Deck 18: The Outcomes of Evolution: Macroevolution

Question 1

Which reproductive isolating mechanism is mostly restricted to animals?

A)ecological
B)hybrid infertility
C)temporal
D)behavioral
E)geographic

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The Great Dane and Chihuahua are both domestic dogs,the same species.However,mating between them is limited by:

A)behavioral isolation.
B)heterozygote disadvantage.
C)mechanical incompatibility.
D)hybrid infertility.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Where would a researcher most likely find examples of allopatric speciation?

A)in the surface waters of Lake Michigan
B)in a forest on the west side of Lake Michigan
C)in a forest on the east side of Lake Michigan
D)in forests on the east and west sides of Lake Michigan

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Moss A produces gametes in May,and moss B produces gametes in June.This is an example of a/an ________ isolating mechanism.

A)temporal
B)behavioral
C)post-mating
D)geographic

Question 5

The biological species concept is based on:

A)differences among populations.
B)geographic isolation.
C)reproductive isolation.
D)DNA sequences.

Question 6

A population of mountain-dwelling salamanders migrates and splits into two populations separated by a valley they can not cross.The speciation process that may occur is:

A)allopatric.
B)temporal.
C)behavioral.
D)sympatric.

Question 7

If hybrid organisms result from the mating of two different species,they may not live long.This is an example of:

A)temporal isolation.
B)hybrid inviability.
C)hybrid infertility.
D)hybrid vigor.

Question 8

In the absence of geographic barriers,________ speciation may occur when reproductive isolating mechanisms develop between two populations.

A)sympatric
B)allopatric
C)ecological
D)extrinsic

Question 9

Which of these is not gametic isolation?

A)Female stigma destroys germinating pollen grain.
B)Lily sperm cannot fertilize tulip eggs.
C)Pollen grain does not germinate on stigma (female structure).
D)Male and female sex organs do not fit together.

Question 10

The many species of tree frogs that inhabit forests in the eastern United States maintain their genetic isolation from other species by several mechanisms,including "singing" slightly different songs.Which type of isolating mechanism does this represent?

A)temporal isolation
B)behavioral isolation
C)ecological isolation
D)mechanical isolation

Question 11

Two different species of pines release their pollen at different times.This is an example of:

A)behavioral isolation.
B)geographic isolation.
C)mechanical isolation.
D)temporal isolation.

Question 12

If a hybrid is unable to produce sperm because meiosis does not proceed correctly,gene flow between the populations is restricted by:

A)ecological isolation.
B)gametic isolation.
C)temporal isolation.
D)hybrid infertility.

Question 13

Which of the following would be an example of mechanical isolation?

A)Mating and courtship displays are different.
B)Sperm cannot survive in the female reproductive tract.
C)Organisms breed at different times.
D)Male and female genitalia are incompatible.

Question 14

Pollen of one plant species will not germinate on the flower of another species.This is an example of:

A)temporal isolation.
B)hybrid inviability.
C)hybrid infertility.
D)gametic isolation.

Question 15

Which of these definitions of species most closely fits the biological species concept?

A)For asexually reproducing organisms, members of the same species are based on DNA and RNA base sequence analysis.
B)Members of the same species look almost exactly alike.
C)Members of the same species are all morphologically similar.
D)Members of the same species can mate and produce fertile offspring.

Question 16

One method of protecting the genetic identity of a population is the inability of sperm to fertilize eggs of a different species.This isolating mechanism is called:

A)behavioral isolation.
B)gametic isolation.
C)ecological isolation.
D)temporal isolation.

Question 17

The biological species concept cannot be applied to bacteria because:

A)their DNA is too similar.
B)their features are too small to be able to distinguish one kind from another.
C)they do not reproduce sexually.
D)they never exchange genes that would allow for speciation.

Question 18

A population becomes isolated from other populations of the same species,and then genetic divergence occurs that prevents them from breeding with other populations.What has happened?

A)speciation
B)formation of genetic drifts
C)directional selection
D)mechanical incompatibility

Question 19

Organisms come into sexual maturity at different times of the year.This is an example of:

A)temporal isolation.
B)hybrid inviability.
C)hybrid infertility.
D)hybrid vigor.

Question 20

Interbreeding two different species of lovebirds produces offspring unable to build a nest after they mature because they lack the innate knowledge needed to carry the nesting materials.The hybrid offspring do not reproduce,and this limits genetic mixing of the two species.This is an example of:

A)sympatric speciation.
B)gametic inviability.
C)behavioral isolation.
D)hybrid infertility.

Question 21

In many species of fireflies,males flash to attract females.Each species has a different flashing pattern.This is an example of:

A)behavioral isolation.
B)allopatric speciation.
C)geographic isolation.
D)natural selection.

Question 22

When the London underground (subway)system was built in the nineteenth century,mosquitoes moved into the tunnels and became adapted to biting the customers and small animals that inhabit the subway system.Like people,mosquitoes can freely enter and leave through the tunnel entrances.Recently,DNA analysis and attempts to cross-breed above-ground mosquitoes with underground mosquitoes indicate that there are now two different species.The underground insects are visibly larger.Which term best describes what has happened?

A)sympatric speciation
B)behavioral incompatibility
C)temporal isolation
D)population bottleneck

Question 23

Eastern and western meadowlarks look almost identical and sometimes inhabit the same areas of prairies.They recognize members of their own species by distinctive songs and thus do not breed with each other.This is an example of:

A)geographic isolation.
B)ecological isolation.
C)no isolation mechanism.
D)behavioral isolation.

Question 24

Since the Pleistocene ice age,deserts have been gradually forming in the southwestern United States.As the original lakes and rivers of this area shrank into isolated streams and springs,the fishes living in them developed a strong potential for:

A)hybrid sterility.
B)speciation.
C)hybrid inviability.
D)temporal isolation.

Question 25

There are currently many similar but different species on either side of the isthmus of Panama.They probably resulted from:

A)large rapid changes in their gene frequencies.
B)hybridization.
C)sympatric speciation.
D)allopatric speciation.

Question 26

Two species of pines,Pinus radiata and Pinus muricota,live together in California and are capable of forming hybrids under laboratory conditions.However,they do not interbreed because one releases pollen in February and the other in April.What is the genetic isolating mechanism involved?

A)gametic
B)ecological
C)geographic
D)temporal

Question 27

Which of the following situations describes a scenario in which allopatric speciation might occur?

A)A mutation makes certain frogs mate two days earlier in the season.
B)A mutation changes the pollinator a plant can utilize.
C)An earthquake separates a lizard population into two groups.
D)A pair of birds colonizes an island with numerous empty niches.

Question 28

Two species of garter snakes live in the same geographic area.One mainly lives in water,and the other mainly on land,so they rarely encounter each other and do not interbreed.This is an example of what type of isolating mechanism?

A)directional
B)temporal
C)mechanical
D)ecological

Question 29

Horses and donkeys mate successfully to produce mules,which are always sterile.Which genetic isolating mechanism is involved here to prevent horses and donkeys from becoming a single species?

A)hybrid infertility
B)behavioral isolation
C)mechanical isolation
D)gametic isolation

Question 30

Which field of biology is concerned with the diversity and relatedness of organisms?

A)evolution
B)morphology
C)systematics
D)phylogeny

Question 31

________ isolating mechanisms are outside factors that prevent interbreeding.

A)Intrinsic
B)Extrinsic
C)Behavioral
D)Mechanical

Question 32

Refer to the scenario below, and then answer the following question(s).
Species of fruit fly larvae in the genus Rhagoletis each feed on a particular kind of fruit. Rhagoletis pomonella feeds on the small red fruit of the hawthorn tree. In 1865, farmers in the Hudson River valley found that R. pomonella flies had begun attacking their apples and then spread to apple orchards in adjacent areas of Massachusetts and Connecticut. These now separate varieties of flies, the apple and haw flies, usually don't interbreed with each other because their periods of mating coincide with the different ripening times of apples and hawthorn fruit. Each variety is becoming specialized to feed and reproduce in its own particular microhabitat and may be transitioning to separate species.
If the apple and haw flies no longer interbreed due to the different ripening times of apples and hawthorns,this would be an example of what kind of reproductive isolating mechanism?

A)ecological isolation
B)temporal isolation
C)behavioral isolation
D)mechanical isolation
E)gametic isolation

Question 33

Species A is divided by a newly formed river to become two populations.These populations diverge to become two different species,B and C.If the river is dammed upstream,eliminating an isolating mechanism between B and C,what will happen?

A)Gene flow will resume.
B)Species B and C will be considered subspecies.
C)Species B and C will remain genetically isolated.
D)Species will unite to form a hybrid species, D.

Question 34

Which of these is a correct order of taxonomic categories from most inclusive to least inclusive?

A)kingdom, domain, phylum, order, class, family, genus
B)domain, phylum, kingdom, order, class, family, genus
C)domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus
D)domain, kingdom, class, phylum, order, family, genus

Question 35

Which of these taxonomic categories is more inclusive than family and less inclusive than class?

A)genus
B)order
C)kingdom
D)domain

Question 36

Thinking of the examples in your book of adaptive radiation,in which of the following environments might you be most likely to find adaptive radiation?

A)among houseflies living in a garbage dump
B)in fruit flies that feed on different yeast strains specific to different species of cacti in the desert
C)in earthworms feeding on detritus
D)among insects that are generalist feeders

Question 37

Blue-footed boobies of the Galapagos will mate only after a very specific courtship display on the part of the male.He high-steps to advertise his bright blue feet.What isolating mechanism discourages mating outside the species?

A)temporal isolation
B)ecological isolation
C)gametic isolation
D)behavioral isolation

Question 38

Refer to the scenario below, and then answer the following question(s).
Species of fruit fly larvae in the genus Rhagoletis each feed on a particular kind of fruit. Rhagoletis pomonella feeds on the small red fruit of the hawthorn tree. In 1865, farmers in the Hudson River valley found that R. pomonella flies had begun attacking their apples and then spread to apple orchards in adjacent areas of Massachusetts and Connecticut. These now separate varieties of flies, the apple and haw flies, usually don't interbreed with each other because their periods of mating coincide with the different ripening times of apples and hawthorn fruit. Each variety is becoming specialized to feed and reproduce in its own particular microhabitat and may be transitioning to separate species.
If the apple and haw flies become distinct enough to be separate species,their evolution is an example of:

A)gametic isolation.
B)behavioral isolation.
C)sympatric speciation.
D)allopatric speciation.

Question 39

When a species invades a new habitat and evolves rapidly into several new species,what has occurred?

A)divergent speciation
B)polyploidy
C)adaptive radiation
D)phyletic speciation

Question 40

In order for allopatric speciation to occur,first there must be a geographic separation of two populations of the same species.The second step requires:

A)additional extrinsic isolating mechanisms to become involved.
B)an increase in gene flow between the populations.
C)physical and behavioral changes that keep them from interbreeding.
D)physical and behavioral changes that permit occasional hybridization.

Question 41

The development of hundreds of new species of fruit flies in Hawaii from a single ancestor is a good example of ________.

Question 42

What causes geographic isolation for one kind of organism may not be isolating for another kind of organism.

Question 43

Any speciation that does not involve geographic isolation is a type of ________ speciation.

Question 44

Speciation can occur without dramatic anatomical or genetic change.

Question 45

Even through they are separate species,lions and tigers can interbreed.

Question 46

About 50,000 animal species are vertebrates,yet only some vertebrates then went on to evolve four limbs.This tetrapod feature is considered to be a/an ________ of vertebrates.

A)ancestral character
B)homologous character
C)analogous character
D)derived character

Question 47

The practice of giving a two-part scientific name to every distinct organism is called ________.

Question 48

Analogous features in different organisms have nothing to do with common descent.These are produced by:

A)convergent evolution.
B)divergent evolution.
C)reproductive isolation.
D)adaptive radiation.

Question 49

A natural population of organisms that can produce fertile offspring belong to the same ________.

Question 50

When an insect arrives on an island and evolves into a new species that is different from its ancestor on the mainland,the two species are kept apart by ________ isolation.

Question 51

Which of the following pairs of traits represents analogous characteristics?

A)trout fins and frog legs
B)sparrow wings and penguin wings
C)bat wings and whale fins
D)bat wings and dragonfly wings

Question 52

Insect wings,bat wings,and the flaps of tissue between the limbs and body of "flying" squirrels are:

A)homozygous.
B)homologous.
C)analogous.
D)abrupt.

Question 53

Two species of birds that are kept from interbreeding by the differences in their mating songs are experiencing ________ isolation.

Question 54

Which pair of animals is probably most closely related evolutionarily?

A)animals in the same class
B)animals in the same phyla
C)animals in the same family
D)animals in the same genus

Question 55

In an organism's binomial scientific name,the first of the two names is the

A)species.
B)family.
C)order.
D)genus.

Question 56

It has been decided,by a group of scientific experts,that lack of internal temperature regulation,presence of waterproof skin made of scales,and a waterproof egg are the three main characteristics that should be used to classify organisms as reptiles.This decision is most consistent with:

A)adaptive radiation.
B)cladistic taxonomy.
C)natural selection.
D)classical taxonomy.

Question 57

A hypothesis about the evolutionary relatedness of a group of organisms is known as a:

A)taxon.
B)analogy.
C)homology.
D)phylogeny.

Question 58

It is desirable for a classification system to be based on the evolutionary history of the organisms being studied.

Question 59

Speciation can never occur unless populations become separated by a geographic barrier.

Question 60

Refer to the figure below, and then answer the question that follows.

Migration of the salamander Ensatina eschscholtzii separated an original population as they moved either west or east of the Central Valley of California.Eastern and western species then evolved.The Central Valley is an example of a/an:

A)temporal isolating mechanism.
B)mechanical isolating mechanism.
C)extrinsic isolating mechanism.
D)intrinsic isolating mechanism.

Question 61

The wings of a bird and the wings of a butterfly are the result of ________ evolution.

Question 62

Structures present in two different species that both have been inherited from a common ancestor are said to exhibit ________.

Question 63

Describe the difference between homologous and analogous structures in organisms,and give an example of each.

Question 64

Temporal and behavioral isolation are examples of premating isolating mechanisms.Mechanical isolation,gametic isolation,and hybrid inviability are examples of postmating isolating mechanisms.Premating isolating mechanisms are considered much more important in keeping closely related species genetically separate than are postmating isolating mechanisms.Do you agree? Why or why not?

Question 65

Structural features that serve the same function in completely unrelated organisms are said to be ________ structures.

Question 66

Refer to the figure below, and then answer the question that follows.

Which of the following pairs are most closely related?

A)crocodiles and dinosaurs
B)turtles and snakes
C)mammals and birds
D)dinosaurs and birds

Question 67

The taxonomic science that stresses the presence of shared derived characters in related organisms is called ________.

Question 68

In the early nineteenth century,the French scientist Georges Cuvier provided conclusive evidence of the extinction of species on Earth.Although Cuvier correctly asserted that a series of catastrophes led to these extinctions,he could not provide a testable explanation of the source of the new animals and plants that appeared after the extinction of older forms.How would you argue that modern evolutionary theory provides an explanation for the proliferation of new forms of life after mass extinctions?