Deck 11: Comparative Cognition I

Question 1

Items in working memory

A)are, by definition, held there only long enough to complete a given task.
B)are held only for a short (10-25 seconds) time.
C)are held for a long time, and are necessary for successful use of incoming and recently acquired information.
D)are useful only when other means of behavior acquisition fail.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which factor has been shown to influence performance in a delayed-matching-to-sample task?

A)the delay interval
B)using a signaled large reward versus small reward
C)switching from a signaled small to a large reward during the retention interval
D)all of the above

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Animal cognition is most correctly defined as

A)the application of stimulus-response learning to explain complex chains of behavior.
B)the use of voluntary or conscious reflection to direct behavior.
C)the use of an internal representation, or model, of some past experience as a basis for behavior.
D)the use of overt classically or instrumentally conditioned responses to direct behavior.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Of the following behaviors, which would not be included in a study of animal cognition by experimental psychologists?

A)consciousness
B)forgetting
C)stimulus coding
D)cognitive maps

Question 5

In studies of memory, which stage of an experiment is usually held constant?

A)retrieval
B)retention
C)acquisition
D)trace-delay

Question 6

Which of these relationships is not assumed to reflect animal cognition?

A)S-O
B)S-R
C)R-O
D)S(R-O)

Question 7

Which of the following is not a factor that determines performance in a delayed matching to sample task?

A)the duration of the delay
B)the duration of the sample presentation
C)the nature of the stimulus to be remembered
D)None of the above; all are important determinants of performance.

Question 8

Susan, Debra, and Sally are serving as subjects in a psychology experiment.Each will be taught to ride a bicycle. Susan will be taught by an expert instructor, Debra will be taught by a video demonstration, and Sally will be given a book on bicycles.The amount of time it takes each student to learn to ride will be recorded.This is likely a study of

A)retrieval.
B)retention.
C)acquisition.
D)spatial memory.

Question 9

Steve is taught to work a difficult maze.The time it takes for him to work the maze is tested one day, three days, and ten days after training.This is likely a study of

A)retrieval.
B)retention.
C)acquisition.
D)extinction.

Question 10

To increase the likelihood that your subjects will make correct responses in a delayed matching to sample task, you should

A)present the sample for a brief period, followed by a short delay.
B)present the sample for a long period followed by a long delay.
C)present the sample for a long period followed by a short delay.
D)present the sample for a brief period followed by a long delay.

Question 11

Which of the following is a general rule?

A)Select red after exposure to red.
B)Select blue after exposure to yellow.
C)Select horizontal lines after exposure to vertical lines.
D)Select a stimulus that is the same as the sample.

Question 12

In studies of learning, which stage of an experiment is usually varied?

A)retrieval
B)acquisition
C)retention
D)stimulus coding

Question 13

Reference memory is

A)a store of items held only long enough to complete a given task.
B)long term retention of information necessary for successful use of incoming and recently acquired information.
C)short (10-25 seconds) term retention of information used for comparisons to items in long-term memory.
D)defined as memory for items located in space.

Question 14

Learning is not possible without memory.However, studies of learning do differ from those of memory.For example, in most studies of learning, , but in studies of memory, .

A)retention intervals vary; the retrieval phase is varied
B)the retrieval phase varies; the acquisition phase is varied
C)the acquisition phase varies; retention intervals are varied
D)retention intervals vary; the acquisition phase is varied

Question 15

To receive reinforcement in a delayed matching to sample task, an organism must select

A)a test stimulus that is identical to the sample stimulus.
B)a sample stimulus that is identical to the test stimulus.
C)a test stimulus that is identical to the start cue.
D)a sample stimulus that is identical to the start cue.

Question 16

Which of the following is true of the "internal representations" discussed in the study of animal cognition?

A)Like gravity, they are a theoretical construct.
B)They are investigated in some laboratories by "looking" into the central nervous system.
C)They are investigated in some laboratories by "looking" into the peripheral nervous system.
D)They reflect conscious reflection on a past experience.

Question 17

In what order are stimuli usually presented in a delayed matching to sample task?

A)sample stimulus; delay; test stimuli; start cue
B)sample stimulus; test stimuli; delay; start cue
C)start cue; delay; sample stimulus; test stimulus
D)start cue; sample stimulus; delay; test stimulus

Question 18

Your friend has volunteered for a psychology demonstration.She will be taught a list of words while wearing SCUBA gear at the bottom of a pool, and then she will be asked to remember the words when she returns to class.This demonstration is most likely exploring

A)retention.
B)acquisition.
C)spatial memory.
D)retrieval.

Question 19

In a delayed matching to sample task, what event immediately precedes presentation of the test stimuli?

A)a sample stimulus presentation
B)a start cue
C)a delay interval
D)a discriminative stimulus presentation

Question 20

Cognitive mechanisms are used to explain animal behaviors when

A)classical conditioning mechanisms are not sufficient to account for actions.
B)instrumental conditioning mechanisms are not sufficient to account for actions.
C)discriminative stimulus mechanisms are used to describe behavior.
D)S-R mechanisms are not sufficient to account for actions.

Question 21

Doogie mice differ from normal mice in that

A)they produce NR2A into adulthood.
B)they produce NR2B into adulthood.
C)they have more difficulty in the Morris water maze.
D)they have more difficulty in stimulus discrimination tasks.

Question 22

The duration of spatial memory in rats appears

A)to be for about as long as the rat remains in a maze.
B)to be about 5 to 10 minutes.
C)to be about 3 to 4 hours.
D)to last for over a day.

Question 23

Which of the following has been determined to most influence the behavior of rats in a radial arm maze?

A)odor cues
B)the presence or absence of food
C)a fixed sequence of responses
D)visual cues in the testing room

Question 24

A Morris water maze

A)is an ecologically valid laboratory technique for studying memory in rodents.
B)is a useful tool for studying memory in rodents, but is not ecologically valid.
C)is an ecologically valid technique for studying foraging behavior, but not valid for memory tasks in rodents.
D)is neither valid nor useful in studies of rodent memory.

Question 25

A trials-unique procedure results in an organism learning

A)an S-R relationship.
B)a general rule.
C)an R-O relationship.
D)an S(R-O) relationship.

Question 26

Doogie mice seem smarter because they show enhanced learning in a range of tests.The change that brings this about is

A)they produce NR2A longer than other mice.
B)they produce NR2B longer than other mice.
C)they produce AMPA longer than other mice.
D)they produce DOX longer than other mice.

Question 27

Radial arm mazes are used primarily to test

A)performance in spatial memory tasks.
B)performance in delayed matching to sample trials.
C)performance in food preference trials.
D)performance in locomotor preference trials.

Question 28

Sally has given you directions to her office.She has told you to turn right at the convenience store, left at the stop sign, and right again at the cow shaped mailbox.She is counting on your ability to navigate with

A)beacons.
B)landmarks.
C)geometric cues.
D)your GPS device.

Question 29

Stimulus coding is primarily a task that occurs during

A)retention.
B)retrieval.
C)extinction.
D)acquisition.

Question 30

Stimulus coding refers to

A)the literal record of past events in memory.
B)creating a neural representation of an experience.
C)the use of current stimuli to decode or understand previous events.
D)creating a stimulus that can be perceived and used by a given species.

Question 31

Sign tracking is an example of

A)beacon following.
B)landmark navigation.
C)using the relations between landmarks to guide behavior.
D)a complex cognitive map.

Question 32

A problem identified in the interpretation of data from studies with knockout mice is

A)that the protein products can turn on and off.
B)that the mice may not develop normally and therefore their brains may be different in a variety of ways.
C)that doxycycline added to their food can turn off gene expression.
D)that tTa added to their food can turn off gene expression.

Question 33

NR2B is typically found

A)as a subunit of NMDA that interferes with LTP in adulthood.
B)as a subunit of NMDA that interferes with LTP in juveniles.
C)as a subunit of NMDA that promotes LTP in adulthood.
D)as a subunit of NMDA that promotes LTP in juveniles.

Question 34

The difference between using beacons and landmarks to find a goal is that

A)beacons are more salient than landmarks.
B)landmarks are at the goal site; beacons are not.
C)beacons are at the goal site; landmarks are not.
D)landmarks are more salient than beacons.

Question 35

CaMKII enhances synaptic efficacy by activating

A)CaM receptors.
B)NMDA receptors.
C)AMPA receptors.
D)KII receptors.

Question 36

Optogenetic studies with mice have demonstrated that

A)activating cells that were involved in the formation of a memory erases that memory.
B)activating cells that were involved in the formation of a memory enhances that memory.
C)activating cells that were involved in the formation of a memory can induce a memory related behavior.
D)activating cells that were involved in the formation of a memory prevents memory related behavior.

Question 37

In order for a rat to transfer learning from one set of stimuli in a matching to sample task to another set of stimuli, the rat must learn

A)an S-R relationship.
B)an R-O relationship.
C)an S(R-O) relationship.
D)a general rule.

Question 38

The available evidence suggests that rats navigate correctly in radial arm mazes by

A)marking visited arms with urine.
B)relying on visual cues in the testing room.
C)choosing the arms in a fixed order.
D)All of the above

Question 39

Knockout mice lacking the gene to code for CaKMII demonstrate

A)enhanced learning in tasks requiring spatial memory.
B)impaired learning in tasks requiring spatial memory.
C)no differences in learning in tasks requiring spatial memory.
D)CaKMII is not involved in spatial memory

Question 40

Which of the following is true of delayed matching to sample tasks?

A)Pigeons learn only specific stimulus-response relations; chimps can learn general rules.
B)Trials-unique procedures increase the likelihood of stimulus-response learning in pigeons, but not in chimps.
C)Pigeons and chimps can learn "same­as rules."
D)Pigeons often solve delayed matching to sample tasks by orienting their bodies towards the sample stimulus; chimps use general rules.

Question 41

Evidence to support the retrieval failure hypothesis of retrograde amnesia comes from studies in which

A)memory deficits can be overcome by reminder treatments.
B)hypothermia causes retrograde amnesia.
C)memory deficits occur in response to ECT.
D)memory in the short-term store is shown to be vulnerable.

Question 42

Compared with traditional views of memory acquisition, storage, and recall, contemporary views suggest

A)that acquisition is more difficult, recall is easier.
B)that items in long-term storage are more permanent than previously thought.
C)that items in long-term storage can be made more malleable than previously thought.
D)that most of what we consider memory is actually classical or instrumental conditioning.

Question 43

Directed forgetting studies support all of the following conclusions except

A)rehearsal processes in animals can be brought under stimulus control.
B)memory processes in animals can be brought under stimulus control.
C)memory processes in animals involve the passive storage of information.
D)memory processes in humans can be brought under stimulus control.

Question 44

Reminder treatments can increase responding that is low due to

A)latent inhibition.
B)overshadowing.
C)blocking.
D)all of the above

Question 45

Memory priming involves

A)presenting a retrieval cue and testing immediately.
B)presenting a retrieval cue and testing some time later.
C)presenting a retrieval cue during acquisition.
D)presenting a retrieval cue that sets the occasion for the training phase.

Question 46

Which of the following can serve as a retrieval cue?

A)contextual cues
B)the US
C)the CS+
D)all of the above

Question 47

Retrospective coding refers to memory of

A)spatial cues.
B)events that have happened in the past.
C)events that still must occur.
D)visual cues in the environment.

Question 48

Describe the delayed matching to sample task.What are three procedural aspects critical to determining the accuracy of performance in this task?

Question 49

The important difference between the memory consolidation and retrieval failure hypotheses of retrograde amnesia is that

A)the memory consolidation hypothesis assumes that amnesia reflects altered coding of new memories, whereas the retrieval failure hypothesis assumes that amnesia reflects a vulnerability of information in the short-term store.
B)the memory consolidation hypothesis assumes that amnesia reflects memory loss, whereas the retrieval failure hypothesis assumes that amnesia reflects altered coding of new memories.
C)the memory consolidation hypothesis assumes that amnesia reflects memory loss, whereas the retrieval failure hypothesis assumes that amnesia reflects a vulnerability of information in the short-term store.
D)the memory consolidation hypothesis assumes that amnesia reflects a vulnerability of information in the short- term store, whereas the retrieval failure hypothesis assumes that amnesia reflects memory loss.

Question 50

When rats and humans were both required to perform in a radial arm-type spatial memory task, researchers determined that

A)rats use retrospective coding strategies, and humans use prospective strategies.
B)rats use retrospective coding strategies, and humans are able to switch between coding strategies.
C)rats use prospective coding strategies, and humans are able to switch between coding strategies.
D)rats and humans are able to switch between retrospective and prospective coding strategies.

Question 51

If a hamster in a radial maze is keeping in mind where it has been, it is using

A)prospection.
B)introspection.
C)retrospection.
D)reference memory.

Question 52

After three right­hand turns, Sally remembers that to get to Beth's house she must next make a left­hand turn.To remember the left-hand turn, Sally is using

A)prospection.
B)retrospection.
C)introspection.
D)rehearsal memory.

Question 53

When he first begins shopping, Peter is able to remember what he has in his cart without referring to his list.He is using

A)retrospection.
B)prospection.
C)introspection.
D)rehearsal memory.

Question 54

Which of the following is not an adaptive feature of forgetting?

A)It increases behavioral variability.
B)It can reduce the context specificity of learning.
C)It can be useful in therapeutic settings.
D)All are adaptive features of forgetting

Question 55

In a 12-arm radial maze, a rat makes a correct response if it visits an arm it has not previously explored.After 10 arms have been explored, the rat is most likely using which coding strategy to make the last choices?

A)introspective
B)prospective
C)retrospective
D)rehearsal

Question 56

Monkeys are presented with a series of stimuli in a delayed matching to sample task.First a white light signals the start of the trial.Then a green light is presented, followed by the red sample light, a delay, and then the test stimuli of a green light and a red light.This experiment is designed to explore

A)proactive interference.
B)reference memory coding.
C)retroactive interference.
D)retrograde amnesia.

Question 57

The retrieval failure hypothesis of retrograde amnesia suggests that amnesia results from

A)retention failure.
B)general memory loss.
C)loss of information from short-term memory
D)altered coding of relatively recent memories.

Question 58

Bob asks you to come over to play video games.He tells you he lives right under the large green billboard visible from campus.To get to his house you must use

A)beacon following.
B)landmarks.
C)geometric cues.
D)spatial coding.

Question 59

Prospective coding refers to events

A)that must happen in the future.
B)that have occurred in the immediate past.
C)that have occurred in the distant past.
D)that are no longer stored in working memory.

Question 60

Infants were trained to kick in order to move a mobile.24 hours later, one group of these infants was tested in the presence of the same contextual cues; another group was tested in the presence of a context familiar to them, but different from the training situation.The infants tested in the training context performed much better, probably because of

A)rehearsal cues.
B)retrieval cues.
C)prospective cues.
D)retrospective cues.

Question 61

What is spatial memory? Describe two procedures that demonstrate spatial memory in animals.

Question 62

Describe three ways current techniques in genetics are contributing to our understanding of learning and behavior.

Question 63

Compare the memory consolidation and retrieval-failure hypotheses of retrograde amnesia.What evidence allows researchers to decide between the two hypotheses?

Question 64

Describe spatial learning tasks and mechanisms that have been used to explain efficient performance in this situation.

Question 65

Describe the delayed matching-to-sample procedure and alternative strategies that can be used to respond accurately in such a procedure.How can these response strategies be distinguished experimentally?

Question 66

Describe how retrospective and prospective coding can be differentiated experimentally.

Question 67

Describe the phenomenon of directed forgetting and what it tells us about memory processes.

Question 68

Compare the learning of a general rule to the learning of specific rules.Under what circumstances will general rules be learned? What causes specific rules to be learned?

Question 69

Compare and contrast traditional and contemporary views of memory storage and recall and the implications of these views for the accuracy of recollections.

Question 70

Compare retrospective coding to prospective coding.When is each used?

Question 71

Compare and contrast working and reference memory.

Question 72

Compare proactive and retroactive interference.

Question 73

Describe the memory consolidation and retrieval failure explanations of retrograde amnesia and what evidence can be used to support one or the other hypothesis.