Deck 9: Applying Social Psychology to Education

Question 1

What is the relationship between academic self-concept and academic achievement?

A) Academic self-concept causes academic achievement.
B) Academic achievement causes academic self-concept.
C) Academic self-concept is unrelated to academic achievement.
D) Academic self-concept and academic achievement are reciprocally related.

Answer 1

Academic self-concept and academic achievement are reciprocally related.

Question 2

The degree to which a student feels self-determined,the messages that he or she receives from others about what is important,and how the student ends up defining successful performance will influence the academic goals that he or she adopts.This is the basis of which theory?

A) achievement goal theory
B) self-determination theory
C) social comparison theory
D) theory of planned behavior

Answer 2

achievement goal theory

Question 3

Which of the following theories recognizes that behavioral intentions and behaviors are affected by the extent that an individual believes he or she has control over a situation?

A) social cognitive theory
B) self-perception theory
C) theory of planned behavior
D) cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 3

theory of planned behavior

Question 4

What are the two main types of goals associated with the achievement goal theory?

A) approach and avoidance
B) mastery and performance
C) mastery avoidance and mastery approach
D) performance avoidance and performance approach

Question 5

Susan has a high academic self-concept.What does this suggest about how she will approach her studies?

A) She will likely study only the night before exams because she is confident she can succeed.
B) She will likely not prepare for her exams.
C) She will likely not use study strategies that integrate the concepts she has learned.
D) She will likely use study strategies that promote in-depth understanding of concepts.

Question 6

Martin thinks to himself,"I want to do well in school because I will be more likely to get the job I want." Martin is demonstrating which form of motivation?

A) identified regulation
B) amotivation
C) intrinsic motivation
D) introjected regulation

Question 7

Self-handicapping refers to

A) feelings of discomfort resulting from the realization that one's behavior does not match one's attitudes
B) the tendency for people to ignore certain information
C) an individual's belief that good things are more likely to happen to others than to himself or herself
D) strategies people use to affect their performance on a task so they have an excuse for failure

Question 8

Research reveals that the tendency for high self-handicappers to find or produce excuses for poor performance results in

A) increasingly higher performance over time
B) stable performance but increases in self-esteem over time
C) increases in self-esteem and better adjustment to college
D) poorer adjustment to college

Question 9

According to Murray and Warden (1992),what long-term negative effect does self-handicapping have on students?

A) When students fail, they attribute the failure to poor teachers.
B) When students do well, they are unable to relate this to their own ability.
C) When students fail, they attribute the failure to difficult tests.
D) When students do well, they interpret this as meaning they are more intelligent than their peers.

Question 10

Which of the following is a recommended tactic for teachers to use if they want to foster greater intrinsic motivation among their students?

A) Give students more time for independent work.
B) Spend more time giving instructions to students.
C) Avoid feedback that focuses on improving students' mastery of tasks.
D) Give timely feedback regarding whether students have made their deadlines.

Question 11

According to ______ theory,we infer our own attitudes and beliefs based on observing our own actions.

A) self-perception
B) self-handicapping
C) social comparison
D) social learning

Question 12

Imagine you are a teacher who wants to increase the math grades of your students by following the theory of planned behavior.What would you do to achieve this?

A) increase the amount of time spent with students one on one
B) increase students' beliefs about their English abilities
C) increase students' beliefs about the amount of control they have over obtaining high grades
D) increase the amount of hours spent teaching math and solving math problems

Question 13

Which of the following statements best reflects the relationship between academic self-concept and GPA (academic achievement)for the following two groups of students?

A) African American students demonstrate a stronger relationship between these two variables than European American students because of the former's academic self-efficacy.
B) African American students demonstrate a weaker relationship between these two variables than European American students because of the former's academic disidentification.
C) African American students demonstrate the same relationship between these two variables as European American students.
D) African American students demonstrate a stronger relationship between these two variables than European American students because of the former's academic self-determination.

Question 14

Which of the following theories takes into account multiple determinants of behavior that predict an individual's intention to behave a certain way?

A) theory of planned behavior
B) cognitive dissonance theory
C) attribution theory
D) self-perception theory

Question 15

Recent research has shown that procrastination is primarily

A) a cognitive issue related to intrusive thoughts
B) a motivational issue related to the self-regulation of behavior
C) an emotional issue related to feelings of inadequacy
D) a behavioral issue related to behavioral intentions

Question 16

Which of the following sequences best reflects the various types of motivation,moving from more "controlled" forms of motivation to more "voluntary" forms?

A) external regulation → intrinsic motivation → integrated regulation → introjected regulation
B) introjected regulation → intrinsic motivation → external regulation → identified regulation
C) external regulation → identified regulation → introjected regulation → intrinsic motivation
D) introjected regulation → identified regulation → integrated regulation → intrinsic motivation

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of intrinsic motivation?

A) Paula's mother is going to give her $20 for every A on her report card.
B) Jennifer is going to study hard for her math test because if she does well, she gets to go on a trip to visit friends.
C) Jamie likes to play baseball, so he learns a new pitch for next week's game.
D) Tran goes to law school because a lot of lawyers make big salaries.

Question 18

Joanna thinks to herself,"I'm motivated to do well at this job because I don't want to disappoint anybody." Joanna is demonstrating which form of motivation?

A) external motivation
B) external regulation
C) introjected regulation
D) intrinsic motivation

Question 19

Which of the following probably will NOT hinder children's school performance?

A) giving students gold stars for correct answers
B) assigning grades
C) having a competition to see who can read the most books in a month
D) telling a student that she or he did well

Question 20

The theory that concerns the degree to which individuals see themselves as being autonomous and having choice in actions and behaviors is called ______.

A) self-determination theory
B) self-perception theory
C) self-handicapping theory
D) self-serving strategies theory

Question 21

A number of researchers have identified three normative social processes that may operate within a social setting.These include

A) descriptive norms, disjunctive norms, and prescriptive norms
B) descriptive norms, injunctive norms, and norm salience
C) prescriptive norms, injunctive norms, and norm salience
D) prescriptive norms, injunctive norms, and social norms

Question 22

Vlad's class is learning about modes of transportation.He is in Group A and is responsible for learning about trains.Vlad leaves his group and joins students from other groups to learn about trains.After learning about trains,Vlad goes back to Group A and teaches them what he learned.This is an example of what cooperative learning method?

A) peer-assisted learning
B) academic social-networking technique
C) jigsaw classroom learning technique
D) interactive small-group achievement method

Question 23

Which of the following intervention programs focuses on teaching children and their parents prosocial and nonaggressive methods of dealing with negative social situations and feelings?

A) family as a role model
B) student teams-achievement divisions
C) linking the interests of families and teachers
D) jigsaw classroom learning

Question 24

One common and effective peer-assisted learning technique is the ______.

A) interactive small-group achievement method
B) jigsaw classroom learning technique
C) academic social-networking technique
D) teacher-student collaboration method

Question 25

Which of the following is most accurate?

A) African American students are more likely to respond to teachers' overestimates of their abilities.
B) European American students are unaffected by their teachers estimates of their abilities.
C) African American students are equally likely to respond to teachers' overestimates or underestimates of their abilities.
D) African American students are more likely to respond to teachers' underestimates of their abilities.

Question 26

In an intrinsically oriented educational system,people are motivated to engage in a behavior based on external rewards.

Question 27

______ are more likely to be perpetrators of school violence,and ______ are more likely to be victims of school violence.

A) Males; males
B) Females; females
C) Males; females
D) Females; males

Question 28

Which of the following learning methods focuses on students tutoring each other?

A) peer-assisted learning
B) jigsaw classroom learning technique
C) academic social-networking technique
D) interactive small-group achievement method

Question 29

Coolihan and colleagues (2000)investigated how peer interactions may be connected to learning readiness in children who are from poor families.According to their findings,which of the following types of children are more likely to be inattentive in class and less motivated to learn?

A) children who engage in disruptive behavior during peer play
B) children who only engage in play activities when parents are present
C) children who engage in positive interactions with peers
D) children who hover around play activities but do not interact with peers

Question 30

According to the text,which of the following cooperative learning strategies has been shown to reduce conflict and other antisocial behaviors among students by promoting greater tolerance of diversity,empathy and compassion for others,and self-esteem?

A) student teams-achievement divisions
B) norm salience technique
C) jigsaw classroom technique
D) positive role modeling technique

Question 31

Sam received a B on an anthropology project.He knows Sandra received an A on the project,so he sets up a time to meet with Sandra to go over the project.Sam wants to figure out why he scored lower.This is an example of ______.

A) social comparison
B) self-serving comparison
C) upward social comparison
D) downward social comparison

Question 32

Research reveals that students will be more intrinsically motivated and be more engaged in learning when the classroom environment has which of the following characteristics?

A) many external incentives and is not too controlling
B) many external incentives and learning is teacher-directed
C) few external incentives and learning is self-directed
D) few external incentives and learning is teacher-directed

Question 33

Which of the following is one of the social psychological explanations for cyberbullying?

A) poor verbal skills
B) the minimization of negative consequences for the bully
C) heightened status from advertising the bullying act on social media
D) cognitive dissonance

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT true regarding students' abilities to help others?

A) Encouraging students to help each other learn increases their social achievement.
B) Encouraging students to help each other learn increases their academic achievement.
C) Encouraging students to help each other learn increases their interpersonal skills.
D) Encouraging students to help each other learn increases their intrapersonal skills.

Question 35

Perceived similarity with others and perceived lack of control over one's performance are factors that can negatively affect ______.

A) upward social comparisons
B) downward social comparisons
C) all forms of social comparisons
D) downward social mobility

Question 36

Research shows that aggressive behavior among children is most influenced by ______.

A) group norms
B) descriptive norms
C) injunctive norms
D) norm salience

Question 37

With respect to its effect on word identification and reading comprehension performance among students with reading disabilities,what effect has peer tutoring demonstrated compared with traditional remedial reading exercises?

A) Peer tutoring is less effective because it is less structured.
B) Peer tutoring is more effective because it allows for practice and feedback.
C) Peer tutoring is about as effective as the traditional exercises.
D) The research is inconclusive.

Question 38

According to a review of the literature on school violence,which of the following is NOT accurate?

A) Males are more likely than females to be involved in school violence.
B) Bullying is most common in elementary school and then decreases in middle school.
C) About one third of students aged 12 to 18 report being bullied at school.
D) Students who bring guns to school tend to identify themselves as gang members.

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a reason why peer-assisted learning works?

A) It develops a sense of belonging in the classroom.
B) It promotes competition among students.
C) Teamwork and encouragement is enhanced.
D) It adds an element of fun.

Question 40

Rosenthal and Jacobson's (1968)"Pygmalion in the Classroom" study,in which the IQ scores of "bloomers" increased significantly in comparison with their classroom peers,is an example of ______.

A) upward social comparisons
B) a self-fulfilling prophecy
C) cognitive dissonance theory
D) self-justification theory

Question 41

As outlined in the text,integrated regulation occurs when individuals integrate both internal and external information into a coherent set of values,goals,and priorities,and these become a part of the self.

Question 42

Explain the premise of achievement goal theory.

Question 43

According to the achievement goal theory,students may pursue two types of goals: approach goals and avoidance goals.

Question 44

Peer-assisted learning (PAL)is a general term that encompasses a broad variety of strategies where students are acquiring knowledge and skills through interactions with other students but mostly with tutors or teachers.

Question 45

According to Festinger's social comparison theory,in assessing performance and abilities,people may use two types of standards: objective and social.

Question 46

Stereotype threat refers to the anxiety that students feel when they are faced with expectations consistent with stereotypes about their group.

Question 47

One PAL method,the jigsaw classroom technique,has been applied effectively to address the problem of aggression in schools.

Question 48

With Festinger's social comparison theory,comparisons are often made with people who are slightly better than we are,called upward social comparisons,and with those who are slightly worse off than we are,called downward social comparisons.

Question 49

A positive academic self-concept is related to greater motivation,higher academic aspirations,and better academic performance.

Question 50

The feelings,attitudes,and perceptions that students hold about their academic ability,especially when compared with those of other students,is called academic self-comparison.

Question 51

Differentiate between self-handicapping and procrastination.

Question 52

What is meant by self-serving strategies? Give an example of a type of self-serving strategy.

Question 53

Distinguish between bullying and cyberbullying,and list three negative effects of bullying.

Question 54

Explain what is meant by peer-assisted learning,and describe two approaches of such learning.

Question 55

Explain what is meant by the term self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 56

One current theory that helps to explain the connection between students' motivation and academic behavior is the self-determination theory.Describe this theory in detail.

Question 57

Describe Festinger's social comparison theory.

Question 58

A child's behavior in school may be influenced by what he or she perceives to be not only rewarding but typical,expected,and "normal." Identify and describe the three normative social processes that may operate within a social setting.

Question 59

List two strategies educators have used to counter self-handicapping in the classroom setting.