Deck 5: Applying Social Psychology to Clinical and Counseling Psychology

Question 1

Research by Voelz et al. (2003)suggests that a ______ may be the most important factor in protecting against feelings of hopelessness.

A) high degree of enhancing attributional style for positive events
B) high degree of depressogenic attributional style for negative events
C) low degree of depressogenic attributional style for positive events
D) high degree of enhancing attributional style for negative events

Answer 1

high degree of enhancing attributional style for positive events

Question 2

According to Leary and Kowalski (1995),people become prone to experience social anxiety when faced with ______ and ______.

A) high depression; high anxiety
B) strong impression management skills; weak self-control
C) weak self-control; low self-efficacy
D) high self-presentational motivation; low self-efficacy

Answer 2

high self-presentational motivation; low self-efficacy

Question 3

According to self-presentation theory,which of the following relationships is most accurate?

A) High negative outcome expectancies lead to high self-presentational motivation.
B) High positive outcome expectances lead to low self-efficacy.
C) Low self-efficacy leads to high self-presentational motivation.
D) High negative outcome expectancies lead to social anxiety.

Answer 3

High negative outcome expectancies lead to social anxiety.

Question 4

The two types of loneliness identified in the clinical chapter are ______.

A) public and private
B) behavioral and psychological
C) intrapersonal and interpersonal
D) social and emotional

Question 5

Susan wishes she had more intimacy in her life.She knows a lot of people but most of them are more like simple acquaintances than close companions.She wishes she could have more intimate relationships with a greater number of her acquaintances,and this causes her to feel lonely.Susan is most likely suffering from ______ loneliness.

A) psychological
B) emotional
C) social
D) manic

Question 6

In the qualitative study by Smith and Rhodes (2015),participants were asked to describe what it was like being depressed.The researchers interviewed seven people about their experience of being depressed and looked for commonalities in their experiences.This form of research is an example of ______.

A) grounded theory
B) case study
C) phenomenology
D) survey research

Question 7

Richard is very concerned about how other people perceive him.He goes to great lengths ensuring that he projects the right impression.It is likely that Richard has ______.

A) low self-monitoring
B) high self-presentational motivation
C) social anxiety
D) low self-efficacy

Question 8

According to self-presentation theory,people are likely to develop social anxiety if they possess

A) high self-presentational motivation and high social self-efficacy
B) low self-presentational motivation and high social self-efficacy
C) low self-presentational motivation and low social self-efficacy
D) high self-presentational motivation and low social self-efficacy

Question 9

The hopelessness theory of depression asserts that people overcome depression by becoming more ______.

A) self-sufficient
B) confident
C) social
D) hopeful

Question 10

The Penn Resiliency Program described in the "Focus on Intervention" in Chapter 5 ("Clinical and Counseling")was based on which two components?

A) pessimistic and optimistic attributional styles
B) therapy and counseling
C) cognitive restructuring and skills acquisition
D) role modeling and role plays

Question 11

Basic research tends to have high ______ validity,whereas applied research tends to have high ______ validity.

A) internal; external
B) experimental; practice
C) external; experimental
D) external; internal

Question 12

In a study by Smith and Rhodes (2015),participants were asked to describe what it was like being depressed and the experiences they had on a daily basis.The authors found that the experience of depression was described in terms of ______.

A) tranquility
B) loss and emptiness
C) loneliness
D) being tired

Question 13

Based on the material discussed in Chapter 5 ("Clinical and Counseling"),which of the following would be most likely to help someone suffering from social anxiety overcome his or her social fears?

A) talking about his or her problems with a trained professional
B) social skills training
C) visualizing being calm in social situations
D) using a punching bag

Question 14

A series of studies by Catalino,Furr,and Bellis (2012),which tested the ideas behind self-presentation theory,suggested that social anxiety is,in fact,produced by

A) self-presentation motivation but not social self-efficacy
B) social self-efficacy but not self-presentation motivation
C) neither social self-efficacy, nor self-presentation motivation
D) both social self-efficacy and self-presentation motivation

Question 15

Joan failed her psychology exam.She accounted for the failing grade by explaining to herself that she didn't study very hard,that she normally studies hard in her other courses and will probably study harder on her next psychology exam.Joan has made a ______ /______ attribution,and she ______ likely to become somewhat depressed as a result.

A) global/unstable; is
B) specific/stable; is not
C) global/stable; is
D) specific/unstable; is not

Question 16

Depression may be caused when one explains negative events by making attributions that are ______ and ______.

A) stable; global
B) internal; unstable
C) unstable; specific
D) external; unstable

Question 17

The factor that appears to be the most direct cause of social anxiety is ______.

A) self-presentational motivation
B) self-monitoring
C) social self-efficacy
D) negative outcome expectancies

Question 18

Among the main differences between clinical psychology and counseling psychology is that

A) clinical psychologists are more likely to restrict their practice to treating people who have mental illnesses that are curable
B) only a degree in clinical psychology requires postdoctoral internship experience
C) counseling psychologists are more likely to specialize in a specific area of mental health
D) clinical psychologists are more likely to treat serious mental illness

Question 19

For a long time,Bob regularly approached his boss to offer what he thought were useful suggestions regarding ways to improve the department in which he worked.However,Bob's boss always ignored him and Bob eventually stopped offering suggestions.One day,Bob's boss moved to a new company,and Bob found himself with a new boss.However,Bob continued to never offer any suggestions.Which psychological phenomenon best helps to account for Bob's behavior?

A) bystander effect
B) helplessness
C) social anxiety
D) self-presentational motivation

Question 20

The opposite of a depressogenic attributional style is a(n)______.

A) anxiety attributional style
B) enhancing attributional style
C) passive attributional style
D) active attributional style

Question 21

Vennig,Kettler,Eliot,and Wilson (2009)found preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of increasing hopefulness to prevent the onset of depression.Their findings demonstrated that

A) therapies that included several hopeful elements were more effective at preventing depression than therapies that did not include hopeful elements
B) therapies that included several hopeful elements were less effective at preventing depression than therapies that did not include hopeful elements
C) therapies that included minimal hopeful elements were more effective at preventing depression than therapies that did not include hopeful elements
D) therapies that included several hopeful elements were just as effective at preventing depression as therapies that did not include hopeful elements

Question 22

According to SPT,a person experiences social anxiety only if they really want to make a particular impression.

Question 23

If someone is suffering from depression but gets diagnosed with an anxiety disorder,the clinician who made the diagnosis made both a ______ judgment and a ______ judgment.

A) false positive; false negative
B) true negative; false positive
C) true positive; true negative
D) false negative; false positive

Question 24

A bias that occurs when a therapist's first impression about a client's problem artificially constricts his or her subsequent analysis is called the ______.

A) base rate fallacy
B) availability heuristic
C) anchoring effect
D) representativeness heuristic

Question 25

False negative is the name of the error made when someone is inappropriately diagnosed with a disorder.

Question 26

It has been suggested that social anxiety

A) has its roots in the same sources across all cultures because it is a fundamental human phenomenon
B) does not exist in collectivist cultures
C) has its roots in different sources in different cultures
D) is a modern problem that did not exist 100 years ago

Question 27

Social anxiety is a type of emotional distress that can vary in intensity.People at the lowest end of the distress continuum are sometimes diagnosed as suffering from social phobia or social anxiety disorder.

Question 28

Anticipatory embarrassment is said to be common among people who are socially anxious.Anticipatory embarrassment is the name of the emotion resulting from expecting long-term harm to one's social reputation.

Question 29

Self-presentation theory (SPT)refers to a theory of causation,a model for guiding clinical intervention as well as a heuristic device for organizing and giving order to a wide range of unrelated research.

Question 30

Qualitative research is an ideal method to understand the experience of psychological illness as it privileges the meanings that individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem.

Question 31

In the "Focus on Research" in the clinical chapter,research by Rosenhan (1973)was presented in which people were admitted to psychiatric wards.This research demonstrated that

A) false negatives can interfere with treatment and improvement
B) false positives are extremely rare occurrences
C) false negatives usually occur in clinical settings and hospitals
D) false positives can bias the way people are viewed and treated

Question 32

Research on reducing biases in clinical diagnoses has shown that specialized training

A) has no appreciable effect on reducing biases because they are rooted in basic social-cognitive processes
B) can be effective in reducing biases
C) must be delivered by a trained clinical professional to be effective
D) only works for minority group members

Question 33

Researchers have noted that there is a gap between basic social psychological research and clinical practice.Some psychologists have attempted to bridge the gap between social psychology and clinical psychology.The term associated with this bridge is called the social-clinical interface.

Question 34

If someone is not suffering from depression but gets diagnosed with depression anyway,the clinician who made the diagnosis made a ______ judgment.

A) false negative
B) true negative
C) false positive
D) true positive

Question 35

Joan,a therapist,thinks Ben,her patient,suffers from social anxiety disorder.Based on what was reviewed in Chapter 5 about bias in the therapeutic situation,which of the following questions is Joan most likely to ask Ben?

A) "Do you think you suffer from depression?"
B) "Do you usually find it easy to talk to strangers?"
C) "Do novel situations make you feel uncomfortable?"
D) "In this picture, do you see a horse or a camel?"

Question 36

After a person has formed an impression about something or someone,new information that is discrepant from the initial impression will tend to be discounted.This phenomenon is known as the ______.

A) availability heuristic
B) base rate fallacy
C) confirmation bias
D) proving paradox

Question 37

Someone who has been stigmatized with a diagnostic psychiatric label will be perceived by others as ______ to commit a violent act compared with someone without such a label.

A) less likely
B) more likely
C) equally likely
D) possessing unknown likelihood

Question 38

As highlighted in the text,self-presentational motivation describes the degree to which people are concerned with how others perceive them.When self-presentational motivation is low,people are not very concerned with how others view them; however,when self-presentational motivation is high,people are very concerned with ensuring that others have a particular image of them.

Question 39

Cross-cultural research on social anxiety suggests that people from the East and West

A) experience social anxiety for somewhat different reasons
B) experience social anxiety for the same reasons, demonstrating the stability of this phenomenon
C) only experience social anxiety when their own self-interest is threatened
D) only experience social anxiety when others' interests are threatened

Question 40

Helplessness,otherwise referred to as negative outcome expectancy describes pessimistic attributions in which people who are prone to depression believe that they cannot do or say anything to change their unfortunate circumstances.

Question 41

The anchoring effect and confirmation bias are two types of bias experienced by clinicians.Describe both in detail.

Question 42

Define the psychological disorder referred to as loneliness,and describe the two main types outlined in the text.

Question 43

The learned helplessness model of depression was later changed to the attributional reformulation of the learned helplessness theory of depression.Describe how the attributional reformulation improves upon the learned helplessness model,and outline what the theory purports.

Question 44

Clinicians are sometimes influenced or biased based on group stereotypes.Name and describe three factors that may influence a clinician's judgment of others.

Question 45

Describe two benefits of using qualitative research to examine psychological disorders.

Question 46

Chapter 5 outlines various psychological disorders and the impact of social psychology in alleviating symptoms or treating them.Using social anxiety and self-presentation theory,explain how SPT is used in alleviating or treating social anxiety.

Question 47

The term hopelessness depression refers to a unique type of depression.Describe how this differs from clinical depression by outlining the main symptoms.

Question 48

The learned helplessness model of depression purports that people who are prone to depression make pessimistic attributions that cause them to believe that there is nothing they can ever say or do to change their unfortunate circumstances.

Question 49

The self-presentation theory reportedly sheds light on the origin,maintenance,and treatment of social anxiety.Describe this framework in detail.

Question 50

Outlined in the text are two popular types of errors made in clinical decision making,false negative and false positive.Distinguish between both.

Question 51

Describe,in detail,the hopelessness theory of depression developed by Abramson,Metalsky,and Alloy (1989).