Deck 10: Mass Society in an Age of Progress 1871-1894

Question 1

Compare and contrast middle-class and working-class families. How do you explain the similarities and the differences?

Answer 1

Answers will vary.

Question 2

How were the promises and problems of the new mass society reflected in education and leisure?

Answer 2

Answers will vary.

Question 3

What is meant by the phrase "mass society"? How was the growth of this mass society related to changes in the urban environment?

Answer 3

Answers will vary.

Question 4

In the late nineteenth century, what were the most important competing visions of women and their place in society?

Question 5

What role did the Reichstag play in German politics in the late nineteenth century?

Question 6

What new energy source powered the second industrial revolution?

A)Coal
B)Hydroelectric
C)Natural gas
D)Electricity
E)Fuel-cells

Question 7

Between 1850 and 1900, wages in Germany and Britain

A)decreased.
B)more than tripled.
C)remained stagnant.
D)increased.
E)failed to keep up with inflation.

Question 8

How did working-class people organize themselves to advance their own political and economic agenda?

Question 9

Which country replaced Great Britain as the leading industrial power in Europe after 1870?

A)France
B)Germany
C)Italy
D)Holland
E)Russia

Question 10

Why did the old system of autocracy persist in Russia and Eastern Europe in the late nineteenth century?

Question 11

In Japan, ____ took the lead in promoting industry.

A)local communities
B)foreign investors
C)private companies
D)the imperial government
E)ambitious former samurai

Question 12

How did the steel, electricity, and the internal combustion engine shape economic and social developments in the late nineteenth century?

Question 13

Who made up the late nineteenth-century middle classes, and what role did they play in the emerging mass society?

Question 14

What was one of the new products of the "Second Industrial Revolution"?

A)Cotton textiles
B)Steel
C)Coal
D)Railroads
E)Steam engines

Question 15

What occurred in a cartel?

A)A vertically integrated company worked to monopolize all business in its industry.
B)Independent enterprises worked together to control prices and fix production quotas.
C)Independent associations of grocers cooperated to artificially drive down prices.
D)Private militias orchestrated intelligence gathering to diminish the police powers of modern nation states.
E)Dependent enterprises worked with an overseeing organization to lower tariffs.

Question 16

After 1870, industrialization outside of Europe and North America was most notable in

A)North Africa.
B)China.
C)South America.
D)the Middle East.
E)Japan.

Question 17

Between 1895 and 1914, Europe as whole experienced

A)mass unemployment.
B)slow and inconsistent economic growth.
C)a deep depression.
D)wild economic instability.
E)an economic boom.

Question 18

In Britain, ____ led the movement to illuminate homes and cities with electric light.

A)Thomas Edison
B)Joseph Swan
C)Michael Faraday
D)Alexander Graham Bell
E)Guglielmo Marconi

Question 19

Discuss the growth of political democracy in Great Britain, France, and Italy. How would you account for the differences you note?

Question 20

Which of these nations was the least industrially advanced by 1900?

A)Britain
B)Germany
C)France
D)Belgium
E)Spain

Question 21

Almost ____ percent of Europeans belonged to the lower classes.

A)90
B)80
C)55
D)40
E)25

Question 22

What did the increased competition for foreign markets and the growing importance of domestic demand lead to in late nineteenth-century Europe?

A)The elimination of trade restrictions like tariffs
B)A strong reaction against free trade and imposition of steep protective tariffs by most nations
C)Greater economic instability and a sequence of ever deeper economic depressions
D)Closer economic cooperation among the great powers
E)Greater investment by the United States in the European economy

Question 23

What happened to the European population between 1850 and 1910?

A)It increased from 270 million to 460 million.
B)It actually decreased slightly.
C)It increased from 140 to 190 million.
D)It stagnated, causing severe problems for the development of leisure industries.
E)It declined significantly because of the pollution engendered by increasing urbanization.

Question 24

Which two issues divided the Second International in the late nineteenth century?

A)Trade unions and liberalism
B)Liberalism and revisionism
C)Revisionism and nationalism
D)Nationalism and trade unions
E)liberalism and revisionism

Question 25

Between 1906 and 1910, ____ left Europe each year looking for a better life overseas.

A)53,000
B)75.4 million
C)525,000
D)1.3 million
E)20.1 million

Question 26

What did Eduard Bernstein claim in his book Evolutionary Socialism?

A)The only hope for the workers was a violent revolution.
B)Socialism could best be achieved through the democratic process.
C)Unions should bargain with employers and avoid politics.
D)The poor were too ignorant to be allowed to vote.
E)True communism would take hundreds of years to evolve.

Question 27

Living conditions in cities improved due to all of these reforms EXCEPT

A)the development of pure water and sewerage systems.
B)model homes built for the poor by wealthy philanthropists.
C)the demolition of old, unneeded urban defensive walls, replaced by wide avenues.
D)a successful effort to clean up all polluted rivers and lakes.
E)some increases in governmental regulations.

Question 28

In 1914, which country had the largest trade union movement in Europe?

A)France
B)Italy
C)Britain
D)Austria-Hungary
E)Spain

Question 29

By 1900, Europeans were importing beef and wool from

A)Japan.
B)China.
C)Argentina.
D)Algeria.
E)Java.

Question 30

What was Octavia Hill's housing venture designed to achieve?

A)Provide the poor with an environment they could use to improve themselves.
B)Offer charity to the poor since they could never help themselves.
C)Let the wealthy know what it was like to be poor.
D)Break down class barriers in London.
E)Make the upper classes feel better and improve their self-esteem by doing something for the downtrodden of society.

Question 31

At the top of European society stood a wealthy elite, constituting 5 percent of the population but controlling ____ percent of its wealth.

A)10-20
B)30-40
C)50-60
D)70-80
E)80-90

Question 32

What was the chief cause of rising European populations between 1850 and 1880?

A)An increasing rising birthrate
B)A declining mortality rate
C)Better childhood immunization programs
D)Better human diet in a consumer economy
E)Dramatic improvements in urban sanitation

Question 33

Evolutionary socialism is also known as

A)neo-liberalism.
B)anarchism.
C)revisionism.
D)nihilism.
E)corporatism.

Question 34

What best describes employment opportunities for women during the Second Industrial Revolution?

A)They changed in quality and quantity with the expansion of the service sector.
B)They declined dramatically as prostitution became illegal.
C)They increased greatly with working-class men pushing their wives to work outside the home.
D)They declined when piece-work was abandoned as inefficient and "sweatshops" were outlawed.
E)They declined because labor unions forced governments to restrict most employment opportunities to men only.

Question 35

Which statement best describes the middle classes of nineteenth-century Europe?

A)They were composed mostly of shopkeepers and manufacturers who barely lived above the poverty line.
B)They offered little opportunity for women in improving their lot.
C)They were very concerned with propriety and shared values of hard work and Christian morality.
D)They viewed progress with distrust as they did not wish to lose their economic gains.
E)They were sinking in economic and social security because of the increase of plutocrats.

Question 36

By 1910, the population of Europe had reached

A)85 million.
B)145 million.
C)210 million.
D)340 million.
E)460 million.

Question 37

By 1900, ____ workers were enrolled in British trade unions.

A)2,000
B)20,000
C)200,000
D)2 million
E)20 million

Question 38

By 1914, what percentage of Britain's population lived in cities?

A)100 percent
B)50 percent
C)10 percent
D)40 percent
E)80 percent

Question 39

Working-class men argued that keeping working-class women out of the industrial workforce

A)all but guaranteed their future poverty.
B)was obviously illegal.
C)was part of a larger capitalist plot.
D)ensured the moral and physical well-being of families.
E)simply made it easier to exploit them.

Question 40

What was the single largest political party in Germany by 1912?

A)Nazis
B)Greens
C)Social Democrats
D)Bolsheviks
E)Mensheviks

Question 41

Who was the "father" of tourism in England?

A)David Lloyd-George
B)Thomas Cook
C)John Boothe
D)Frederick Cartwright
E)W.G.Grace

Question 42

How long did France's Third Republic last?

A)10 years
B)65 years
C)50 years
D)25 years
E)5 years

Question 43

What development occurred in Germany under the chancellorship of Bismarck?

A)The growth of a real democracy through universal male suffrage
B)The passage of social welfare legislation to woo workers away from the Social Democrats
C)The Kulturkampf or crusade to make Catholicism Germany's national religion
D)The maintenance of a military second only to that of France on the Continent
E)The continual threat to invade its neighbors

Question 44

What was a new development in the age of mass leisure?

A)the newspaper and novel
B)the excessive consumption of alcohol
C)the theater
D)carnival
E)professional sports

Question 45

Le Bon Marché is an example of the new

A)conservative political parties.
B)patterns in labor organization.
C)department stores.
D)industrial factories.
E)dance halls and theaters.

Question 46

What was true of Italy in the late nineteenth century?

A)Italy returned to the status of a great power.
B)Italy's unification was vigorously supported by the pope.
C)Italy became a preeminent colonial power, especially in Africa.
D)Italy remained a second-rate European power.
E)Italy created a powerful industrial middle-class society.

Question 47

Which statement best applies to Austria-Hungary before World War I?

A)Both Austria and Hungary had working parliamentary systems.
B)Emperor Joseph was weak and ineffective.
C)The nationality problem remained unresolved.
D)Emperor Francis Joseph had a harmonious relationship with Parliament.
E)The Catholic Church struggled to maintain the loyalty of followers.

Question 48

Alexander III believed that

A)social reforms were more important than political reforms.
B)diversity built national strength.
C)the powers of the zemstvos should be increased.
D)Russia needed to move toward democracy.
E)his father's reforms had been a mistake.

Question 49

Which statement is correct regarding European middle-class families during the late nineteenth century?

A)They were more concerned with displaying the work ethic than in displaying wealth and following proper decorum.
B)They stressed functional knowledge for their children to prepare them for their future roles.
C)They prided themselves on doing the housework and cooking for their families.
D)They increasingly became less cohesive as togetherness was no longer an important value.
E)They increased in numbers but were weakened structurally as men abandoned their family focus in order to advance their lives professionally.

Question 50

What did the English Reform Act of 1884 achieve?

A)It enfranchised women.
B)It gave English agricultural workers the right to vote.
C)It did not dramatically increase the size of the electorate.
D)It increased the total number of members in the House of Commons.
E)It increased middle-class representative in Parliament.

Question 51

In Germany, Britain, and France, ____ by 1910.

A)unemployment
B)opposition political parties had quadrupled in size
C)women had gained the vote
D)universal national healthcare had been put in place
E)adult illiteracy was virtually eliminated

Question 52

What helps explain Germany's failure to develop real political democracy prior to World War I?

A)The absence of socialist parties
B)The power of the German army
C)The wealth of German industrialists
D)The weakness of the German central government
E)The high illiteracy rate in Germany

Question 53

What event brought an end to Louis Napoleon's Second Empire?

A)France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War
B)The emperor's financial policies
C)His choice of poor administrators
D)His defeat by the Austrians
E)The unpopularity of his marriage to Empress Eugenie

Question 54

What was true of daughters in European working-class families?

A)They were expected to work until marriage.
B)By long custom, they were kept at home until of age to marry.
C)They were barred from working by state law in many countries.
D)They had traditionally never shown an interest in working either before or after marriage.
E)They enrolled in vocational schools until marriage and then entered the work-place.

Question 55

What was a major development in British politics before 1914?

A)The continual growth of political democracy
B)The peaceful and successful settlement of the "Irish question"
C)The transformation of the Fabians into the Conservatives
D)The reduction of the power of the House of Commons
E)The strengthening of the monarchy after the death of Queen Victoria

Question 56

Elizabeth Poole Sanford would most likely have agreed with which of these statements?

A)Women should avoid being self-sufficient.
B)Women should strive to become equal to men.
C)Women should accept their roles at home until new governmental reforms were instituted.
D)Women should make it known to their husbands that they were dissatisfied.
E)Women should take employment outside the home to become economically self-sufficient.

Question 57

The chief motive for mass education was

A)political.
B)social.
C)religious.
D)economic.
E)ideological.

Question 58

What best describes the split between the French working and middle classes?

A)It was largely solved by the liberal reforms of the Third Republic.
B)It enabled the Third Republic to elect a new monarch in 1875.
C)It led to a strong parliamentary system of government.
D)It was further widened by the brutal suppression of the Paris Commune in 1871.
E)It ended in the light of continued Prussian threats to France's national survival.

Question 59

The "woman question" was the debate over

A)whether or not women were fully human.
B)the role of women in society.
C)the place of women in the coming socialist revolution.
D)population growth and female fertility.
E)the future of traditional marriage.

Question 60

Which woman became a leading figure of the Paris Commune?

A)Louis Michel
B)Octavia Hill
C)Elizabeth Poole Sanford
D)Aletta Jacob
E)Consuelo Vanderbilt

Question 61

In 1910, Britain led the world in annual steel production.

Question 62

The purpose of industrial cartels was to decrease competition.

Question 63

In 1912, the Social Democratic Party was the largest single party in Britain.

Question 64

Emperor Francis Joseph ignored ministerial responsibility and ruled by decree when parliament was not in session.

Question 65

Edwin Chadwick was one of Britain's leading promoters of urban sanitary reforms.

Question 66

The European population increased dramatically between 1850 and 1910.

Question 67

The Reform Act of 1884 gave the vote to all adult men.

Question 68

White-collar jobs remained closed to women after 1870.

Question 69

The European middle classes embraced and promoted the importance of progress and science.

Question 70

Urban populations grew faster than the general population primarily because of higher birthrates in the cities than in the countryside.