Deck 29: Defending the Body: the Immune System

Question 1

The skin serves as which type of defense against pathogens?

A)adaptive immunity
B)protective immunity
C)barrier to infection
D)innate response
E)complement

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Lymphocytes that become part of cell-mediated immunity arm of the adaptive immune response develop in the:

A)bone marrow.
B)thymus.
C)intestine.
D)lymph nodes.
E)spleen.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The lymphocyte group that includes both CD4 receptor "helper" and CD8 receptor "killer" cells would be the:

A)macrophages.
B)mast cells.
C)dendritic cells.
D)T-cells.
E)B-cells.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which part of the innate response cuts holes in the cell membranes of pathogens?

A)complement proteins
B)histamines
C)antibodies
D)cytokines
E)fibrin

Question 5

The lymphocyte group that includes antibody-producing cells would be the:

A)macrophages.
B)mast cells.
C)dendritic cells.
D)T-cells.
E)B-cells.

Question 6

Which part of the immune system does not target specific microbial invaders?

A)antibodies
B)specific defense
C)antigens
D)innate response

Question 7

Lymphocytes that become part of antibody-mediated immunity arm of the adaptive immune response develop in the:

A)bone marrow.
B)thymus.
C)intestine.
D)lymph nodes.
E)spleen.

Question 8

In which type of response are Toll-Like Receptors (TLR's)important to pathogens?

A)protective immunity
B)adaptive immunity
C)barrier to infection
D)innate response
E)complement response

Question 9

Any substance that can cause an immune response is a/an:

A)nonspecific defense.
B)microbe.
C)interferon.
D)antigen.
E)antibody.

Question 10

Histamine causes which of the following?

A)TLR production
B)increased permeability and dilation of blood vessels
C)antibody production
D)complement protein production
E)the anti-inflammatory response

Question 11

Lymphatic tissue closely associated with the bloodstream as well as lymphatic circulation is found in the:

A)tonsils.
B)spleen.
C)thymus.
D)bone marrow.
E)intestine.

Question 12

The response that targets specific (and only specific)pathogens is the:

A)phagocytosis response.
B)barrier to infection.
C)inflammatory response.
D)innate response.
E)adaptive immune response.

Question 13

Lymphocytes and other white blood cells are produced in the:

A)thymus gland.
B)lymph nodes.
C)bone marrow.
D)heart.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the place adaptive immunity occupies in the animal kingdom?

A)All animals except sponges have adaptive immunity.
B)Only vertebrates, echinoderms, and mollusks have adaptive immunity.
C)Only vertebrates have adaptive immunity.
D)Only mammals have adaptive immunity.
E)Only humans have adaptive immunity.

Question 15

Which of the following would be best categorized as a phagocyte?

A)mast cell
B)lymphocyte
C)eosinophil
D)dendritic cell

Question 16

Helpful bacteria that produce lactic acid would be a defense found in which part of the body?

A)female reproductive tract
B)stomach
C)skin
D)urinary tract
E)respiratory tract

Question 17

Which of the following cells release histamine?

A)mast cells
B)lymphocytes
C)eosinophils
D)dendritic cells

Question 18

Which cells in the immune system produce memory cells?

A)mast cells
B)lymphocytes
C)eosinophils
D)dendritic cells

Question 19

Signaling proteins that alert the immune system an infection is present and that sometimes directly fight pathogens are the:

A)complement proteins.
B)antibodies.
C)cytokines.
D)histamines.
E)antihistamines.

Question 20

Which part of the innate response can sometimes kill bacteria outright but mainly speeds up metabolism,improving the immune response?

A)histamine
B)macrophage attack
C)protective immunity
D)fever
E)fibrin

Question 21

Cells in the body that have been infected by a virus or bacteria are specifically killed by:

A)cytotoxic B cells.
B)mast cells.
C)dendritic cells.
D)regulatory T cells.
E)cytotoxic T cells.

Question 22

What is the explanation for why B cells come in so many different types that can produce so many different antibodies?

A)The genome of B cells is much larger than other body cells.
B)B cells can recombine their genes with T cells.
C)B cells can recombine their genes with the pathogen.
D)B cells have gene fragments that can shuffle or recombine.
E)B cells can regulate shape to match the antigen.

Question 23

Clumping of antibodies and antigens is referred to as:

A)coagulation.
B)agglutination.
C)antigen presentation.
D)neutralization.

Question 24

The virus HIV,which causes AIDS,infects:

A)mast cells.
B)B cells.
C)T cells.
D)phagocytes.

Question 25

Infected body cells can self-identify for destruction by the immune system by:

A)placing fragments of the infectious agent on their surfaces.
B)reshaping their membranes into a pattern that B cells recognize.
C)secreting hormones that stimulate macrophages.
D)releasing histamine.
E)becoming dendritic cells.

Question 26

Place the following in proper sequence regarding activation of the cell-mediated response: (1)dendritic cell migrates to lymph node,(2)T cells divide rapidly,(3)dendritic cell ingests pathogen,(4)CD4 and CD8 cells dock with dendritic cell,(5)dendritic cell presents antigen on its surface.

A)1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B)5, 3, 1, 2, 4
C)3, 1, 5, 2, 4
D)4, 3, 1, 5, 2
E)3, 5, 1, 4, 2

Question 27

Which of the following best describes the role of regulatory T cells?

A)Regulatory T cells are a kind of helper T cell that stimulates B cells.
B)Regulatory T cells are a kind of helper T cell that stimulates cytotoxic T cells.
C)Regulatory T cells help limit the immune system response.
D)Regulatory T cells stabilize and support memory cells.
E)Regulatory T cells stimulate natural killer cells to attack tumors.

Question 28

What does it mean when we say a vaccine is based on an "attenuated" virus?

A)The vaccine is a live virus that has been heat-killed.
B)The vaccine is a live virus that has been chemically damaged.
C)The vaccine is a similar species to the virus that isn't harmful (e.g., cowpox for smallpox).
D)The vaccine isn't the virus at all, just similar-shaped chemicals.
E)The vaccine is based on a virus that has been rendered harmless by lab-induced mutation.

Question 29

Once you have had a primary exposure to a specific antigen and encounter this antigen again,you will mount a rapid immune response due to:

A)memory cells.
B)antigen-presenting cells.
C)antibodies.
D)cytotoxic T cells.

Question 30

Which of the following is an autoimmune disease that affects women in far greater numbers than men?

A)type 1 diabetes
B)AIDS
C)allergies
D)lupus

Question 31

Attaching an antibody to an antigen so that the antigen cannot attach to anything else is referred to as:

A)coagulation.
B)agglutination.
C)antigen presentation.
D)neutralization.

Question 32

CD4 and CD8 T cells are likely to become active when they:

A)interact with B-cells.
B)travel through the spleen.
C)travel through lymph nodes.
D)are attracted by the inflammatory response.
E)dock with a dendritic cell with a matching antigen.

Question 33

Which of the following would best be defined in part as an immune system overreaction?

A)autoimmune disease
B)chronic disease
C)allergies
D)cell-mediated response
E)cytotoxic T cell action

Question 34

Which statement about the B cells' abilities to produce antibodies is most accurate?

A)B cells wait to encounter an antigen and then copy it.
B)There are no B cells until an antigen is encountered.
C)There may be 100 million different B-cells, each producing a different antibody.
D)Most B cells are capable of producing any kind of antibody.
E)B cells don't produce antibodies until they develop in the thymus.

Question 35

Cells that help initiate the adaptive immune response by placing microbial antigens on their surfaces are generally referred to as:

A)helper T cells.
B)antigen-presenting cells.
C)B cells.
D)mast cells.
E)regulatory T cells.

Question 36

AIDS has become a more manageable illness in developed countries in recent years due to:

A)vaccines.
B)changes in the viral genome.
C)medications that keep HIV from copying itself.
D)general resistance in the human population.
E)declining disease rates in most areas of the world.

Question 37

A plasma cell is a cell that has differentiated from a:

A)B cell.
B)mast cell.
C)T cell.
D)dendritic cell.

Question 38

Why does producing a large "clone" of activated T cells also provide long-term immunity?

A)More cells are produced than necessary.
B)Some of the T cells can become B cells.
C)Some of the T cells become memory cells.
D)Leftover antibodies last a long time.
E)The cloned cells are stronger than the original cells.

Question 39

Which of the following is not true of antibodies?

A)There are many different kinds of antibodies.
B)Antibodies are secreted by plasma cells.
C)Vaccines can stimulate production of antibodies.
D)T cells produce antibodies.
E)Antibodies bind to antigens.

Question 40

Which of the following is an autoimmune disease?

A)AIDS
B)type 1 diabetes
C)allergies
D)anaphylactic shock

Question 41

Dendritic cells are the histamine-producing cells of the immune system.

Question 42

Complement proteins are antibodies produced by skin cells.

Question 43

Phagocytes can ingest pathogens,cells,and cell parts in the body.

Question 44

Why may a transplanted organ be rejected by the immune system?

A)The organ contains different blood antigens.
B)The immune system produces a severe allergic response.
C)The organ contains different T cells.
D)The organ contains different B cells.
E)The organ has non-self surface recognition molecules.

Question 45

There are different Toll-Like Receptors for bacteria and viruses.

Question 46

An antigen is any foreign substance that elicits an immune response.

Question 47

T cells develop in the thalamus.

Question 48

T cells are a type of lymphocyte.

Question 49

Lymph "glands" (nodes)swelling is a sign that an infection is present.

Question 50

Antibodies are produced by plasma cells and regulatory T cells.

Question 51

B cell receptors are specific to only one antigen.

Question 52

Immune therapy research with potential to work in alleviating both organ rejection and autoimmune disease involves:

A)antibodies.
B)regulatory T cells.
C)vaccines.
D)cytotoxic T cell action.

Question 53

Antibodies may help phagocytes grab and ingest bacteria.

Question 54

B cells are the main cells of the cell-mediated pathway.

Question 55

The natural killer (NK)cell specializes in attacking bacteria.

Question 56

Helper T cells are also called CD4 cells due to the receptors found on their surfaces.

Question 57

Cytokines are molecules that cut holes in bacterial membranes.

Question 58

What do many of the different kinds of allergies have in common?

A)They cause histamine release.
B)They result in high blood pressure.
C)They contribute to autoimmune disorders.
D)All allergens are living things.

Question 59

Macrophages and dendritic cells can both be antigen presenting cells.

Question 60

Stomach acid is one of our natural defenses against bacteria in food.

Question 61

Refer to the figure below, and then answer the following question(s).

The figure above shows antibody-mediated immunity.The cells indicated by a "1" are:

A)bacterial cells.
B)cytotoxic T cells.
C)helper T cells.
D)memory cells.
E)plasma cells.

Question 62

The inflammatory response is caused by the chemical ________.

Question 63

Explain the ways in which the two arms of the adaptive immune response are very effective yet different in their responses to pathogens.Be sure to compare and contrast their respective strengths and weaknesses.

Question 64

Antibodies are a part of our ________ immune response.

Question 65

Refer to the scenario below, and then answer the following question(s).
You are walking in the park and see a few people crowded around a young lady who is lying on the grass. You notice a few wasps circling around some food on a nearby picnic table, and you ask what happened. One fellow says, "She was stung a minute ago and passed out right after saying something like, 'a penguin.'" You look and find an EpiPen® in the bag clutched in her hand. Recalling your first aid training, you inject her in her thigh with the EpiPen®. She quickly revives and lives happily ever after.
What happened to the young lady?

Question 66

Inflammation is a type of ________ immune response.

Question 67

What is a phagocyte?

Question 68

Cowpox inoculation worked as a somewhat effective vaccine against smallpox because its viral particles were similar enough in ________ to smallpox viral particles.

Question 69

Refer to the figure below, and then answer the following question(s).

The figure above shows antibody-mediated immunity.The cells indicated by a "2" are:

A)bacterial cells.
B)cytotoxic T cells.
C)helper T cells.
D)memory cells.
E)plasma cells.

Question 70

AIDS is an autoimmune disease.

Question 71

Smallpox vaccines used today are heat-killed cowpox viruses.

Question 72

Between the hint in the name and what you learned in this section,speculate as to what an EpiPen® contains.

Question 73

Therapy involving Toll-Like Receptors may be useful in treating some autoimmune disorders and cancers.

Question 74

Even though they are different species,cowpox exposure can render immunity to smallpox.Compare the connections between this fact and the causes of autoimmune disorders.

Question 75

Compare and contrast the benefits of histamine and histamine-producing cells with their potential risks to the health of the human body.