Deck 8: Applying Social Psychology to Health

Question 1

Sandra's grandmother is consumed with fear that she will be set upon and assaulted by a gang of thugs.According to Chapter 8 ("Health"),this is an example of ______.

A) the window of vulnerability
B) media-instigated conditioning
C) exponential conditioning
D) the fear-victim paradox

Answer 1

the fear-victim paradox

Question 2

______ involves the use of advanced skills to critically analyze and apply health information to one's own life.

A) Health literacy
B) Critical health literacy
C) Health promotion
D) Health prevention

Answer 2

Critical health literacy

Question 3

______ encompasses abilities such as reading and understanding health information,communicating effectively with health care professionals,and being able to follow medical instructions.

A) Health literacy
B) Critical health avoidance
C) Health promotion
D) Health prevention

Answer 3

Health literacy

Question 4

Psychological factors can play a much greater role in helping to prevent ______ than in helping to prevent ______.

A) cancers; infectious diseases
B) cancers; influenza
C) influenza; chronic illnesses
D) chronic illnesses; infectious diseases

Question 5

Health promotion and ______ share the goal of keeping people free of disease.

A) primary prevention
B) secondary prevention
C) tertiary prevention
D) public health

Question 6

For informational health appeals to be persuasive,they generally should come from a source who is seen by the audience as ______.

A) attractive, credible, and similar
B) attractive, healthy, and familiar
C) intelligent, credible, and similar
D) intelligent, healthy, and familiar

Question 7

Halpern-Fleisher and Millstein (2002)found that after the September 11 terrorist attacks,American adolescents perceived their risk of dying in an earthquake or tornado to be ______ that which adolescents had reported in the years preceding the attacks.

A) less than
B) more than
C) similar to
D) virtually identical to

Question 8

Consuelo undergoes breast reconstruction after a double mastectomy.This is an example of ______.

A) primary prevention
B) secondary prevention
C) tertiary prevention
D) health promotion

Question 9

Which model fails to account for the fact that different people will exhibit divergent symptoms of the same illness?

A) biopsychosocial
B) sociological
C) psychological
D) biomedical

Question 10

Research on the effectiveness of fear appeals suggests that inducing moderate levels of fear works better than inducing high levels of fear.According to the text,the explanation for this is that

A) people tune out high-fear messages
B) fear appeals have greater influence on intentions to behave than on actual behavior
C) fear appeals affect actual behavior
D) people tune out high-risk messages

Question 11

Health psychology appeared in the ______ and took hold in the ______.

A) 1820s; 1870s
B) 1890s; 1970s
C) 1970s; 1980s
D) 1900s; 2000s

Question 12

Exaggerated fear reactions to such health risks as H1N1,SARS,and mad cow disease are likely to occur under certain conditions.What is NOT mentioned in the chapter on health (Chapter 8)as one of the conditions?

A) lack of control over risk exposure
B) proximity (geographic closeness) of the risk
C) severity of the potential harm
D) novelty of the risk

Question 13

Health psychology is said to be the aggregate of the specific ______,______,and ______ contributions of the discipline of psychology.

A) social; scientific; pragmatic
B) educational; social; pragmatic
C) theoretical; research; pragmatic
D) scientific; educational; professional

Question 14

Fear appeals have been shown to have the greatest impact on people's ______,not necessarily their ______.

A) intentions; behavior
B) intentions; outcomes
C) actions; cognitions
D) actions; outcomes

Question 15

A top-40 band makes a series of public service announcements touting the benefits of regular cardiovascular exercise and encouraging teenagers to exercise regularly.This could be called an example of ______.

A) an informational appeal
B) a fear appeal
C) secondary prevention
D) a risky appeal

Question 16

Which of the following does not enhance or ensure a website's authority or credibility?

A) Authorship or sources are clearly identifiable.
B) Clear statements disclose the purpose in posting the information, declare any potential conflicts of interest with the sponsors of the site, and include disclaimers.
C) Information on the website shows current or recent dates, the site is well organized, and the site provides multiple sources of data.
D) The presence of commercial advertisements demonstrate that companies trust the information on the site.

Question 17

The first window of vulnerability is said to occur ______.

A) in preadolescence
B) in adolescence
C) upon leaving home for the first time
D) upon moving in with a partner

Question 18

One of the most notorious examples of misinformation being perpetuated on the Internet is the case of kind of Dr.Andrew Wakefield and his study published in the prestigious medical journal The Lancet in 1998.His study by that suggested

A) a possible association between the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine and the development of autism in children
B) a possible association between the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine and the development of leukemia in children
C) a possible association between all vaccines and the development of Parkinson's disease in adults
D) a possible association between all vaccines and leukemia in children

Question 19

According to the window of vulnerability model (Lau,Jacobs Quadrel,& Hartman,1990),

A) the influence of parents on their children's health behaviors is unimportant in later years of life
B) a critical period of vulnerability occurs when the individual sets up a permanent home with a significant other
C) a critical period of vulnerability occurs when the individual resides with a sibling
D) a critical period of vulnerability occurs when the individual does not move out of the parent's home

Question 20

A man gets screened for colon cancer.This is an example of ______.

A) health promotion
B) primary prevention
C) secondary prevention
D) tertiary prevention

Question 21

In a test of the utility of the transtheoretical model,Prochaska,DiClemente,Velicer,and Rossi (1993)compared the effectiveness of four smoking cessation interventions.Which intervention led to the highest rates of quitting?

A) standard
B) interactive computer report
C) individualized
D) personalized counselor

Question 22

In a study by Lafreniere,Ledgerwood,and Docherty (1997),gender was found to moderate the effect of family support on students,such that ______ who lived at home reported the least amount of stress regardless of level of ______.

A) females; financial support
B) males; financial support
C) females; family support
D) males; family support

Question 23

Cramer and Lafreniere (2003)surveyed grooms-to-be and brides-to-be about stress involved in wedding preparations.What factor was NOT identified by either group as an important source of stress?

A) age of the spouse-to-be
B) religious or cultural differences
C) financial considerations
D) a fast-approaching wedding date

Question 24

According to research by Lafreniere,Ledgerwood,and Docherty (1997),which student is LEAST likely to experience a stressful adjustment to college?

A) Brandon, who continues to live at home with his family
B) Emily, who continues to live at home with her family
C) Mathew, who no longer lives at home with his family
D) Cora, who no longer lives at home with her family

Question 25

Research on the effectiveness of interventions based on the health belief model suggests that

A) there is support for the model, or at least some if its components
B) there is no support for the model
C) there is some support for the model but not as much as for most other health-related models
D) the model needs to be further elaborated before its effectiveness can be determined

Question 26

Your manager calls you into her office and informs you that "the company has to let you go" (i.e.,you have been fired).You do not make a big deal of this event because in two weeks,you are moving out of town.Your response best reflects which component of Lazarus and Folkman's (1984)transactional model?

A) appraisal
B) problem-focused coping
C) emotion-focused coping
D) cognition-focused coping

Question 27

Against the advice of her doctor,a 33-year-old overweight woman chooses not to take steps to lose weight (e.g.,improving her diet and exercising)because she is convinced that she does not have the willpower to do so and also does not regard her present lifestyle as seriously threatening her health.The explanatory concepts of which theory are clearly reflected in this example?

A) transactional model
B) stages of change model
C) theory of planned behavior
D) health belief model

Question 28

In 2010,Nemme and White conducted a study to examine university students' intentions to text while driving.Their study extended the theory of planned behavior by observing that two norms,not usually included in the theory,influenced students' intentions to text.Which of the following was one of the norms that Nemme and White found affected these intentions?

A) moral norm
B) intentional norm
C) objective norm
D) formed norm

Question 29

Which model or theory and related research evidence,in particular,suggest the importance of influencing a person's self-efficacy in encouraging him or her to make a healthy lifestyle change?

A) health belief model
B) theory of planned behavior
C) stages of change model
D) transactional model

Question 30

Which is true with respect to Lazarus and Folkman's (1984)transactional model of stress?

A) The model postulates that in the step after exposure to a potential stressor, the individual engages in an appraisal of coping options.
B) An example of a problem-focused coping response would be when a student reacts to failure on a major examination with anger.
C) Consistent with the model, research suggests that stress has a suppressive effect on the immune system.
D) Consistent with the model, research suggests that stress fuels the immune system.

Question 31

You visit a cancer patient in a hospital.According to research,which of the following should you probably avoid doing if you wish to be helpful to the patient?

A) put on a very cheerful demeanor
B) discuss his or her illness
C) discuss his or her impending death
D) discuss his or her symptoms

Question 32

Which is true with respect to the transtheoretical model?

A) It is also known as the steps-in-health-attainment model.
B) Maintenance refers to the period immediately after the individual first shows the desired behavior change.
C) Heath interventions usually are most effective when directed toward people in the preparation stage.
D) Relapse always occurs in the first stage of the model.

Question 33

Research has examined how involved the parents of adolescent girls are in their daughters' education and the relationship between this involvement and the girls' use of contraceptives.This research suggests that the more involved the parents are,

A) the more likely the girls are to get pregnant, because they resent their parents' involvement
B) the less likely the girls are to use contraceptives, because of peer pressure to have unprotected sex
C) the less likely the girls are to discuss contraceptive use with their boyfriends
D) the more likely the girls are to use contraceptives

Question 34

Which model or theory,in particular,informs us about what individuals to target for a health change intervention?

A) transactional model
B) transtheoretical model
C) health belief model
D) theory of planned behavior

Question 35

According to the research on the theory of planned behavior,if you want to get a friend to quit smoking,which of the following would you specifically work at changing?

A) his perceived behavioral control
B) his subjective norms regarding the behavior
C) his beliefs about the health benefits that would result
D) his attitudes toward the behavior

Question 36

Place the five stages of the transtheoretical model in temporal order (from earliest to latest).

A) precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance
B) preparation, precontemplation, contemplation, action, maintenance
C) precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, maintenance, action
D) preparation, precontemplation, contemplation, maintenance, action

Question 37

In considering the nature of social support,the text makes a distinction between the ______ of a person's social network.

A) size and intensity
B) intensity and duration
C) size and quality
D) quality and duration

Question 38

The most effective way to prevent teens from having later (e.g.,in adulthood)substance abuse problems is to

A) moderately punish them for any indications of interest in the problem behaviors
B) closely monitor their peer relationships
C) engage in tertiary prevention efforts
D) prevent initiation into the problem behavior in the first place

Question 39

According to the health belief model,a fear appeal may be termed a ______.

A) health motivator
B) self-efficacy challenge
C) cue to action
D) health prime

Question 40

In an intervention study,Spoth et al. (2002)found that a Life Skills Training Program significantly reduced the rates of initiating use of alcohol,marijuana,and cigarettes.They also found that the addition of a second intervention,the ______,led to even greater reductions in the use of ______.

A) Say No to Peers Program; alcohol
B) Say No to Peers Program; cigarettes
C) Strengthening Families Program; alcohol
D) Strengthening Families Program; cigarettes

Question 41

Distinguish between social influence and persuasion.

Question 42

Coping strategies to reduce stress include emotion-focused efforts,where we try to change the stressor itself,and problem-focused efforts,where we try to regulate our emotions to minimize the distress.

Question 43

Health prevention refers efforts that are made to encourage people to engage in healthy behaviors,such as eating a healthy and balanced diet,exercising regularly,getting enough rest,and refraining from smoking and abusing alcohol.

Question 44

Two of the five stages in the transtheoretical stages of change model are contemplation and preparation.

Question 45

The transactional model of stress,appraisal,and coping is based on the idea that we experience stress from ongoing transactions with the environment and that the way that we appraise or evaluate events can trigger stressful reactions.

Question 46

Differentiate between health literacy and critical health literacy.

Question 47

Informational appeals are based on the idea that people will be more likely to pay attention to a message and to subsequently act to change their health behavior if their related fears are activated.

Question 48

Describe the three types of health prevention outlined in the health chapter.

Question 49

The health belief model suggests that actions taken to safeguard our health are influenced by a number of factors,including general health values,perceived susceptibility to illness,perceptions of illness severity,expectation of treatment success,self-efficacy,perceived barriers and benefits,and cues to action.

Question 50

Cues to action are events or messages that act as triggers to get people to adopt healthy behaviors.

Question 51

Define the term social support,and describe two forms of support cited in the text.

Question 52

Define the term coping,and distinguish between problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping.

Question 53

Describe the health belief model,and list its components.

Question 54

Differentiate between the biomedical model and the biopsychosocial model.

Question 55

According to the fear-victimization paradox,the people who are most fearful are actually are more likely to be victimized.

Question 56

Explain the theory of planned behavior,and list the components of the model.

Question 57

Emotional support refers to getting advice,suggestions,or feedback from others and is especially helpful when we are in a situation or are encountering a problem that is new to us.

Question 58

Self­efficacy refers to our perception of whether or not we actually have the skills or resources to carry out a behavior.

Question 59

Describe the transtheoretical model of behavior change,and briefly describe each stage.

Question 60

Differentiate between health promotion and health prevention.