Deck 13: The Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between the Wars 1919-1939

Question 1

What was one significant effect of the Great Depression in Europe?

A)The complete destruction of Communist parties
B)The escalation of unemployment rates in all nations but Great Britain
C)The strengthening of liberal, democratic movements in the 1930s
D)The rise of authoritarian movements in many areas of Europe
E)The growth of free trade in order to spur economic recovery

Answer 1

The rise of authoritarian movements in many areas of Europe

Question 2

What development disrupted the hope for the spread of political democracy?

A)The decline of the potential voting population
B)The Great Depression
C)The rise of authoritarian regimes
D)The re-emergence of monarchies
E)The failure of the League of Nations

Answer 2

The rise of authoritarian regimes

Question 3

Compare and contrast the British, French, and American responses to the Great Depression.

Answer 3

Answers will vary.

Question 4

What 1925 settlement saw Germany agree to accept its western borders with France?

A)Berne Protocol
B)Treaty of Versailles
C)Rapollo Agreement
D)Geneva Accord
E)Treaty of Locarno

Question 5

What helped usher in a new era of European prosperity between 1924 and 1929?

A)The French occupation of the Ruhr Valley
B)Germany's decision to print extra money
C)The system of reparations payments devised in 1919 and foisted on Germany
D)American investments following the Dawes Plan
E)Escalating prices for agricultural goods

Question 6

How did nationalist movements shape developments in the Middle East, India, and Africa between World War I and World War II?

Question 7

In your opinion, did Europe develop totalitarian states in the 1930s? Why or why not?

Question 8

How did France respond to the German government's announcement that it could not afford to make any more reparations payments?

A)It looked to the U.S.to mediate the conflict.
B)It occupied the Ruhr Valley.
C)It declared war on Germany.
D)It offered to accept a reduced, compromise payment.
E)It sued Germany in the court of the League of Nations.

Question 9

What were Stalin's economic goals? How did he go about trying to achieve them?

Question 10

Following the Ruhr crisis, Gustav Stresemann took over as the leader of the ____ government.

A)Polish
B)Dutch
C)German
D)French
E)Belgian

Question 11

What was the result of France's occupation of the Ruhr valley?

A)A policy of passive resistance by the German government
B)An alliance between Germany and Russia
C)The election of Raymond Poincaré's French government in 1924
D)An increase in the size of the German military
E)A decision by Germany to leave the League of Nations

Question 12

What were the key institutions of the Italian fascist state? What did kind of government and society did Mussolini and the fascists hope to create?

Question 13

How did radio and movies contribute to the development of mass culture?

Question 14

Compare and contrast the ideas of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung. How did each man understand the "unconscious"?

Question 15

Why were relations between France and Germany so difficult in the years immediately following World War I?

Question 16

What were social consequences of the Great Depression in Europe and the United States?

Question 17

What best explains why the Labour Party fell from power in 1931?

A)Financial corruption
B)Sex scandals
C)Policy failures
D)Military failures
E)Poor political campaigning

Question 18

Much of Europe's prosperity in the 1920s was built on ____.

A)budget deficits
B)loans from the United States
C)excessive taxation
D)faulty accounting
E)the strength of the agricultural sector

Question 19

Who were the Surrealists and what kind of art did they create? What were their central insights and ideas?

Question 20

What role did ideas of race and military power play in the development of the Nazi state?

Question 21

What was true of the Lateran Accords of 1929?

A)They nationalized all church property.
B)They recognized Catholicism as the sole religion of Italy.
C)They marked the Catholic church's official condemnation of the Fascist state.
D)They eliminated government support for the Catholic church.
E)They turned the property of the Vatican over to the Italian government in exchange for tax reductions.

Question 22

After World War I, Great Britain and ____ divided up many of Germany's colonial possessions.

A)Spain
B)the United States
C)France
D)the Soviet Union
E)the Netherlands

Question 23

What best describes Hitler's book, Mein Kampf?

A)It depicted Hitler's plan to take power through a massive rebellion.
B)It set forth Hitler's ideology of Aryan supremacy and anti-Semitism.
C)It excluded any trace of Hitler's anti-Semitism.
D)It was immediately seen by German politicians as the dangerous work of a madman.
E)It immediately became a best-seller throughout Europe including the Soviet Union.

Question 24

What purpose did the SA play in the 1920s?

A)The SA was used to raise funds for party activities.
B)The SA was used to defend the party in meeting halls.
C)The SA was used as Hitler's personal body guard.
D)The SA distributed Nazi propaganda.
E)The SA was the "respectable" face of the Nazis.

Question 25

Which Middle Eastern Muslim nation made a conscious effort to adopt Western secular culture after World War I?

A)Egypt
B)Iraq
C)Saudi Arabia
D)Palestine
E)Turkey

Question 26

Benito Mussolini began his political career as a(n) ____.

A)anarchist.
B)conservative.
C)liberal.
D)socialist.
E)communist.

Question 27

In 1926 Mussolini's government

A)began deporting Italian Jews.
B)outlawed all anti-Fascist parties.
C)began a series of attacks on the Catholic Church.
D)signed an alliance with the Soviet Union.
E)went to war with Austria.

Question 28

What best describes the totalitarian regimes of Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union?

A)They pursued vastly different foreign policies.
B)They held each other in disdain.
C)They hoped to control every aspect of their citizens' lives.
D)They retained power due to the charisma of their leaders.
E)They established a formal alliance directed against laissez-faire liberal capitalism.

Question 29

Which of these factors aided the growth of Mussolini's Fascist movement?

A)The reaction against Italy's communist government, formed after World War I
B)The popular, nationalistic resentment toward Italy's treatment following World War I
C)The crop failures in 1920 and 1921
D)The economic cooperation between Italy, Germany, and the Soviet Union
E)The fall of the Italian monarchy and the establishment of a workers' dictatorship

Question 30

What best describes the first Popular Front government in France?

A)It solved the nation's budget problems by eliminating workers' benefits.
B)It gave ordinary workers new rights and benefits including a minimum wage.
C)It was able to solve the problems of economic depression.
D)It collapsed in 1926, allowing Raymond Poincaré's Cartel of the Left to take power.
E)It remained in power until the German invasion of 1942.

Question 31

What best describes the institutional framework of Mussolini's Fascist dictatorship?

A)It lacked a secret police force.
B)It included highly popular and well attended Fascists youth organizations.
C)It was primarily aimed at aiding the workers and peasants.
D)It never created the degree of totalitarian control found in Russia and Germany in the 1930s.
E)It was the most successful of the authoritarian states that appeared in Europe in the interwar years.

Question 32

What best describes the status of women in Mussolini's Fascist Italy?

A)Women were coerced into factory work to aid industrial production.
B)Women were regarded as equal to men in social status.
C)Women were encouraged to be homemakers and discouraged from working.
D)Women were aided by the government's emphasis on birth control.
E)Women were required under pain of imprisonment to join the Black Shirts.

Question 33

Who was elected president of the Weimar Republic in 1925?

A)Herman Goering
B)Carl Jung
C)Gustave Stresemann
D)Paul von Hindenburg
E)Adolph Hitler

Question 34

Who were the squadristi?

A)Mussolini's closest advisors
B)Armed bands of fascists who used violence to intimidate enemies
C)Elite soldiers of the Fascist state
D)Officers in the Italian military
E)Military opponents of Mussolini

Question 35

By 1932, the Nazi Party was

A)beloved by almost all non-Jewish Germans.
B)in disarray.
C)in firm control of the German government.
D)4 million members strong.
E)the largest party in the Reichstag.

Question 36

Which of these states was the first to adopt fascism?

A)Germany
B)Spain
C)Italy
D)Russia
E)Canada

Question 37

What best describes Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal policies in the United States?

A)They were successful by 1932.
B)They virtually eliminated unemployment.
C)They brought about government ownership of most industries.
D)They brought about a partial economic recovery.
E)They were all declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

Question 38

At the core of Hitler's ideas was

A)socialism.
B)anti-nationalism.
C)republicanism.
D)secularism.
E)racism.

Question 39

Mohandas Gandhi was known as the Mahatma, or "____."

A)Little God
B)Saintly Man
C)Great Soul
D)Peaceful One
E)Great Leader

Question 40

Which two Western nations were most affected by the Great Depression?

A)Germany and France
B)France and Sweden
C)the United States and Great Britain
D)Germany and Belgium
E)Germany and the United States

Question 41

What was the dominant form of government in Eastern Europe in the 1920s and 1930s?

A)Authoritarianism
B)Russian Soviet-style Communism
C)Parliamentary democracy
D)Christian Socialism
E)Totalitarian Fascism

Question 42

Who wrote novels that reflected the influence of new psychological theories and Eastern religions?

A)Carl Jung
B)James Joyce
C)Herman Hesse
D)Virginia Woolf
E)Salvador Dalí

Question 43

What was a positive achievement of the Stalinist era in the Soviet Union?

A)Increased consumer goods
B)More educational opportunities
C)Greater individual employment choices in both agriculture and industry
D)More economic freedom under Stalin's New Economic Policy
E)Greater tolerance of political and intellectual diversity

Question 44

What did "Strength through Joy" achieve?

A)It was one of the most effective Nazi propaganda films.
B)It was Fascist Italy's most popular national recreation agency.
C)It monitored and homogenized the leisure time of the German workers.
D)It failed miserably in its attempts to draw German workers to vacation package tours.
E)It was Spain's Franco's attempt to emulate the popular propaganda movements of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.

Question 45

How many peasants died in the artificially created Soviet famines of 1932 and 1933?

A)90,000
B)120 million
C)750,000
D)1 million
E)10 million

Question 46

How did Hitler bring Germany out of the Depression?

A)By staging mass rallies
B)By printing money
C)By launching rearmament and public works programs
D)By implementing price controls
E)By nationalizing key industries

Question 47

German expressionists focused on the human costs and consequences of

A)the Russian Revolution.
B)secularism.
C)authoritarianism.
D)World War I.
E)capitalism.

Question 48

Dadaism attempted to capture the

A)nature of love.
B)purposelessness of life.
C)agony of war.
D)spirit of nature.
E)essence of God.

Question 49

What was the original purpose of the SS?

A)The SS was used to raise funds for party activities.
B)The SS was used to defend the party in meeting halls.
C)The SS was used as Hitler's personal body guard.
D)The SS distributed Nazi propaganda.
E)The SS was the "respectable" face of the Nazis.

Question 50

Which factor aided Joseph Stalin's emergence as leader of the Communist party?

A)Lenin's recommendation that he become sole leader
B)His alliance with Trotsky and the Right in the Politburo
C)His position as general secretary of the Bolshevik party
D)Strong support of the left in the Politburo, which favored the spread of Communism abroad
E)The support of the Soviet military

Question 51

Around what did culture in Nazi Germany center?

A)The use of modern, abstract forms to reflect Germany's "new order"
B)The functionalism of the Bauhaus school
C)Petty-bourgeois art, with sentimental and realistic scenes glorifying strong, heroic Aryans
D)Religious scenes influenced by Catholic dogma
E)Military themes at the expense of all other subjects

Question 52

Which statement is correct regarding Hitler's anti-Semitic policies in the 1930s?

A)They centered on the forced emigration of all Jews from Germany.
B)They were emulated in France by the Popular Front.
C)They did not exclude Jews from working in legal, medical, and teaching positions.
D)They would remain minimal and unorganized until World War II.
E)They reached their most violent phase during Kristallnacht, with attacks on Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues.

Question 53

What was the goal of Stalin's first five-year plan?

A)To undermine the Western democracies
B)To bring communism to the United States
C)To transform the Soviet Union into an industrial state
D)To reduce the population of the Soviet Union by 10 percent
E)To acquire substantial territory at the expense of Germany

Question 54

Who was the most famous of the Surrealistic painters?

A)Arnold Schonberg
B)Pablo Picasso
C)Walter Gropius
D)Jackson Pollack
E)Salvador Dalí

Question 55

For what was Walter Gropius best known?

A)"Socialist realism" paintings
B)Atonal, experimental music
C)Revolutionary directions in theater
D)Post-modern architectural designs
E)Ideas of functionalism in architecture

Question 56

What was Lenin's New Economic Policy designed to do?

A)Increase the production of food and consumer goods
B)Eliminate all private enterprise in Russia
C)Increase production in heavy industry
D)Fully implement economic communism
E)Reduce political controls such as censorship

Question 57

What was true of the Nazi policy toward women?

A)Nazi policy differed fundamentally from those of Fascist Italy.
B)Nazi policy eliminated females from all professional occupations.
C)Nazi policy aimed at bridging the differences between the sexes.
D)Nazi policy encouraged women to focus on having children and on domestic life.
E)Nazi policy organized all adult women in military brigades.

Question 58

Who was victorious at the end of the Spanish Civil War?

A)King Alfonso XIII and General Miguel Primo de Rivera
B)An antifascist coalition, aided by Soviet troops and supplies
C)The National Front, aided by Italian and German arms and money
D)Francisco Franco and his allies
E)The Popular Front

Question 59

What did the artistic and intellectual trends of the inter-war years reflect?

A)A rejection of the avant-garde
B)A disillusionment with Western Civilization provoked by the horrors of the World War I
C)A realistic forms of art, as with the Dadaists
D)An acceptance of modern art forms, especially in Germany and Russia
E)A rediscovery of Romantic Realism as the major art movement in the West

Question 60

For what development was the physicist Walter Heisenberg most noted?

A)Developing the uncertainty principle
B)Being among the first team to split the atom
C)Resurrecting the scientific predictability of classical physics
D)Contributing to the development of the atomic bomb
E)Correcting Einstein's errors in the latter's theory of relativity

Question 61

Leon Trotsky was the leading spokesman for the Left in the Politburo in 1924.

Question 62

The growing strength of the agricultural sector of the economy in the late 1920s gave hope to many European nations that prosperity and peace might last.

Question 63

Italy experienced a rare period of political and social stability in the five years following World War I.

Question 64

Britain was eager to grant India independence in the 1920s, but practical challenges stood in the way.

Question 65

No nation was hit harder by the Great Depression than Britain.

Question 66

Above all else, the German Expressionists were influenced by the ideas of Freud.

Question 67

During the war, Britain and France made plans to divide up Ottoman Territories in the Middle East.

Question 68

Carl Jung developed the idea of the

A)collective unconscious.
B)id.
C)super ego.
D)super man.
E)irrational mind.

Question 69

The Nazi regime used rearmament to build up Germany's power and to solve its unemployment problem.

Question 70

Germany responded to the French occupation of the Ruhr by declaring war on France and Britain.

Question 71

For Carl Jung, the unconscious was an opening to deep spiritual needs.