Deck 14: Emotional and Social Development in Early Adulthood

Question 1

Ryan is a typical emerging adult.Which of the following is he likely to say is the most essential for attaining adult status?

A) finishing his education
B) settling into a career
C) moving out of his parents' house
D) constructing a set of beliefs and values to live by

Answer 1

D

Question 2

According to Vaillant,men in their fifties and sixties

A) focus on intimacy concerns.
B) focus on career consolidation.
C) become spiritual and reflective.
D) become guardians of their culture.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Many emerging adults

A) are settled in their careers.
B) explore alternatives in education and work.
C) move from identity achievement to identity diffusion.
D) are married and financially secure.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to Erikson,the primary psychological conflict of early adulthood involves

A) merging romantic and vocational goals.
B) establishing economic independence.
C) redefining one's own identity to include another's values.
D) graduating from college or starting a career.

Question 5

Alexandra has difficulty forming close relationships with others and tends to compete rather than cooperate.According to Erikson,she has

A) developed a sense of despair.
B) developed a sense of isolation.
C) failed to consolidate her relationships.
D) developed a sense of intimacy.

Question 6

During emerging adulthood,__________ promotes favorable self-esteem,identity progress,successful transition to college life,higher academic achievement,and more rewarding romantic ties.

A) a secure, affectionate relationship with parents
B) permissive parenting
C) success at school or work
D) severing and solidifying friendship ties

Question 7

The transition to adult roles has become so delayed and prolonged that it has spawned a new transitional period extending from the late teens to the mid- to late twenties,called

A) emerging adulthood.
B) the formal operational period.
C) the latent teenage years.
D) pre-adulthood.

Question 8

Emerging adulthood

A) is limited to cultures that postpone entry into adult roles until the twenties.
B) lasts for a longer period of time in both China and India.
C) is more widespread in developing nations, such as Mexico and Brazil.
D) is virtually nonexistent in most other industrialized countries.

Question 9

A controversial,widespread opinion about emerging adults is that they

A) derive too much pleasure from community service.
B) are narcissistic and materialistic.
C) become financially independent too quickly.
D) spend too much time on their education.

Question 10

Throughout his twenties,Randy was preoccupied with finishing college and graduate school and building his career.According to Levinson,around age 30,Randy will probably

A) develop more individualistic goals.
B) focus on finding a life partner.
C) experience a crisis.
D) construct a dream.

Question 11

Levinson found that during the transition to early adulthood,most young people

A) settle down by focusing on certain relationships and aspirations.
B) construct an image of themselves in the adult world that guides their decision making.
C) reach career maturity and take on more authority in the community.
D) become "keepers of meaning," or guardians of their culture.

Question 12

Low-SES young people in Western nations who are academically unprepared for college

A) tend to postpone marriage and parenthood.
B) typically delay financial independence.
C) experience a limited period of emerging adulthood, or none at all.
D) establish a fulfilling career much earlier than their higher-SES peers.

Question 13

In Levinson's study,during the age-30 transition,women who had emphasized motherhood and marriage

A) often developed more individualistic goals.
B) felt more stable than career-oriented women.
C) often developed a more feminine gender identity.
D) continued to emphasize these roles.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about Levinson's findings is true?

A) For individuals with satisfying intimate ties or vocational direction, the age-30 transition was a time of crisis.
B) Men remained unsettled in their thirties, often because they added an occupational or relationship commitment.
C) At the age-30 transition, women usually "settled down" by focusing on certain relationships and aspirations.
D) Not until middle age did many women reach career maturity and take on more authority in the community.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about the role of religion in emerging adulthood is true?

A) During emerging adulthood, attendance at religious services rises steadily, leveling off around age 30.
B) Religion is less important in the lives of U.S. young people than it is for agemates in other developed countries.
C) Men are more religious than women, a difference evident in other Western nations and throughout the lifespan.
D) Emerging adults, whether involved in organized religion or not, begin to construct their own individualized faith.

Question 16

Adulthood in complex societies

A) begins when young people graduate from high school.
B) coincides with pubertal development.
C) is reached earlier in some domains than in others.
D) rarely begins before age 25, regardless of ethnicity or SES.

Question 17

While __________ development continues to be a central focus from the late teens into the mid-twenties,the decade of the twenties is accompanied by a rise in feelings of __________.

A) intimacy; personal insecurity
B) identity; personal control over life events
C) identity; stagnation
D) ego integrity; physical security

Question 18

According to Levinson,life

A) structures prepare the adult for the next transition.
B) transitions occur at the beginning of each era or stage.
C) structures are highly similar for all individuals.
D) transitions arise only in circumstances of stress and trauma.

Question 19

When Yolanda thinks about the future,she plans to get her first job at age 22,be married by age 24,and have her first child at age 27,just like her older brother did.According to research by Bernice Neugarten,Yolanda has a well-defined

A) split dream.
B) social clock.
C) "feminine" dream.
D) life structure.

Question 20

College students who __________ are higher in self-esteem,psychological well-being,and academic,emotional,and social adjustment.

A) are identity diffused
B) spend much time exploring in breadth without making commitments
C) move toward exploration in depth and certainty of commitment
D) move from identity moratorium to identity foreclosure

Question 21

Early __________ is a strong predictor of whether partners keep dating.But without __________,most romances eventually break up.

A) companionate love; passionate love
B) sexual relations; intimacy
C) passionate love; companionate love
D) commitment; passion

Question 22

In early adulthood,

A) men's same-sex friendships are characterized by talking and sharing.
B) after marriage, other-sex friendships are more common for men than women.
C) most other-sex friendships lead to romantic and sexual encounters.
D) siblings tend to become more frequent companions as young people marry.

Question 23

__________ is/are sometimes greater in friendship than in marriage.

A) Intimacy and attraction
B) Sharing thoughts and feelings
C) Commitment and communication
D) Loyalty and commitment

Question 24

Kaila left her parents' home at age 18 to attend college.She lived on her own until she married at age 25.She had two children.When they left home,her parenting responsibilities declined.Eventually,Kaila retired.This series of phases is known as

A) the social clock.
B) emerging adulthood.
C) the family life cycle.
D) human ecology.

Question 25

With regard to romantic love,

A) partners who are similar in personality are more likely to stay together.
B) strong support exists for the idea that "opposites attract."
C) partners with similar attributes tend to be less satisfied with their relationship.
D) men prefer a same-age or slightly older partner.

Question 26

Robert Sternberg's __________ identifies three components-intimacy,passion,and commitment-that shift in emphasis as romantic relationships develop.

A) intimacy versus isolation stage
B) seasons of love theory
C) triangular theory of love
D) adaptation to life theory

Question 27

Compared with men in China and Japan,American men place __________ emphasis on their mate's __________.

A) more; domestic skills
B) less; intelligence
C) more; financial prospects
D) less; ambition

Question 28

In studies carried out in Australia,Israel,and the United States,adults who described their attachment history as secure characterized their most important love relationship in terms of

A) independence, mistrust, and anxiety.
B) trust, happiness, and friendship.
C) desperation, anxiety, and fear.
D) emotional highs and lows, trust, and jealousy.

Question 29

During adulthood,friends are usually

A) similar in age, sex, and SES.
B) of the same-sex and sexual orientation.
C) similar in social class but different in age or sex.
D) different in most ways.

Question 30

In families with five to ten siblings,

A) intimacy is more important than commitment.
B) sibling bonds are usually weaker in adulthood.
C) loneliness is common even among the married siblings.
D) close sibling bonds may replace friendships.

Question 31

With regard to the family life cycle,stress tends to be greatest

A) in childhood and adolescence.
B) during transitions between phases.
C) in early adulthood.
D) in middle age.

Question 32

Compared to Westerners,college students of Asian heritage place greater weight on

A) passion and maturity.
B) companionship and practical matters.
C) emotional attachment.
D) physical attraction.

Question 33

In the transformation of romantic involvements from passionate to companionate,__________ may be the aspect of love that determines whether a relationship survives.

A) intimacy
B) passion
C) sexual attraction
D) commitment

Question 34

Following a social clock of some kind seems to foster

A) feelings of distress.
B) occupational flexibility.
C) confidence and social stability.
D) generativity.

Question 35

Carl and Maria have been dating for several weeks.__________ best predicts whether their relationship will continue for years to come.

A) Their sexual attraction to each other
B) The warmth and trusting affection they demonstrate to each other
C) Their ability to maintain emotional distance from each other
D) Their willingness to pursue their own interests while in a relationship

Question 36

__________,especially,forge compatible friendships before becoming involved romantically.

A) Lesbians
B) Gay men
C) Heterosexual men
D) Heterosexual women

Question 37

Gloria's marriage was riddled with jealousy,emotional highs and lows,and desperation about whether her husband returned her affection.Though she offered support to her husband,Gloria did so in ways that poorly fit his needs.Based on this information,it is likely that Gloria has a(n)__________ attachment history.

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) resistant
D) trusting

Question 38

According to the social learning view of the process of mate selection,

A) women value physical attractiveness as much as men do.
B) men and women are more alike in their preferences in cultures that value gender equality.
C) men and women both seek out partners who are financially secure in cultures with traditional gender roles.
D) women typically want a relationship to move quickly toward physical intimacy.

Question 39

Deficits in __________ foreshadow poor conflict-resolution skills and eventual weakening of the marital tie.

A) passion
B) intimacy
C) commitment
D) attachment

Question 40

After marriage,other-sex friendships __________ for __________.

A) increase; both sexes
B) increase; men
C) increase; women
D) are rare; both sexes

Question 41

Young adults from __________ homes tend to be early leavers.

A) dual-earner
B) warm, supportive
C) middle-SES
D) divorced, single-parent

Question 42

Brad and Ashley live in the United States and are married with children.They both work full-time.Which of the following statements is most likely true?

A) They share housework equally.
B) Brad participates in child care about 85 percent as much as Ashley does.
C) Ashley spends about 85 percent as much time as Brad does on housework.
D) Ashley spends nearly twice as much time as Brad does on child care.

Question 43

The average age of first marriage in the United States

A) is higher for women than for men.
B) has declined since 1960.
C) is lower than it is in Western Europe.
D) is 20 for women and 23 for men.

Question 44

Which of the following young adult women is the most likely to live on her own before marriage?

A) Paris, an economically well-off Caucasian American
B) Keisha, an African-American community college student
C) Mei, a working Asian American
D) Marisa, a working Hispanic American

Question 45

Which of the following men is the most likely to live with his parents into his mid-thirties?

A) Andy, who lives in the United States and attended college
B) Klas, who lives in Sweden and works part-time
C) Lukas, who lives in Greece and attended college
D) Elias, who lives in Finland and works full-time

Question 46

Which of the following couples in the most likely to report high marital satisfaction?

A) Clark and Marian, who were both 19 when they got married
B) Roger and Daisy, who maintain distance from extended family
C) David and Veronica, who had a child together before they got married
D) Peter and Linda, who share family responsibilities

Question 47

Most well-educated,career-oriented women expect a(n)__________ marriage.

A) matriarchal
B) traditional
C) patriarchal
D) egalitarian

Question 48

Leaving home very early because of a lack of parental financial and emotional support is associated with

A) a high level of education.
B) a less successful work life.
C) a high level of social support.
D) a successful married life.

Question 49

Which of the following statements about marital satisfaction is true?

A) Women tend to report feeling slightly happier with their marriages than men do.
B) Quality of the marital relationship predicts positive mental health for women but not for men.
C) Partners who hold overly positive, but realistic, biases concerning each other's attributes are happier.
D) Marriage counseling is rarely an effective answer to a dissatisfactory marital relationship.

Question 50

Which of the following statements about parenthood in the United States today is true?

A) The vast majority of married people embrace parenthood as one of life's most meaningful experiences.
B) Just under 50 percent of married couples bear children, and they tend to be older when they have their first child.
C) The average number of children per woman is currently 3.1 in the United States.
D) Whether a woman is employed at all has more impact on childbearing than her occupation.

Question 51

Because legalization of same-sex marriage is so recent,research on same-sex couples in the context of marriage is scant.But evidence of cohabiting same-sex couples suggests that

A) marriage is not a central life goal for most gay and lesbian young people.
B) a clear division of roles, with one partner as the breadwinner and the other as the caregiver, predicts stability.
C) the same factors that contribute to happiness in other-sex marriages do so in same-sex unions.
D) same-sex partners tend to differ in SES, education, religion, and age.

Question 52

__________ of U.S.18- to 25-year-olds return to their parents' home for brief periods after first leaving.

A) About 10 percent
B) Just over one-quarter
C) Slightly over half
D) Nearly all

Question 53

Cliff and Claire are married and have four children.Cliff works as a doctor,and Claire works as a lawyer.They both try to balance the time and energy they devote to their occupations,their children,and their relationship.They have a(n)__________ marriage.

A) traditional
B) arranged
C) matriarchal
D) egalitarian

Question 54

The average age of leaving home

A) is lower today than it was in the 1960s.
B) is lower in the United States than it is in the Scandinavian countries.
C) resembles the departure age at the beginning of the twentieth century.
D) is higher in the United States than it is in Mediterranean countries.

Question 55

Which of the following statements about attitudes regarding marriage in the United States today is true?

A) A majority of American adults agree that marriage is becoming obsolete.
B) More than half of high-SES emerging adults say they never want to get married.
C) Irrespective of SES and ethnicity, most U.S. 18- to 23-year-olds say they want to marry and have children.
D) Marriage is not a central life goal for more than two-thirds of low-SES emerging adults.

Question 56

Departure from the parental home in early adulthood

A) is usually permanent, with few young adults returning home.
B) occurs at an earlier age than in the past.
C) is a major step toward assuming adult responsibilities.
D) is one phase of the family life cycle that all adults experience.

Question 57

Which of the following young adults is the most likely to return to live at a parent's home after first leaving?

A) Riley, who is working full-time
B) Isabella, who is a recent college graduate
C) Jason, who is economically well-off
D) Jacques, who is married with a son

Question 58

Which of the following statements about partner abuse is true?

A) In countries with widespread poverty, partner violence is relatively low.
B) Many treated perpetrators repeat their violent behavior with the same or a new partner.
C) Once they leave or move away, women rarely return to their abusive partners.
D) Partner abuse is rare in same-sex relationships.

Question 59

__________ is the most consistent predictor of marital stability.

A) Religious similarity
B) Age of marriage
C) Acceptance of in-laws
D) Educational level

Question 60

Lucy and Mark are married and have one son.Mark works outside of the house and is responsible for the family economic well-being.Lucy is a homemaker and a full-time caregiver for their son.They have a(n)__________ marriage.

A) traditional
B) arranged
C) matriarchal
D) egalitarian

Question 61

Both Marion and Bart are single.According to research,

A) compared to Marion, Bart is more likely to have a prestigious career.
B) compared to Bart, Marion is more likely to experience health problems in the future.
C) compared to Bart, Marion is more likely to remain single all of her life.
D) both Marion and Bart will look for a partner that allows them to "marry up."

Question 62

In the early weeks after a baby enters the family,

A) traditional marriages usually become more egalitarian.
B) most couples say that their communication quality improves.
C) gender roles of husband and wife usually become more traditional.
D) troubled marriages usually return to the "honeymoon phase."

Question 63

__________ eases the transition to parenthood.

A) Postponing childbearing until the late twenties or thirties
B) Reverting to traditional gender roles of husband and wife
C) Having the first child within the first year or two of marriage
D) Relying on extended family for financial support

Question 64

Liam and Olivia met six months ago.They moved into an apartment together three months ago.They are not engaged.Compared to U.S.couples who wait to live together until after they have made a formal commitment to each other,they are __________ likely to __________.

A) less; divorce if they marry
B) more; have had fewer sexual partners
C) more; be androgynous
D) more; be religious

Question 65

Ellen and Jane recently had a new baby.If they are like most new parents,the arrival of the baby will

A) not cause significant marital strain.
B) lead to high rates of anxiety and depression in both Ellen and Jane.
C) lead to an increase in the quality of their communication.
D) lead to a sharp increase in marital satisfaction.

Question 66

More __________ than __________ are single.

A) young-adult women; men
B) Caucasian young adults; African Americans in early adulthood
C) highly educated men; men with a high school diploma or less
D) women in prestigious careers; professionally successful men

Question 67

Noah and Ava are married and voluntarily childless.They are probably

A) college-educated.
B) uneducated.
C) unhappy.
D) self-indulgent.

Question 68

Which of the following cohabiting unions is the most likely to dissolve within two years?

A) Maggie and Scott, who live in the United States
B) Isa and Lars, who live in the Netherlands
C) Nora and Tobias, who live in Norway
D) Ella and Viktor, who live in Sweden

Question 69

Voluntary childless adults are __________ parents who have warm relationships with their children.

A) just as content with their lives as
B) more self-indulgent than
C) less responsible than
D) more likely to be disappointed with life than

Question 70

In view of recent trends,it is likely that most Americans will spend a substantial part of their adult lives

A) childless.
B) single.
C) in a second marriage.
D) as a stepparent.

Question 71

Until the 1960s,__________ in Western nations was largely limited to low-SES adults.

A) singlehood
B) cohabitation
C) marrying young
D) having children before age 25

Question 72

The most common __________ of parenthood cited by contemporary couples is __________.

A) disadvantage; a decline in marital satisfaction
B) advantage; the warm, affectionate relationship
C) disadvantage; exhaustion
D) advantage; generativity

Question 73

Cohabiting gay and lesbian couples are __________ cohabiting heterosexual couples.

A) less likely to have unsupportive extended-family members than
B) less likely to end their relationship when it becomes difficult than
C) less likely to have children in common than
D) not as committed as

Question 74

People who cohabit after separation or divorce __________ than never-married cohabiters.

A) are more likely to move toward marriage
B) report stronger relationship commitment
C) have poorer-quality relationships
D) cohabit longer

Question 75

Which of the following parents is the most likely to report a dip in marital and life satisfaction?

A) Rick, the father of a 14-year-old
B) Dolores, the mother of a 9-year-old
C) Todd, the father of a 3-year-old
D) Heidi, the mother of a 4-month-old

Question 76

Parents who __________ are more likely to gain in marital interaction,feel competent as parents,use effective child-rearing practices,and have children who are developing well.

A) attend couples' therapy
B) engage in effective coparenting
C) have traditional gender roles around the home
D) delay childbirth until their thirties

Question 77

Jon and Annie are employed parents with two young children.Which of the following statements is probably true?

A) They are certain about how to rear their children.
B) They have narrowed their friendship and community ties.
C) They struggle with finding good child care.
D) More and more, they bicker over everyday issues.

Question 78

Among American young people,cohabitation is

A) less likely to serve as preparation for marriage as it is to serve as an alternative to marriage.
B) now the preferred mode of entry into a committed intimate partnership.
C) less common than it was a generation ago.
D) more common than it is in Western Europe.

Question 79

Tom and Joyce just had their second baby.Which of the following statements is probably true?

A) Their gender roles are becoming more traditional.
B) Tom is taking a more active role in parenting.
C) Their marital satisfaction is at an all-time low.
D) Joyce is less sensitive to their first child.

Question 80

Fathers frequently turn to __________ to figure out how to relate to their child.

A) experts
B) mothers
C) their own fathers
D) friends