Deck 1: Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century

Question 1

The most important characteristic of northern Renaissance humanism was its

A)emphasis on worldly success.
B)championing of democracy.
C)rejection of the papacy.
D)commitment to universal literacy.
E)reform program.

Answer 1

reform program.

Question 2

How did Erasmus differ from Luther?

A)Unlike Luther, Erasmus believed that the end of days was near.
B)Unlike Erasmus, Luther believed in political equality for all.
C)Unlike Luther, Erasmus did not believe in Bible study.
D)Unlike Luther, Erasmus did not want to dismantle the Catholic Church.
E)Unlike Erasmus, Luther did not want to dismantle the Catholic Church.

Answer 2

Unlike Luther, Erasmus did not want to dismantle the Catholic Church.

Question 3

Where did Erasmus begin his scholarly career?

A)A village school
B)A monastery
C)A royal court
D)A foreign embassy
E)A foreign colony

Answer 3

A monastery

Question 4

In which statement did Luther focus on the church's abuse of the sale of indulgences?

A)The Ninety-Five Theses
B)His dissertation
C)Address to the Nobility of the German Nation
D)The Babylonian Captivity of the Church
E)On the Freedom of a Christian Man

Question 5

The practice of elite clergy holding multiple church offices at the same time was called

A)pluralism.
B)elitism.
C)absenteeism.
D)clericalism.
E)Hermeticism.

Question 6

Compare and contrast the chief ideas of Zwinglianism, Anabaptism, and Lutheranism. What did they have in common? How were they different?

Question 7

How did the English Reformation differ from the reformation in other countries? Be sure to mention specific monarchs and acts of Parliament.

Question 8

What role did religion play in the wars of the sixteenth century?

Question 9

Examine the geographic spread of Protestant denominations and compare them to places of entrenched Catholicism. What can the maps teach you about the relative popularity of these religions?

Question 10

What was Luther's fundamental religious dilemma? Trace the development of this dilemma and how Luther solved it. How did Luther's religious ideas differ from those of Catholicism?

Question 11

Which mystical movement downplayed dogma and emphasized following Jesus' teachings?

A)Augustinians
B)Jesuits
C)Modern Devotion
D)Beguines
E)Order of Erasmusites

Question 12

What were the sources of discontent among the Catholic clergy on the eve of the Reformation? What were the manifestations of popular religious piety on the eve of the Reformation?

Question 13

In Erasmus's view, which of these qualities is most important?

A)Personal happiness
B)Pleasure
C)Inner piety
D)Political power
E)Material wealth

Question 14

What was Christian humanism and how did it help prepare the way for the Protestant Reformation?

Question 15

Did matters of faith or matters of politics play a greater role in the establishment of Lutheranism in Germany?

Question 16

Discuss the chief ideas of Calvinism and show how they were similar to the ideas of Lutheranism. How did they vary from the ideas of Lutheranism? Why did Calvinism become the major international form of Protestantism?

Question 17

What were the contributions of the papacy, the Council of Trent, and the Jesuits on the revival of Catholicism?

Question 18

Luther's religious crisis came to a head over which increasingly popular belief?

A)The Bible had passages that were contradictory.
B)Even with its flaws, the Catholic Church remained legitimate.
C)No amount of good works could guarantee salvation.
D)If God is all-powerful, why should he care about humans?
E)There seemed to be no sure proof of God's existence.

Question 19

What impact did Reformation doctrines have on the family and popular religious practices?

Question 20

Spanish Armada

Question 21

How did Luther respond to the German Peasants' War?

A)Luther called on the pope to intervene.
B)Luther offered to serve as a mediator.
C)Luther refused to take a side.
D)Luther supported the peasants against the lords.
E)Luther supported the lords against the peasants.

Question 22

Zwingli sought an alliance with

A)Pope Paul III.
B)Ignatius Loyola.
C)Henry VIII.
D)John Calvin.
E)Martin Luther.

Question 23

Which group supported Zwingli?

A)The Geneva city council
B)The Catholic Church
C)The Zürich city council
D)The English government
E)Charles V

Question 24

What was one of the beliefs of the Anabaptists?

A)They opposed the practice of baptism.
B)They believed infant baptism only.
C)They emphasized the inequality of believers.
D)They advocated adult baptism.
E)They wanted to peacefully merge with the Calvinists and Lutherans.

Question 25

To Luther, what was the only source of truth and the only reliable path of faith, other than justification?

A)The opinions of scholars
B)The decisions of church councils
C)The authority of the pope
D)The Bible
E)The authority of kings

Question 26

What was Luther's most important accomplishment during the period in which he resided at the Wartburg Castle?

A)His translation of the New Testament into German
B)His pamphlets denouncing Charles V
C)His campaign to end slavery
D)His translation of the laws of Germany into English
E)His formation of an alliance with John Calvin

Question 27

In which area were Luther's ideas most readily accepted?

A)England
B)France
C)Italy
D)Spain
E)Scandinavia

Question 28

Charles V ruled over an empire that included

A)northern Africa.
B)southern Italy.
C)Ireland.
D)Hungary.
E)northern France.

Question 29

The primary method of disseminating Luther's ideas was

A)the town crier.
B)gossip and rumor.
C)the state edict.
D)the printed word.
E)the sermon.

Question 30

How did the religious Peace of Augsburg settle the Lutheran problem?

A)The north of the Main river was Lutheran, and the south was Catholic.
B)Each territory held elections to determine its religion.
C)All of Germany became much more religiously tolerant.
D)Protestants accepted the authority of the papacy.
E)The ruler of each territory determined the religion there.

Question 31

Which statement best describes the Reformation in England under Henry VIII?

A)It was triggered by Henry's desire to annul his marriage.
B)It witnessed the complete transformation of Catholic doctrine.
C)It nearly ended with Thomas Cromwell's mishandling of the treasury.
D)It led to Parliament's formal leadership over the Church of England.
E)It was revoked by his son and successor, Edward V.

Question 32

Which event precipitated Luther's break with the church?

A)The Council of Pisa's declaration that maintained the necessity of Purgatory for salvation
B)The increase of Papal taxes on the German peasantry
C)Widespread sale of indulgences by preaching monks
D)The declaration that the German clergy must pay taxes
E)The papacy's threat to remove the German emperor

Question 33

What was Luther's view of the sacraments of the Catholic Church?

A)He accepted all seven.
B)He rejected all of them except baptism and communion, or the Lord's Supper.
C)He claimed marriage as the only true sacrament.
D)He eliminated extreme unction.
E)He eliminated only clerical celibacy.

Question 34

What was the main focus of the Edict of Worms?

A)It contained Luther's refutation of Johann Eck's accusations.
B)It expressed Luther's rejection of Pope Innocent I's spiritual authority.
C)It called Luther to appear before Emperor Charles V to recant his "heresies."
D)It made Luther an outlaw within the Holy Roman Empire.
E)It led to Luther's forcible removal to Rome.

Question 35

How did Zwingli's interpretation of the Lord's Supper differ from that of Luther?

A)Luther held to the Catholic belief in transubstantiation.
B)Luther said that the ceremony was totally symbolic.
C)Zwingli said the ceremony was only symbolic and that no real transformation in the bread and wine occurred.
D)Luther claimed the ceremony was only symbolic and that no transformation in the bread and wine occurred.
E)Zwingli held to the belief called consubstantiation.

Question 36

What was true of the newly established Lutheran churches?

A)They mirrored the organization of the Catholic Church.
B)They were state-dominated.
C)They had more female than male members.
D)They were most successful in southern Europe.
E)They only appealed to city dwellers.

Question 37

What was the focus of Luther's pamphlet, The Babylonian Captivity of the Church?

A)He attacked the sacramental system of the church.
B)He outlined the doctrine of Luther in German.
C)He explained the Lutheran liturgy.
D)He attacked abuses of the Catholic clergy in north Africa.
E)He justified transubstantiation.

Question 38

What was one of Charles V's goals?

A)To rule both India and China
B)To conquer England
C)To add Austria to his realm
D)To advance the Lutheran cause
E)To preserve Catholic unity in Europe

Question 39

What development brought about an end to the religious warfare plaguing Germany in the mid-sixteenth century?

A)The Battle of Mühlberg
B)The Battle of Mohács
C)The Peace of Augsburg
D)The Diet of Augsburg
E)The Peace of Geneva

Question 40

Which statement best describes the Peasants' War of 1524-1525?

A)It was led by a radical ex-follower of Luther, Philip Melanchthon.
B)It furthered the spread of Lutheranism throughout all of Europe.
C)It was praised by Luther as it destroyed the great Catholic princes of Germany.
D)It was strongly opposed by Luther who saw it as a social revolution from below against God's divine order.
E)It had no connection with any of Luther's ideas and beliefs.

Question 41

Who succeeded Henry VIII after his death?

A)Jane Seymour
B)Mary
C)Elizabeth
D)Edward VI
E)Anne Boleyn

Question 42

Which religious group advocated for the complete separation of church and state?

A)Catholics
B)Anabaptists
C)Lutherans
D)Calvinists
E)Dominicans

Question 43

According to Calvin and Luther, women

A)were superior to men in the eyes of God.
B)were not fully human.
C)had a duty to learn how to read and write.
D)had a duty to obey their husbands.
E)were just as qualified as men to lead a family.

Question 44

Phillip II was the son and heir of

A)Henry VIII
B)Charles V
C)Louis XIII
D)Mary I
E)Elizabeth I

Question 45

What did Calvinists implement in Geneva?

A)They imposed strict penalties for blasphemy and immoral behavior.
B)They reformed the city with little opposition from an enthusiastic populace.
C)They saw their reforms jeopardized by the execution of Michael Servetus.
D)They withdrew the Ecclesiastical Ordinances in 1541.
E)They granted religious toleration to all but Catholics.

Question 46

The Catholic Reformation saw the revival of monasticism and

A)asceticism.
B)mysticism.
C)secularism.
D)heathenism.
E)paganism.

Question 47

Who was the greatest advocate of militant Catholicism?

A)Philip II of Spain
B)Henry VII of England
C)Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire
D)Henry IV of France
E)James IV of Scotland

Question 48

Founder of the group that became known as the Mennonites, Menno Simons was a

A)Spanish priest.
B)Dutch Anabaptist.
C)English monk.
D)Italian lawyer.
E)German merchant.

Question 49

Which religious order was founded by Ignatius Loyola?

A)The Capuchin Order
B)The Brothers of the Common Life
C)The Society of Jesus
D)The Swiss Brothers
E)The Dominican Order

Question 50

Which of these events occurred during the reign of Edward VI of England?

A)The English church moved in the direction of Protestantism.
B)The English church moved in the direction of Catholicism.
C)The English monarchy reconciled with the papacy.
D)The Spanish sent an armada to conquer England.
E)The English established important new colonies in the Americas.

Question 51

An estimated ____ percent of the French nobility became Huguenots.

A)10 to 15
B)40 to 50
C)70 to 80
D)60 to 65
E)5 to 10

Question 52

Who were the politiques in France?

A)Heads of various religious and political factions during the civil wars
B)Administrators in provincial towns, appointed by the king
C)People who placed politics ahead of religion in an attempt to end the wars of religion
D)Advisors to Catherine de'Medici
E)Chief ministers to the kings

Question 53

Which parliamentary action marked England's official break with the Roman church?

A)Act of Union
B)Six Articles
C)Act of Toleration
D)Act of Succession
E)Act of Supremacy

Question 54

Who was the Jesuit missionary who propagated Christianity in India, Malacca and the Moluccas, and Japan, and who died just before reaching China?

A)Ignatius Loyola
B)Thomas More
C)Matteo Ricci
D)Francis Xavier
E)Dominic Guzman

Question 55

Under which English monarch did England seek reconciliation with the Catholic Church?

A)Elizabeth I
B)Mary I
C)Henry V
D)Henry VIII
E)Edward VI

Question 56

____ tried to abolish drinking in taverns, dramatic performances, and dancing.

A)German Anabaptists
B)Jesuits
C)Puritans
D)Lutherans
E)Dominicans

Question 57

Which concept was rejected by Protestant reformers?

A)The elimination of saints
B)The subordination of women to men
C)The insistence on celibacy for the clergy
D)The vernacular translations of the Bible
E)The idea of state-sponsored churches

Question 58

What did the Council of Trent achieve?

A)It compromised with the Protestants on the doctrine of Justification by Faith.
B)It agreed with most Protestants that there were only two sacraments.
C)It reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs against the Reformation.
D)It asserted the importance of doctrine over ritual.
E)It placed church councils above the authority of the popes.

Question 59

Which of these reformers is most closely associated with the idea of predestination?

A)Thomas More
B)Ulrich Zwingli
C)Erasmus
D)Martin Luther
E)John Calvin

Question 60

Which group was the Protestant minority in France?

A)Anabaptists
B)Huguenots
C)Calvinists
D)Bourbonites
E)Lutherans

Question 61

Calvin placed considerable emphasis on the absolute sovereignty of God.

Question 62

The Marburg Colloquy produced a lasting alliance among Protestant sects.

Question 63

Luther denied the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation.

Question 64

At the time of the Reformation, Germany was made up of several hundred territorial states.

Question 65

The Council of Trent had little lasting influence on the Catholic Church.

Question 66

Philip II sent the duke of Alva to

A)Rome to advise the pope.
B)supervise mining in the New World.
C)rule in Austria on his behalf.
D)ask for Elizabeth's hand in marriage.
E)crush a rebellion in the Netherlands.

Question 67

Elizabeth I was a strict Calvinist.

Question 68

Henry VIII of England wanted to divorce Anne Boleyn so that he could marry Catherine of Aragon.

Question 69

The fifteenth century saw a marked decline in religious piety among the laity.

Question 70

Which state achieved victory over the Spanish Armada at the end of the sixteenth century?

A)France
B)the Holy Roman Empire
C)England
D)The Ottoman Empire
E)The Netherlands

Question 71

Ignatius Loyola was the author of Address to the Nobility of the German Nation.

Question 72

Martin Luther rejected the Catholic Church as a boy.