Deck 5: The Eighteenth Century: European States International Wars and Social Change

Question 1

Industry became increasingly important during the eighteenth century. Choose one European industry and describe its key features and relationship to the economy and society in which it existed. How did industry influence economic development and social change?

Answer 1

Answers will vary.

Question 2

What was the name given to a legislative district in England that was controlled by one man or one family?

A)Good neighbor
B)Pocket borough
C)Sinecure
D)Tenured seat
E)Gerrymander

Answer 2

Pocket borough

Question 3

Compare the development of the two Atlantic seaboard states, France and Great Britain. How were they alike? How were they different?

Answer 3

Answers will vary.

Question 4

What role did cities and city dwellers play in shaping eighteenth-century culture?

Question 5

According to Enlightenment thinkers, what were the fundamental privileges that must not be withheld from any person?

A)Common laws
B)Noble duties
C)Natural rights
D)Basic laws
E)Human obligations

Question 6

In your opinion, how sincere were the enlightened absolutist monarchs in their commitment to Enlightenment ideals? What is the mark of that sincerity or lack thereof? Explain.

Question 7

What role did the nobility play in European politics in the eighteenth century?

Question 8

Which group dominated the English House of Commons in the eighteenth century?

A)Aristocracy
B)Merchants
C)Landed gentry
D)Peasantry
E)Urban poor

Question 9

Discuss the connection between war and political centralization in eighteenth-century Europe during the eighteenth century.

Question 10

What explains the relatively rapid growth of the Europe's population in the eighteenth century?

Question 11

The ____ dominated the English House of Lords in the eighteenth century.

A)aristocracy
B)merchants
C)landed gentry
D)peasantry
E)urban poor

Question 12

What were the causes and consequences of the Seven Years' War? Could it have been avoided? Why or why not?

Question 13

How did European family structure and life change in the eighteenth century?

Question 14

What statement best describes the Dutch Republic by the eighteenth century?

A)It established a system of male democracy.
B)It saw the power of the oligarchy considerably reduced.
C)It continued its great economic prosperity of the sixteenth century.
D)It suffered a decline in economic prosperity.
E)It permanently expelled the House of Orange.

Question 15

To what degree was Prussia a militarized society by the end of the eighteenth century?

Question 16

Imagine that you are a philosophe in the service of Joseph II or Catherine the Great. What advice would you give him or her on the best way to rule Austria or Russia?

Question 17

What statement best describes eighteenth-century France?

A)It thrived under the strong leadership of Louis XV and Louis XVI.
B)It suffered from severe economic depression throughout the century.
C)It was torn apart by a series of civil wars.
D)It lost an empire while acquiring a huge public debt.
E)It brought back the Estates General during the reign of Louis XV.

Question 18

Which document summarized the Enlightenment concept of rights in its opening paragraph?

A)Code of Common Law
B)English Bill of Rights
C)American Declaration of Independence
D)United States' Constitution
E)Estates General

Question 19

When Louis XIV left the thrown, France faced all of the following conditions EXCEPT____.

A)a five-year-old successor to the throne.?a somber aristocracy.
B)more territorial holdings.
C)an unhappy citizenry.
D)massive debt.

Question 20

What was life like for Europe's peasants in the eighteenth century? How did conditions vary depending on region?

Question 21

Frederick William II invited ____ to live at his court for several years.

A)Tsar Alexander I
B)William Pitt
C)Richard Walpole
D)Robespierre
E)Voltaire

Question 22

Joseph II of Austria

A)went to war with Russia and France at the same time.
B)returned Galicia Prussia.
C)abolished serfdom.
D)abolished the nobility.
E)required all peasants to serve in the military.

Question 23

By far the biggest conflicts of the Seven Years' War took place in

A)East Asia.
B)India.
C)North America.
D)Central Europe.
E)Eastern Europe.

Question 24

What was the foundational rule of European governments during the eighteenth century, according to Frederick the Great?

A)Sea power was the basis of real power.
B)The government was responsible for expanding its territories.
C)A country's empire determined its greatness.
D)The charisma of a ruler determined a country's success in foreign policy.
E)The largest army always wins.

Question 25

What did Austrian emperor Joseph II issue in his effort to reform his domains?

A)Three new court circulars on improved operations for the imperial bureaucracy
B)6,000 decrees and 11,000 new laws
C)150 new ranks of imperial bureaucrats
D)At least 350 imperial decrees for the reform of judicial practice in Hungary
E)An edict separating the Austrian government from any connection with the Catholic Church

Question 26

How did Catherine the Great come to the throne of Russia?

A)She was selected by the Russian Orthodox Church.
B)She was elected by the Duma.
C)She acceded to the throne after her husband was murdered.
D)She was named to the throne because her son died when he was very young.
E)She reached the throne after her husband died of old age.

Question 27

Which statement best describes Catherine the Great of Russia?

A)She followed a successful policy of expansion against the Turks.
B)She instigated enlightened reforms for the peasantry after the revolt of Emelyn Pugachev.
C)She weakened the nobility with her extensive enlightened reforms.
D)She successfully eliminated the power of the Duma.
E)She established a permanent political and military alliance with revolutionary France.

Question 28

A Prussian attack on which Habsburg province sparked the outbreak of the War of Austrian Succession in 1740?

A)Transylvania
B)Bavaria
C)Silesia
D)Bohemia
E)Prague

Question 29

What territorial change occurred for France as a result of the French and Indian War?

A)France gained India.
B)France lost California.
C)France gained the Ohio River Valley.
D)France gained Louisiana.
E)France lost Canada.

Question 30

Who was the Habsburg empress whose country was attacked in the War of the Austrian Succession?

A)Eleanor
B)Elizabeth
C)Marie Antoinette
D)Maria Theresa
E)Catherine

Question 31

Which English prime minster pursued imperial ambitions on behalf of the state in the eighteenth century?

A)William Pitt the Elder
B)Robert Clive
C)William Pitt the Younger
D)Robert Walpole
E)Lord Brute

Question 32

Which statement best describes the Austrian Empire under Joseph II?

A)It reversed the enlightened reforms of Joseph's mother, Maria Theresa.
B)It rescinded all of Hungary's privileges.
C)It saw the nobility's power permanently stripped away.
D)It witnessed general discontent due to Joseph's enlightened but radical reforms.
E)It saw Austria turn away from any sort of Enlightened Despotism.

Question 33

What incident sparked Pugachev's rebellion in 1773?

A)A bad harvest that caused massive starvation in Poland
B)Prussia's successful invasion of Russia and taking part of Ukraine
C)Catherine II's favorable policies towards the nobility
D)Catherine II's attempt to bring serfs into the military
E)Peter the Great's imposition of taxes on the people

Question 34

Which war do some historians regard as the first world war?

A)War of the Austrian Succession
B)The French and Indian War
C)The Seven Years' War
D)Queen Anne's War
E)The Crimean War

Question 35

What was the result of the enlightened legal reforms expressed by Catherine the Great in her Instruction?

A)They succeeded in abolishing serfdom in all of Russia.
B)They succeeded in establishing an equal system of law for all Russian citizens.
C)They instigated changes in Russian government that sapped the power of the old nobility.
D)They accomplished little due to heavy opposition and were soon forgotten.
E)They abolished three-fourths of the Russian army.

Question 36

At the heart of Prussian government was the bureaucracy and the

A)clergy.
B)army.
C)court.
D)judiciary.
E)diplomatic corp.

Question 37

What new dynasty was established in England in 1714?

A)The Stuarts
B)The Bourbons
C)The Hapsburgs
D)The Hanoverians
E)The Oranges

Question 38

Who was the first Hanoverian king of Great Britain?

A)George I
B)William II
C)Edward VII
D)Henry X
E)Charles III

Question 39

Which state gained the most territory as a result of the three partitions of Poland?

A)Austria
B)Prussia
C)England
D)Russia
E)France

Question 40

Who obtained the most important government offices in Prussia during the reign of Frederick II?

A)High-ranking Lutheran churchmen
B)Members of the nobility
C)University-educated bureaucrats
D)French philosophes
E)Commoners who showed outstanding ability

Question 41

The most important product of European industry in eighteenth century was

A)steel.
B)textiles.
C)arms.
D)glassware.
E)porcelain.

Question 42

By 1790, Europe's population roughly totaled

A)70 million.
B)340 million.
C)190 million.
D)50 million.
E)610 million.

Question 43

Rentiers supported themselves by relying on

A)warfare.
B)the state.
C)their investments.
D)begging.
E)the land.

Question 44

Which non-native, imported product allowed Irish peasants to survive on the small plots of land left to them by English landlords?

A)Fish
B)Tomatoes
C)Wheat
D)Rice
E)Potatoes

Question 45

Mercantilist theory posited that a nation should acquire as much ____ as possible.

A)gold
B)land
C)grain
D)cotton
E)coal

Question 46

Since medieval times, ____ had served as military officers.

A)monks and friars
B)store owners and merchants
C)landed aristocrats
D)wealthy peasants
E)parish priests

Question 47

What was the name of the domestic system of industrial production in Flanders and England?

A)Manorial system
B)Cottage industry
C)Mercantile system
D)Free-market capitalism
E)Infant capitalism

Question 48

Among the French aristocracy between 1650 and 1780, the average

A)number of children increased.
B)lifespan decreased.
C)size of landholdings decreased .
D)number of children declined.
E)rate of literacy decreased.

Question 49

The nobility accounted for ____ percent of the European population.

A)2 to 3
B)5 to 10
C)15 to 20
D)30 to 35
E)40 to 45

Question 50

Which development occurred in eighteenth-century European society?

A)Earlier marriage ages for brides and grooms
B)The continued dominance of the nuclear family
C)The declining importance of the woman in the "family economy"
D)Rapid declines of illegitimate births and infanticide due to stricter laws
E)The growth of the extended family

Question 51

In France, most of the revenue from tithes went to

A)the crown.
B)the Church.
C)aristocratic landowners.
D)building roads.
E)the army.

Question 52

What was the largest European city in terms of population by the eighteenth century?

A)Berlin
B)Paris
C)St.Petersburg
D)Amsterdam
E)London

Question 53

Which of the following was a special legal privilege held by the European nobility?

A)Trial by peers
B)Immunity from military service
C)A personal army for protection
D)Safeguards from poverty
E)Immunity from any form of prosecution

Question 54

Which statements best describes eighteenth-century European cities?

A)They were remarkably cleaner than the medieval city.
B)They were decreasing dramatically in population.
C)They were still filthy and lacked proper sanitation.
D)They were becoming more democratic in their government.
E)They were becoming politically and legally independent of monarchial control.

Question 55

Which European power gained the most from The Seven Years' War?

A)Prussia
B)Austria
C)Russia
D)France
E)Great Britain

Question 56

Which statement best describes European population growth in the second half of the eighteenth century?

A)All of the great powers experienced population increases except Russia.
B)Growth occurred despite increased death and infant mortality rates.
C)The growth was due to the absence of famines and elimination of most major diseases.
D)The population grew at nearly double the rate of the first half of the century.
E)The population in fact declined because of increased urbanization, which resulted in increased unsanitary conditions.

Question 57

Altogether, Europe had at least ____ cities with populations over 100,000.

A)one hundred
B)seventy
C)five
D)twenty
E)fifty

Question 58

Europe's population began to grow around the year

A)1650.
B)1700.
C)1750.
D)1800.
E)1850.

Question 59

Which statement best describes the European peasantry in the eighteenth century?

A)The peasantry comprised nearly half of Europe's population.
B)Peasants were free from serfdom in all countries by 1789.
C)Peasants often owed extensive compulsory services to aristocratic landowners.
D)Peasants benefited the most in southern Italy and eastern Germany.
E)The peasantry disappeared in England because of the Industrial Revolution.

Question 60

In exchange for ____, the Bank of England was allowed to issue bank notes.

A)lending money to the government
B)unquestioned loyalty to the crown
C)collecting taxes
D)suppressing political dissent
E)bankrolling the aristocracy

Question 61

Monarchs ruled most European states in the eighteenth century.

Question 62

What was true of the "old order" at the beginning of the eighteenth century?

A)The old order was under severe attack.
B)The old order still remained strong.
C)Republicanism was in ascendant.
D)Enlightened absolutism had proved to be a failure.
E)Democracy was spreading.

Question 63

The family was at the heart of Europe's social organization in the eighteenth century.

Question 64

Louis XVI was an energetic and able politician.

Question 65

Robert Walpole served as prime minister of Britain from 1721 to 1742.

Question 66

Maria Theresa of Austria was a staunch Catholic and political conservative.

Question 67

The rise of ____ trade fueled the prosperity of Bordeaux, Liverpool, and Lisbon.

A)Baltic
B)Mediterranean
C)Pacific
D)Indian Ocean
E)Atlantic

Question 68

The average temperature dropped by nearly three degrees Fahrenheit over the course of the eighteenth century.

Question 69

Overall, Catherine the Great's policies strengthened the middle classes at the expense of wealthy landowners.

Question 70

During the Seven Years' War, Britain and Prussia clashed with Austria, Russia, and France

Question 71

Louis XV of France saw himself as an example of enlightened absolutism.

Question 72

Frederick William I sought to undermine the powerful Prussian bureaucracy.