Deck 15: Cold War and a New Western World 1945-1965

Question 1

The Marshall Plan provided $13 billion for ____ in Europe.

A)economic recovery
B)medical aid
C)military hardware
D)the construction of U.S.military bases
E)espionage and information gathering

Answer 1

economic recovery

Question 2

What was a key factor contributing to the development of the Cold War in Eastern Europe?

A)The withdrawal of victorious Russian armies from lands conquered during the campaign against Nazism
B)Raids by American troops pursuing German Nazi war criminals into areas of the former Third Reich under Russian control
C)Stalin's desire to establish pro-Soviet governments in the countries of Eastern Europe to serve as a buffer zone against possible western attacks on the Soviet Union
D)The domination of Austrian and Italian politics by popular pro-Communist parties
E)The threat to continued instability by the rise of neo-fascist parties

Answer 2

Stalin's desire to establish pro-Soviet governments in the countries of Eastern Europe to serve as a buffer zone against possible western attacks on the Soviet Union

Question 3

Which country's civil war led to the establishment of the Truman Doctrine?

A)Yugoslavia
B)Greece
C)Italy
D)Czechoslovakia
E)Poland

Answer 3

Greece

Question 4

How did Truman and his Western European allies respond to Stalin's blockade of Berlin in 1948?

A)Building the Berlin Wall
B)Airlifting supplies into Berlin
C)Bombing Moscow
D)Sending a UN force to reopen the access routes
E)Threatening nuclear war

Question 5

The Truman Doctrine pledged U.S. intervention to prevent

A)a second Great Depression
B)communist expansion.
C)decolonization.
D)military coups.
E)global epidemics.

Question 6

Describe the course of the Arab-Israeli conflict in the first three decades following World War II.

Question 7

In your opinion, which side bore the most responsibility for the start of the Cold War? Why?

Question 8

What was De Gaul's vision for France? What steps did he take to try to make that vision a reality?

Question 9

Compare and contrast the struggle for independence in Algeria and Ghana. How would you explain the differences you note?

Question 10

How was the Cuban missile crisis resolved? What changes were made in its aftermath?

Question 11

What was the Truman Doctrine? How did it shape U.S. foreign policy?

Question 12

How did the existentialists describe the universe and humans' place in it?

Question 13

In addition to the devastation of the countries, cities, peoples, and cultures of Europe, what did World War II destroy?

A)American commitment to globalism in foreign policy
B)European supremacy in world affairs
C)Any commitment of old and new nations around the globe to supranational bodies of diplomacy and conflict resolution
D)The capacity of western European nations to forge lasting economic and cultural ties in the post-war world
E)The trans-Atlantic partnership

Question 14

Which area witnessed the first conflict in the unfolding of the Cold War?

A)Scandinavia
B)Western Europe
C)North Africa
D)Eastern Europe
E)East Asia

Question 15

Where did the Soviet Union install a pro-Soviet regime in the immediate aftermath of World War II?

A)Finland
B)Iraq
C)Poland
D)Yugoslavia
E)Turkey

Question 16

Why did American policy makers feel it necessary to intervene militarily in Korea?

Question 17

What is NATO?

A)A trade agreement
B)A fabrication designed by the Central Intelligence Agency to mislead the Soviets
C)An emergency relief agency
D)A military alliance
E)An international banking system

Question 18

What did Mao hope to achieve with the Great Leap Forward? Why was it such a disaster?

Question 19

What was life like in the Soviet Union under Stalin in the years immediately following World War II?

Question 20

What was the Communist military response to the formation of NATO?

A)The Moscow Alliance
B)The Warsaw Pact
C)The Eastern European Community
D)The Stalin Plan
E)The European Economic Community

Question 21

The British partition of India was a response to conflict between

A)Hindus and Muslims.
B)southern and northern Indians.
C)Bengal and Uttar Pradesh.
D)secularists and religious fundamentalists.
E)India's largest ethnic communities.

Question 22

Under the policy established by President Eisenhower, how would the U.S. respond to a Soviet ground assault on western Europe?

A)With conventional bombing of Soviet cities
B)With an economic blockade
C)With a diplomatic effort to mediate the crisis
D)With a full-scale nuclear attack
E)With conventional weapons

Question 23

What statement best describes the impact of Stalin's economic policies?

A)They completely overtaxed a war-damaged industrial plant.
B)They were unrealistic since Russia lacked accessible natural resources and fossil fuels.
C)They managed to produce both "guns and butter," that is rearmed the Soviet military while providing cheap and plentiful consumer goods.
D)They instituted modified free-market capitalism in all economic areas but heavy industry.
E)They emphasized the development of heavy industry and the production of modern weapons and space vehicles.

Question 24

What did Wladyslaw Gomulka do in Poland in 1956?

A)He worked with the Soviets to crush a nascent independence movement.
B)He declared his nation's right to follow its own socialist path.
C)He tried to assassinate Nikita Khrushchev.
D)He started an underground newspaper dedicated to fascism.
E)He ordered the construction of a wall separating Poland from the Soviet Union.

Question 25

North Korea invaded South Korea in

A)1946.
B)1955.
C)1950.
D)1953.
E)1947.

Question 26

What is an example of the relaxation of repressive Stalinism during Khrushchev's regime?

A)The publication of his own autobiography
B)The publication of Stalin's Last Will and Testament
C)The publication of Trotsky's Dr.Zhivago
D)The publication of Solzhenitsyn's A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich
E)The publication of the Bible and the Koran for the first times since the Revolution of 1917

Question 27

What policy did George Kennan propose the U.S. adopt towards communism?

A)Massive retaliation
B)Containment
C)Appeasement
D)Curtailment
E)Mutually assured destruction (MAD)

Question 28

What did Khrushchev do at the Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party in 1956?

A)He pardoned Stalin for his crimes.
B)He insisted that the forced labor camps must stay open indefinitely.
C)He urged the Party to adopt a limited form of capitalism in order to stay in power.
D)He called for a cessation of the Cold War.
E)He condemned Stalin.

Question 29

What was the result of the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962?

A)The improvement of communications between the U.S.and Soviet Union to prevent nuclear war
B)The installation of Soviet missiles in Cuba
C)The overthrow of Cuba's Soviet-supported government by the U.S.
D)John Kennedy backing down to the threats of Nikita Khrushchev
E)Fidel Castro giving up his military authority, but not his political control, in the Cuban government

Question 30

In 1954, ____ lost its struggle to remain in control of Indochina.

A)Japan
B)Britain
C)China
D)France
E)the Netherlands

Question 31

Which country was a member of the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)?

A)Poland
B)West Germany
C)Turkey
D)Hungary
E)France

Question 32

What was the purpose of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)?

A)To represent the interests of the Palestinians and the rights to a state
B)To create economic ties with western countries
C)To be the Soviet Union's representative in the Middle East
D)To create diplomatic ties with Western countries
E)To stem communist incursions in Palestine

Question 33

What was the name of the system of racial segregation in South Africa?

A)Jim Crow
B)Apartheid
C)Rapprochement
D)Final Solution
E)Aryan supremacy

Question 34

What was the last Eastern European country to fall under one-party Soviet domination after World War II due to its strong democratic traditions?

A)Bulgaria
B)Poland
C)Hungary
D)Czechoslovakia
E)Romania

Question 35

What was the Great Leap Forward?

A)Stalin's stated philosophy for his last five-year plan
B)The radicalization of the feminist movement
C)Mao Zedong's effort to achieve a classless society and the final stage of communism
D)The missile race between the United States and the Soviet Union
E)Mao Zedong's New Economic Policy, modeled on Lenin's early 1920s economic reforms

Question 36

Ho Chi Minh was a(n) ____ nationalist and communist.

A)Korean
B)Vietnamese
C)Cambodian
D)Indonesian
E)Burmese

Question 37

In 1959, ____ dictator Fulgencio Batista was overthrown by left-wing revolutionaries.

A)Spanish
B)Mexican
C)Portuguese
D)Cuban
E)Columbian

Question 38

What was the one issue that united Arab states?

A)The Suez Canal
B)Equal sharing in oil revenues
C)Palestine
D)A sympathy for Communism
E)Anti-Americanism

Question 39

In 1949, Chiang Kai-shek and the Chinese Nationalist government fled to

A)Shanghai.
B)Hong Kong.
C)Kuala Lumpur.
D)Taiwan.
E)Japan.

Question 40

Josip Broz (Tito) led the effort to create an independent communist state in

A)Romania.
B)Albania.
C)Yugoslavia.
D)Hungary.
E)Bulgaria.

Question 41

Who was the first chancellor and "founding hero" of the West German Federal Republic?

A)Helmut Kohl
B)Helmut Schmidt
C)Willy Brandt
D)Konrad Adenauer
E)Walter Ulbricht

Question 42

What did Karl Barth argue in his works during the religious revivals stimulated by the horrors of two world wars, the Cold War, and attendant socio-cultural upheavals?

A)He argued that the Bible is the literal word of God and that salvation and consolation comes from accepting that "truth."
B)He argued that the Bible, although not inherently true, still gives the best instruction for moral behavior.
C)He argued that the sinful and imperfect nature of humans means that they can know religious truth not through reason but only through the grace of God.
D)He argued that the mystery religions of Asia and the Middle East give humans a more transcendent sense of the divine and should come to replace Christian bigotry.
E)He argued that a diversity of religious beliefs, including such "New Age" practices as witchcraft, the worship of healing rock crystals, and devotion to Gaia the Earth Mother, is a healthy sign of a new spiritualism in Western Civilization.

Question 43

What did the philosophical doctrine of existentialism stress?

A)The need for people to create their own values and give their lives meaning
B)A return of God to the universe
C)The human need to find universal values and beliefs
D)A complete withdrawal from an active, involved life
E)Defeatist nihilism

Question 44

When did television become readily available in the United States?

A)The early 1930s
B)The late 1940s
C)The late 1950s
D)The early 1960s
E)The early 1970s

Question 45

In the late 1940s, Clement Atlee and the Labour Party enacted reforms that created

A)an all-volunteer army.
B)a blue print for decolonization.
C)a framework for free trade with the U.S.
D)private hospitals, banks, and prisons.
E)a modern welfare state.

Question 46

What was Charles de Gaulle's position in the Cold War when he was president of France?

A)He closely aligned France with the Warsaw Pact nations.
B)He made France the "third" nuclear power and pursued a largely independent political course.
C)He let American policy guide France and other European nations.
D)He made France the leading European power in NATO.
E)He joined the non-aligned third-world nations.

Question 47

The Treaty of ____ created the European Economic Community, or Common Market.

A)London
B)Rome
C)Berlin
D)Paris
E)Amsterdam

Question 48

Which European social group grew during the 1950s and 1960s?

A)Industrial workers
B)Rural, agricultural laborers
C)Independent farmers
D)Military personnel
E)White-collar management and administrative personnel

Question 49

Between 1945 and 1970, the ideals of ____ largely determined the patterns of American domestic politics.

A)the New Nationalism
B)centralized economic planning
C)rugged individualism
D)conservative Republicans
E)the New Deal

Question 50

What did French feminist author Simone de Beauvoir argue in her path-breaking text, The Second Sex?

A)Women should renounce contact with men and set up their own self-governing communes.
B)Women were always and wrongly defined by their differences from men and consequently seen as second-class beings.
C)World War II had legitimated the political advantages and hegemonic power of males.
D)A "sexual revolution" was impossible.
E)There was absolutely no hope in improving the status of women in the near future.

Question 51

Between 1950 and 1965, ____ in West Germany.

A)the economy stagnated
B)the military controlled the government
C)real wages doubled
D)inflation skyrocketed out of control
E)the population steadily declined

Question 52

Who championed the landmark civil rights legislation of the 1960s?

A)Harry Truman
B)Strom Thurmond
C)George Wallace
D)Lyndon Johnson
E)John F.Kennedy

Question 53

What event led Charles de Gaulle to withdraw from politics?

A)He was discredited by his links with the Communists.
B)The United States wanted France out of Indochina.
C)Radical union leaders constantly harassed him.
D)He believed the Fourth Republic had become weak.
E)He wanted to become king.

Question 54

What was true of women in the workplace in Europe in the postwar era?

A)They made up a smaller percentage of the workforce than they had before the war.
B)They earned less than men for the same work.
C)They were strictly confined to traditional female occupations.
D)They were almost entirely single women.
E)They were encouraged by their governments to challenge gender discrimination.

Question 55

What was the primary vehicle for the diffusion of American popular culture in the years immediately following World War II?

A)Movies
B)Newspapers
C)Magazines
D)Television programs
E)Radio programs

Question 56

Which city came to dominate the post-World War II art world?

A)New York City
B)Paris
C)Berlin
D)London
E)Rome

Question 57

For which development was the American artist Jackson Pollock most noted?

A)A return to extreme realism in his paintings
B)Postmodernist sculptures
C)Pop Art, which celebrated the whims of popular culture
D)Neo-Cubism
E)Abstract Expressionist paintings

Question 58

What best describes Canada in the postwar world?

A)Canada experienced many of the same developments as the United States.
B)Canada saw much of the economic growth financed by European investors.
C)Canada refused to join NATO.
D)Canada did not become a member of the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD).
E)Because of fear of being dominated by the United States, Canada refused to have any relations with its more powerful neighbor.

Question 59

What best applies to the philosophical doctrine of existentialism?

A)It was dominant in the universities of Great Britain and the United States.
B)It concentrated on logic and a theory of knowledge.
C)It was totally at odds with the confidence and prosperity of the post-war world.
D)It was best expressed in the works of French writers Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre.
E)It exemplified the spiritualism of the "Age of Aquarius."

Question 60

In 1951, ____ joined with five other countries to form the European Coal and Steel Community.

A)Britain
B)Spain
C)West Germany
D)Portugal
E)Greece

Question 61

Between 1947 and 1962, virtually every European colony gained independence.

Question 62

A new round of Soviet purges was only averted in 1953 by Stalin's death.

Question 63

The French welfare state became the model for most European states after the war.

Question 64

Indonesia gained its independence from Britain in the late 1940s.

Question 65

The Zionists opposed the creation of the state of Israel in Palestine.

Question 66

The Soviet blockade of Berlin was prompted by the efforts of the United States, France, and Britain to unify their zones of control within the city.

Question 67

An increasing number of married women entered the workforce in the decades following World War II.

Question 68

Kwame Nkrumah formed the first African political party in sub-Saharan Africa.

Question 69

Khrushchev transformed the Soviet economy, producing record annual rates of growth.

Question 70

The United States intervened in Korea after the Soviets built missile launching sites in key North Korean cities.