Deck 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood

Question 1

Declines in __________ functioning contribute to many conditions of aging,including increased susceptibility to infectious disease and cancer.

A) nervous system
B) connective tissue
C) circulatory system
D) immune system

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Research suggests that foods __________ in __________ can forestall free-radical damage.

A) high; saturated fat
B) rich; vitamins
C) low; sodium
D) low; sugar

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Biological aging

A) begins once body structures reach maximum capacity and efficiency.
B) begins at the moment of conception.
C) occurs across parts of the body at the same time and speed.
D) occurs because the physical body wears out from use.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Research on telomeres indicates that

A) adults who reduce psychological stress display gains in telomerase activity.
B) a stimulating work environment delays and often reverses telomere shortening.
C) diet and exercise have minimal impact on telomere activity.
D) telomeres do not start to shrink until the mid-forties in most adults.

Question 5

Animal species with __________ life expectancies tend to display __________ free-radical damage to DNA.

A) longer; slower rates of
B) shorter; slower rates of
C) longer; faster rates of
D) shorter; little to no

Question 6

The heritability of longevity is

A) low.
B) modest.
C) high.
D) unknown.

Question 7

Cross-linking can be reduced by

A) regular exercise and a healthy diet.
B) decreasing the heart rate.
C) increasing body fat.
D) hormone therapy.

Question 8

Telomere shortening

A) acts as a brake against somatic mutations.
B) is related to slowed disease progression.
C) causes cells to duplicate.
D) occurs earlier in women than men.

Question 9

According to the cross-linkage theory of aging,

A) when normally separate protein fibers cross-link, tissue becomes less elastic.
B) people whose parents had long lives will have longer lives themselves.
C) the bonds between protein fibers in connective tissue lead to increased stamina.
D) the release of free radicals cause age-related DNA and cellular abnormalities.

Question 10

Fifty-year-old Heather's decreased estrogen production is an example of

A) the cross-linkage theory of aging.
B) gradual failure of the endocrine system.
C) a decline in immune system functioning.
D) telomere shortening.

Question 11

Free radicals are

A) protein fibers that make up the body's connective tissue.
B) somatic mutations that lead to genetic defects in offspring.
C) DNA chemicals that serve as protective caps at the end of chromosomes.
D) thought to be involved in more than 60 disorders of aging.

Question 12

Changes of aging in __________ are twice as rapid for men as for women.

A) vision
B) hearing
C) the cardiovascular system
D) the muscular system

Question 13

According to the "genetic programming" theory of aging,

A) aging can be controlled by shortening telomeres.
B) the release of free radicals predicts most age-related illnesses.
C) "aging genes" control certain biological changes, such as gray hair.
D) people age due to environmental exposure to toxins that alter their DNA.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about changes in vision in adulthood is true?

A) The lens narrows and becomes more elastic.
B) Color discrimination improves.
C) The muscles controlling the pupil weaken.
D) Visual acuity increases.

Question 15

Ethan's blood pressure is higher than normal.This means that Ethan suffers from

A) hypertension.
B) atherosclerosis.
C) angina.
D) arrhythmia.

Question 16

According to the __________ theory of biological aging,DNA in body cells is gradually damaged through spontaneous or externally caused mutations.

A) genetic programming
B) senescence
C) random events
D) cross-linkage

Question 17

Telomere shortening predicts

A) earlier death.
B) slower disease progression.
C) persistent psychological stress.
D) longevity.

Question 18

The rate of death from heart disease among African Americans is __________ that of Caucasian Americans.

A) far lower than
B) slightly lower than
C) equal to
D) higher than

Question 19

Senescence

A) is underway in adolescence.
B) begins in middle adulthood.
C) varies widely across parts of the body.
D) cannot be modified through environmental interventions.

Question 20

__________ prevents telomere shortening.

A) Physical inactivity
B) Obesity
C) Cigarette smoking
D) Telomerase

Question 21

The capacity of the immune system to offer protection __________ after age 20,partly as a result of __________.

A) declines; changes in the thymus
B) increases; greater production of T cells
C) remains stable; improved health habits
D) declines; increased function of the pituitary gland

Question 22

Trena is an overweight adult.Compared with her normal-weight agemates,Trena is __________ likely to __________.

A) less; receive financial aid for college
B) less; report mistreatment by family members
C) more; find a mate
D) more; be rented an apartment

Question 23

Danielle,an overweight young adult,will probably

A) lose weight by age 25.
B) get heavier.
C) never become obese.
D) maintain her weight into her forties.

Question 24

Maximum vital lung capacity

A) declines by 5 percent per decade throughout the lifespan.
B) declines by 10 percent per decade after age 25.
C) remains constant until about age 50.
D) increases by 10 percent per decade after age 25.

Question 25

Tina is a master runner.If she practices consistently throughout her life,she can expect her performance speed to

A) significantly drop in her late twenties, followed by a steady decline into her sixties.
B) drop only slightly from the mid-thirties into the sixties, when it will fall off at an accelerating pace.
C) significantly drop each decade from the mid-twenties to the late sixties or early seventies.
D) increase through her mid-forties, when it will fall off at an accelerating pace.

Question 26

__________ secrete antibodies into the bloodstream that multiply,capture foreign substances,and permit the blood system to destroy them.

A) T cells
B) B cells
C) Telomeres
D) Antigens

Question 27

To study the impact of biological aging on motor skills,researchers focus on

A) sedentary adults.
B) women in their childbearing years.
C) competitive athletes.
D) men in their mid- to late thirties.

Question 28

Which of the following motor skills will most likely peak latest in life?

A) speed of limb movement
B) explosive strength
C) gross-motor coordination
D) aiming

Question 29

Obesity

A) rates are declining in the United States.
B) is on the rise in the developing world.
C) affects more than half of Americans.
D) rates slowly decline between ages 20 and 65.

Question 30

Obesity

A) is strongly associated with serious health problems.
B) drops in early and middle adulthood.
C) is not treatable.
D) is a personal choice.

Question 31

One of the most serious diseases of the cardiovascular system is atherosclerosis,in which

A) the pressure of the blood is higher than normal, substantially increasing the risk of heart attack.
B) heavy deposits of plaque containing cholesterol and fats collect on the walls of the main arteries.
C) the heart beats too fast, too slow, or with an irregular rhythm, causing a lack of blood flow to the organs.
D) an obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries causes ischemia of the heart muscle.

Question 32

Which of the following statements about aging of the reproductive system in women is true?

A) Success of reproductive technologies drops sharply around age 30.
B) The uterus shows consistent changes from the late thirties through the forties.
C) A certain level of reserve ova in the ovaries is necessary for conception.
D) Women whose ova reserve is too low do not have normal menstrual cycles.

Question 33

The U.S.obesity rate

A) has declined due to public awareness.
B) is higher among men than women.
C) now exceeds the rate of overweight.
D) is lowest for Native-American adults.

Question 34

Age-related changes in reproductive capacity include

A) decreases in semen volume and sperm motility after age 35.
B) decreases in percentage of normal sperm after age 25.
C) increases in number of ova, but decreases in ova quality.
D) consistent changes in the uterus after age 35.

Question 35

Which of the following athletes will probably peak earliest in life?

A) Dave, a baseball player
B) Joe, a long-distance runner
C) Chrissy, a tennis player
D) Juli, a golfer

Question 36

Carly,age 24,has a 22 percent greater body weight than she should have,based on her age,sex,and physical build.?Carly is

A) an obese adult.
B) overweight, but not obese.
C) probably suffering from a metabolic disorder.
D) heavyset, but not overweight.

Question 37

Which of the following adults in the most likely to be obese?

A) Jane, a Caucasian American
B) Penelope, a Hispanic American
C) Victoria, a Native American
D) Lana, an African American

Question 38

Which of the following statements about causes of death in the United States is true?

A) The leading cause of death in early adulthood is suicide.
B) Death rates for all causes exceed those of other industrialized nations.
C) Cancer is the leading cause of death in early adulthood.
D) Education and occupational status show weak relationships with disease indicators.

Question 39

Which of the following statements about diets and dieters is true?

A) Most dieters lose weight and maintain their weight loss for five or more years.
B) Diet programs utilizing group counseling are less effective than programs with individual counseling.
C) Even when they have continued to gain weight, American adults generally report weight losses.
D) Repeat dieters are more likely than weight-loss maintainers to confront problems directly.

Question 40

Which of the following statements about the relationship between SES and health is true?

A) SES does not account for the sizable health advantage of white over ethnic minority adults in the United States.
B) SES variations in health and mortality are smaller in the United States than in other industrialized nations.
C) Improving socioeconomic conditions is essential for closing ethnic gaps in health.
D) The health of low-income individuals steadily improves throughout the lifespan.

Question 41

Which of the following statements about alcoholism is true?

A) Studies show little or no genetic involvement in alcoholism.
B) In men, alcoholism usually begins in the twenties and thirties.
C) Contrary to popular belief, alcoholics can and do limit their alcohol use.
D) Alcoholism crosses SES and ethnic lines but is higher in some groups than others.

Question 42

About 30 percent of fatal motor vehicle crashes in the United States involve drivers who

A) who have been drinking.
B) are texting.
C) are talking on the phone.
D) are eating.

Question 43

U.S.19- to 25-year-olds are __________ likely than younger or older individuals to __________.

A) less; chew tobacco
B) more; be inactive
C) less; take stimulants
D) more; smoke cigarettes

Question 44

Weight-loss maintainers are more likely than individuals who relapse to

A) believe that only temporary lifestyle changes are needed.
B) restrict their weight-reduction plan to no longer than 25 weeks.
C) sincerely believe that they eat less than they do.
D) use social support and to be conscious of their behavior.

Question 45

Christian,Betty,Steve,and Nadine all quit drinking.Which of the following statements is probably true?

A) Two of them will relapse within a few months.
B) All of them will receive personal and family counseling.
C) Three of them will break their addiction to alcohol.
D) None of them will have long-term success.

Question 46

After meeting through friends,the most common way to meet a partner is

A) on the Internet.
B) at school events.
C) at work.
D) at church.

Question 47

Many researchers believe that __________ plays a role in the age-related rise in breast cancer and is linked to colon cancer.

A) dietary fat
B) excess sugar
C) sodium
D) excessive dieting

Question 48

By age _____ nearly all U.S.young people have had sexual intercourse.

A) 16
B) 18
C) 21
D) 25

Question 49

Which of the following individuals is the most likely to be a smoker?

A) Chad, a high school graduate
B) Damien, a high school dropout
C) Ofelia, a college graduate
D) Trista, a college student

Question 50

People in sexual relationships

A) tend to be similar in education, but not age.
B) tend to be similar in age, education, and ethnicity.
C) tend to be similar in ethnicity, but not education.
D) often meet by random encounters.

Question 51

Saturated fat is

A) liquid at room temperature.
B) derived from vegetables.
C) derived from meat and dairy products.
D) derived from fish.

Question 52

The earlier people start smoking,the

A) greater their daily cigarette consumption.
B) greater the likelihood of quitting.
C) smaller their chances of heart attack and stroke.
D) smaller the likelihood of dying from a smoking-related disease.

Question 53

Americans today __________ than they did a generation ago.

A) have more sexual partners at the same time
B) have sex less often
C) have more sexual partners over their lifetimes
D) are marrying earlier

Question 54

Besides reducing body fat and building muscle,exercise

A) inhibits the immune response.
B) decreases T-cell production.
C) increases blood pressure.
D) fosters resistance to disease.

Question 55

Which of the following statements about Americans and exercise is true?

A) Most Americans are not aware of the health benefits of exercise.
B) More U.S. men than women are inactive.
C) Over half of Americans are inactive, with no regular brief sessions of even light activity.
D) Inactivity is greatest among high-SES adults.

Question 56

__________ fat consumption is __________.

A) Unsaturated; a contributor to heart disease
B) Moderate; essential for normal body functioning
C) Excess; protective against colon cancer
D) Saturated; beneficial to cardiovascular health

Question 57

Physical activity

A) improves mood, but decreases alertness.
B) reduces anxiety and depression.
C) promotes low-density lipoproteins.
D) decreases neural activity in the cerebral cortex.

Question 58

Alcohol

A) -related offenses account for about 10 percent of police activities in large cities.
B) is a suppressant, relieving anxiety and impairing the brain's control center.
C) dependency is more likely in cultures where access to alcohol is carefully controlled.
D) dependency is hereditary, with nearly 90 percent of alcoholics having a family history of problem drinking.

Question 59

Decline in bone mass and higher rate of sexual impotence in men often result from

A) alcoholism.
B) herbal supplement abuse.
C) cigarette smoking.
D) smoking marijuana.

Question 60

Which of the following statements about sexual attitudes and behaviors among U.S.young adults is true?

A) Most young adults, whether single, married, or cohabiting, report some type of persistent sexual problems.
B) Adults in committed relationships are less satisfied with their sex lives than those individuals with many sexual partners.
C) Frequency of sexual activity is significantly higher in homosexual relationships than in heterosexual relationships.
D) Single adults have more sexual partners than those in committed relationships, but this does not translate into more sex.

Question 61

Three-fourths of U.S.adults

A) say same-sex sexual relations are "not wrong at all."
B) support same-sex marriage.
C) favor same-sex civil unions.
D) say same-sex relations are only "sometimes wrong."

Question 62

Compared with __________,__________ show a stronger cardiovascular response to stress.

A) women; men
B) higher-SES adults; low-SES adults
C) lower-SES adults; high-SES adults
D) men; women

Question 63

Which of the following individuals is the most likely to experience sexual difficulties?

A) Denise, who has had six partners
B) Franklin, who has had two partners
C) Roland, who is married to his only partner
D) Valerie, who is divorced from her only partner

Question 64

Which of the following statements about sexual coercion is true?

A) Male rape victims report mostly female perpetrators.
B) Less than one-third of all sexual assaults take place while people are intoxicated.
C) Male victims often report that women perpetrators threatened to end the relationship unless the victim complied.
D) Approximately 5 percent of female rape victims are physically injured.

Question 65

After a classroom discussion analyzing a piece of literature,Walter is asked which of two interpretations was correct.He replied,"You'd have to ask the author.He wrote it." Walter is using

A) dualistic thinking.
B) relativistic thinking.
C) commitment within relativistic thinking.
D) pragmatic thought.

Question 66

When Garrett attended graduate school,he discovered that the more he knew about the world,the more contradictory it seemed.Everyday dilemmas did not have clear-cut solutions.Garrett's reflections fit the observations of researchers who have studied __________-cognitive development beyond Piaget's formal operational stage.

A) postformal thought
B) epistemic cognition
C) metacognition
D) dualistic thought

Question 67

Rachel,a college student,is interested in dating several partners before marriage.__________ is/are the best predictor of whether she will become a victim of sexual coercion.

A) The style of clothing she wears
B) Her attitude toward premarital sex
C) Personal characteristics of whom she is dating
D) Her level of education

Question 68

The cognitive changes of early adulthood are supported by further development of the __________ and its connections with other brain regions.

A) occipital lobe
B) cerebellum
C) brain stem
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 69

Homosexual adults

A) tend to seek out partners who are similar in background, but not education.
B) who are single have sex more often than those in committed relationships.
C) in committed relationships report more sexual satisfaction than those who are single.
D) report having a high overall frequency of sex.

Question 70

When men are taught from an early age to be __________ and women to be __________,the themes of rape are reinforced.

A) dominant; competitive
B) competitive; submissive
C) aggressive; dominant
D) submissive; dominant

Question 71

__________ more often report depressive feelings than __________.

A) Young adults; middle-aged adults
B) Middle-aged adults; young adults
C) Middle-aged adults; older adults
D) Men; women

Question 72

Victims of ongoing sexual coercion

A) are less likely to engage in negative health behaviors.
B) report fewer symptoms of illness across almost all body systems.
C) tend to be low-income ethnic minorities.
D) may fall into a pattern of extreme passivity and fear.

Question 73

According to William Perry,the most mature thinkers progress to

A) commitment within relativistic thinking.
B) dualistic thinking.
C) relativistic thinking.
D) pragmatic thought.

Question 74

Which of the following statements about the sex lives of American adults is true?

A) People who engage in casual dating have the most physically satisfying sex lives.
B) As number of sex partners increases, satisfaction declines sharply.
C) Most married adults say they are only somewhat happy with their sex lives.
D) More men than women report persistent sexual problems.

Question 75

Suzanne has come to understand that her religious beliefs are her "truth" and her boyfriend's beliefs are his "truth." Suzanne is using

A) dualistic thinking.
B) relativistic thinking.
C) commitment within relativistic thinking.
D) pragmatic thought.

Question 76

Which of the following adults is the most likely to engage in commitment within relativism?

A) Adam, a 20-year-old college sophomore
B) Helena, a 27-year-old retail clerk
C) Nadia, a 30-year-old college professor
D) Rainer, a 35-year-old salesman

Question 77

Epistemic cognition

A) refers to our reflections on how we arrive at facts, beliefs, and ideas.
B) involves dividing information, values, and authority, into right and wrong.
C) involves viewing all knowledge as embedded in a framework of thought.
D) occurs when we formulate a more personally satisfying perspective that synthesizes contradictions.

Question 78

Which of the following statements about the impact or prevention of sexual coercion is true?

A) Gender stereotyping and gender inequality have little impact on societal acceptance of sexual coercion.
B) Most child witnesses to parental violence become involved in abusive relationships as adults.
C) In some U.S. states, the legal terms of rape cannot be applied to male victims.
D) Victims of rate and other sexual crimes report fewer symptoms of illness across almost all body systems.

Question 79

Michele openly lives her life as a lesbian.Statistics indicate that Michele probably lives in a

A) small town.
B) rural area.
C) mid-sized city.
D) large city.

Question 80

Ingredients of effective rape intervention include

A) reinforcing rape myths.
B) teaching social skills and social awareness.
C) supporting gender stereotypes with evidence.
D) safety planning, but only if the abuser is still present.