Rejected-withdrawn
D) Controversial

Question 77

Child rearing becomes easier in middle childhood for parents who established a(n)__________ style during the early years.

A) uninvolved
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) permissive

Question 78

Which of the following statements about gender and identity is true?

A) Girls attach greater prestige to "feminine" characteristics than to "masculine" characteristics.
B) Girls have greater flexibility than boys to engage in "cross-gender" activities.
C) Girls are especially likely to be rejected and ridiculed when experimenting with "masculine" activities.
D) From third to sixth grade, girls tend to strengthen their identification with "feminine" personality traits, whereas boys' identification with "masculine" traits declines.

Question 79

Marc is passive and socially awkward.As he entered second grade,his classroom participation declined and his academic achievement faltered.Marc is a __________ child.

A) popular-prosocial
B) popular-aggressive
C) rejected-aggressive
D) rejected-withdrawn

Question 80

Popular-antisocial children

A) are anxious, unhappy, and low in self-esteem.
B) combine academic and social competence.
C) include "tough" boys and relationally aggressive boys and girls.
D) show high rates of absenteeism and prosocial behavior.