Deck 34: Deuterostome Animals

Question 1

What do all deuterostomes have in common?

A)Adults are bilaterally symmetrical.
B)Embryos have pharyngeal pouches that may or may not form gill slits.
C)All have a spinal column.
D)All have specialized head and tail regions.
E)The pore formed during gastrulation becomes the anus.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

How are hemichordates,urochordates,and cephalochordates similar?

A)All have motile larvae that become sessile adults.
B)All have pharyngeal gill slits at some point during development.
C)All produce amniotic eggs.
D)All have an endoskeleton of either bone or cartilage.
E)All have a notochord at some point during development.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following adult animals might you find floating in the open ocean,suspension feeding using its pharyngeal gill slits?

A)a lancelet
B)a salp
C)an ascidian
D)a sea squirt
E)a vertebrate

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Suppose you traveled back in time and located the first animals to have developed feathers.You found that these animals were tree-dwelling ectotherms,able to run quickly but unable to fly.You also noticed that females of the species had no feathers at all,while males had bright blue feathers covering their tails.Which hypothesis of feather evolution would these data most support?

A)Feathers initially evolved to aid in flight.
B)Feathers initially evolved as a form of insulation.
C)Feathers initially evolved for use in courtship displays.
D)Feathers initially evolved to help tree-dwelling species glide from tree to tree.

Question 5

What would be the result(s)if a tunicate's pharyngeal gill slits were suddenly blocked?

A)The organism would have trouble respiring.
B)The organism would have trouble feeding.
C)The organism would have trouble moving.
D)The organism would have trouble respiring and feeding.
E)The organism would have trouble feeding and moving.

Question 6

When bone first evolved in vertebrates,what structure did it form?

A)an endoskeleton
B)an exoskeleton
C)a vertebra
D)a skull
E)a jaw

Question 7

As you are walking along a beach,you find an animal and believe that it belongs to the class Asteroidea.Which of the following characteristics would support your hypothesis that the animal is a sea star and not another type of echinoderm?

A)It is pentaradially symmetric.
B)It has five arms.
C)It feeds on other animals.
D)It has a hydrostatic skeleton,formed from its water vascular system.
E)Its central region is not well-delineated from its appendages.

Question 8

Which of the following classes is comprised of carnivorous predators that are able to extend their stomachs through their mouths to feed?

A)Ophiuroidea
B)Holothuroidea
C)Asteroidea
D)Crinoidea
E)Echinoidea

Question 9

Which of the following have distinct central disks and long,flexible arms?

A)class Crinoidea
B)class Holothuroidea
C)class Echinoidea
D)class Asteroidea
E)class Ophiuroidea

Question 10

If you found a fossil fish and had dated it to 400 mya,what feature might indicate that it is actually younger than you first thought?

A)a bony exoskeleton
B)four limbs
C)a cartilaginous endoskeleton
D)jaws
E)a bony endoskeleton

Question 11

What would you expect to happen if the midbrain of a fish became damaged?

A)It would no longer be able to swim.
B)Its vision would be impaired.
C)Its sense of hearing would be lost.
D)It would no longer be able to smell its prey.
E)It would not be able to eat.

Question 12

Why do adult urochordates (tunicates)lack notochords,even though larval urochordates have them?

A)Larvae use notochords to aid in swimming;adults are sessile and thus no longer need notochords.
B)Larvae use notochords to stiffen their bodies;in adults,the notochord is replaced by a column of bone.
C)Larvae use notochords to induce tissue differentiation;in adults,tissue is already differentiated.
D)Larvae use notochords to organize their nervous systems;adults' nervous systems are fully developed and do not change.

Question 13

The discovery of Caudipteryx is significant in evolutionary biology because it strengthened which one of the following hypotheses?

A)Vertebrates were the first group to develop a jaw.
B)An asteroid impact caused the extinction of dinosaurs.
C)The echinoderm endoskeleton is a trait that identifies them as a monophyletic group.
D)Feathers first evolved in running rather than tree-dwelling species.
E)Birds evolved from a dinosaur ancestor.

Question 14

You believe that an adult animal you are examining is a vertebrate but concede that it may be an invertebrate chordate.Which of the following would ensure that you are indeed looking at a vertebrate?

A)It is able to swim.
B)It lacks a notochord.
C)Its notochord functions as an endoskeleton.
D)It uses its pharyngeal gill slits for respiration.
E)It has a dorsal hollow nerve cord.

Question 15

The structure that develops into the vertebrate spinal cord is the _____.

A)notochord
B)dorsal hollow nerve cord
C)pharyngeal pouch
D)coelom
E)podia

Question 16

How did the development of the jaw contribute to evolutionary diversification of early vertebrate lineages?

A)It allowed for larger body size.
B)It was the first stage in the development of a bony skull.
C)It paved the way for the evolution of the pharyngeal jaw.
D)It made additional food sources available.
E)It increased the surface area for respiration and feeding.

Question 17

If a kelp farmer wanted to maximize her harvest,which type of echinoderm would she be most concerned about in the habitat?

A)sand dollars
B)brittle stars
C)sea stars
D)sea urchins
E)sea cucumbers

Question 18

The fishes form a(n)_____,a sequence of paraphyletic lineages.

A)clade
B)grade
C)synapomorphy
D)phylogeny
E)outgroup

Question 19

Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle?

A)jaws
B)tail
C)scales
D)four-chambered heart
E)vertebrae

Question 20

What is the best evidence currently available that tetrapod limbs evolved from fish fins?

A)These structures are located in similar places on these animals.
B)Molecular genetic evidence reveals regulatory enzymes that are homologous in fish and tetrapods.
C)There are enough transitional species available to make the link obvious.
D)Fish and tetrapods have many similarities including reproductive and feeding tactics that support the link.

Question 21

Mammals and birds eat more often than reptiles.Which of the following traits shared by mammals and birds best explains this habit?

A)endothermy
B)ectothermy
C)insulating body cover
D)amniotic egg
E)terrestrial

Question 22

Which characteristic is common to all the modern representatives of all major reptilian lineages (Testudinia,Lepidosauria,Crocodilia,or Aves)?

A)presence of teeth
B)presence of limbs
C)ectothermy
D)presence of a notochord

Question 23

Which structure of the amniotic egg most closely surrounds the embryo?

A)the chorion
B)the albumen
C)the yolk sac
D)the allantois
E)the amnion

Question 24

What group of mammals have (a)embryos that spend more time feeding through the placenta than the mother's nipples,(b)young that feed on milk,and (c)a prolonged period of maternal care after leaving the placenta?

A)Eutheria
B)Marsupiala
C)Monotremata

Question 25

The presence of vestigial hip and leg bones in boas and pythons is considered evidence for what evolutionary link?

A)A snake was the common ancestor for the tetrapods.
B)Snakes have limbed ancestors.
C)Some snake species needed limbs probably for evading predators by climbing.
D)None,because with the new molecular genetics studies,the presence of vestigial structures is irrelevant to evolutionary biology.

Question 26

_____ led to mammals and birds having similar insulating skin coverings such as fur,hair,and feathers.

A)Shared ancestry
B)Convergent evolution
C)Homology
D)Synapomorphy

Question 27

Which of the following characteristics evolved independently in mammals and birds?

A)bilateral symmetry
B)amniotic eggs
C)jaws
D)bone
E)endothermy

Question 28

It is believed that the coelacanths and lungfish represent a crucial link between other fishes and tetrapods.What is the major feature in these fish in support of this hypothesis?

A)Like amphibians,they are tied to the water for reproduction.
B)Their fins have skeletal and muscular structures similar to amphibian limbs.
C)They have highly evolved nervous and circulatory systems.
D)They have lungs and are able to breathe air when water is scarce.
E)They enter a hibernative stage when food is scarce,as many tetrapods do.

Question 29

On the back of your skull you can feel a small bump,below which is an opening where the spinal cord enters the skull.The location of this opening toward the bottom of the skull is significant in evolutionary biology for what reason?

A)It allowed for the hominin brain to grow much larger than other primates.
B)It provided greater protection for the spinal cord.
C)It occurred as a result of the change to a bipedal stance.
D)This change was necessary for the increase in size from prosimian forms to anthropoid forms.

Question 30

Which of the following is found in tetrapods and not in fish?

A)extensive parental care
B)asexual reproduction
C)internal fertilization
D)viviparity
E)production of amniotic eggs

Question 31

In what respect do hominins differ from all other anthropoids?

A)lack of a tail
B)eyes on the front of the face
C)bipedal posture
D)opposable thumbs
E)diurnal activity

Question 32

Which of the following do the prosimians and the anthropoids not have in common?

A)number of limbs
B)a "human-like" appearance
C)opposable thumbs
D)eyes on the front of the face
E)large brains relative to body size

Question 33

How does a swim bladder help the ray-finned fishes maintain buoyancy?

A)It removes water from the digestive tract.
B)It removes oxygen from the water and stores it.
C)Gas is added to the bladder as the fish's depth increases.
D)Gas is removed from the bladder as the fish's depth increases.
E)It adds and removes salt from the water stored in the bladder,which changes its density and thus its buoyancy.

Question 34

In what way are monotremes similar to more ancestral chordate lineages,as opposed to more recently evolved mammals?

A)Monotremes lay eggs;other mammals bear live young.
B)Monotremes perform little parental care;other mammals use lactation to feed offspring.
C)Monotremes do not have jaws;other mammals do.
D)Monotremes are ectothermic;other mammals are endothermic.
E)Monotremes perform external fertilization;other mammals perform internal fertilization.

Question 35

Why do skates and rays have flattened bodies,while sharks are torpedo shaped?

A)Sharks have a strong cartilaginous skeleton that helps them maintain a tubular shape,while skates and rays lack such a skeleton.
B)Sharks are more closely related to the tubelike lampreys than skates and rays are.
C)Skates and rays need enlarged pectoral fins to help them stay level in turbulent water,while sharks do not.
D)Skates and rays exchange gases across their skin and thus require a high surface-area-to-volume ratio,while sharks use gills to respire.
E)Sharks are streamlined for active hunting,while skates and rays wait on the ocean bed to ambush prey.

Question 36

What is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution of the amniotic egg?

A)Tetrapods were no longer tied to the water for reproduction.
B)Tetrapods can grow much larger.
C)It led to the evolution of the placenta.
D)Newborns are much less dependent on their parents.
E)Embryos are protected from predators.

Question 37

Suppose,while out camping in a forest,you found a chordate with a long,slender,limbless body slithering across the ground near your tent.To which of the following lineages could it belong?

A)Myxinoidea
B)Dipnoi
C)Mammalia
D)Amphibia
E)Chondrichthyes

Question 38

Which evolutionary innovation was most significant in helping tetrapods move to dry terrestrial environments?

A)the lung
B)the amniotic egg
C)bone
D)limb specialization
E)endothermy

Question 39

Primate evolution and behavior such as hunting skills has been directed in part by the development of depth perception.What anatomical change made depth perception possible?

A)a larger brain
B)the formation of compound eyes
C)movement of the eyes to the front of the head
D)diurnal activity

Question 40

Which of the following characteristics would not be helpful in distinguishing between a hagfish and a lamprey?

A)presence or absence of a rasping tongue
B)presence or absence of fins
C)presence or absence of cartilage along a dorsal hollow nerve cord
D)feeding tactics
E)a well-developed notochord

Question 41

Refer to the paragraph on Brown et al.and Morwood et al.Which of the following observations would not support the hypothesis that H.floresiensis used symbolic spoken language?

A)finding that several H.floresiensis individuals cooperated in ambushing and killing large prey
B)finding that a large ancestral population of H.floresiensis traveled to Flores by boat
C)finding that H.floresiensis manufactured stone tools for specialized purposes
D)finding the hyoid bone of H.floresiensis similar in morphology to that of modern H.sapiens
E)finding that the brain regions responsible for speech were enlarged in H.floresiensis

Question 42

Which of the following groups is classified as Homo sapiens?

A)Neanderthals
B)Cro-Magnons
C)Paranthropus
D)Australopithecus
E)none of the above

Question 43

The table above is a comparison of several characteristics of H.floresiensis to those of nine other hominin species (arranged roughly from oldest to most recent).What do these data suggest?

A)A large brain is not necessarily required for toolmaking.
B)Body mass and braincase volume are completely unrelated.
C)The African environment tends to depress braincase volume and body mass.
D)Hominins first evolved in and then radiated out from Asia.
E)H)floresiensis is most closely related to Australopithecus afarensis or A.africanus.

Question 44

Refer to the paragraph on Brown et al.and Morwood et al.It is speculated that H.floresiensis and H.sapiens may have lived on Flores concurrently.Suppose researchers obtained mitochondrial DNA samples from the H.floresiensis remains,amplified a 1000-base-pair sequence via PCR,and compared it to that of several currently living H.sapiens native to Indonesia,North Africa,and North America.Also suppose H.floresiensis were found to differ from the average Indonesian H.sapiens in 28 base pairs,from the average North African H.sapiens in 51 base pairs,and from the average North American H.sapiens in 53 base pairs,while two randomly selected H.sapiens differed from each other in an average of 21 base pairs.What would you surmise from these data?

A)H)floresiensis and H.sapiens probably did not live on Flores concurrently.
B)H)floresiensis and H.sapiens probably lived on Flores concurrently,but did not interact.
C)H)floresiensis and H.sapiens probably lived on Flores concurrently,and H.sapiens killed and consumed H.floresiensis.
D)H)floresiensis and H.sapiens probably lived on Flores concurrently,and interbred to some degree.

Question 45

Use the following information when answering the corresponding question(s).
Brown et al.and Morwood et al.reported in 2004 that they had found skeletal remains of a previously unknown type of hominin,now dubbed Homo floresiensis,on the Indonesian island of Flores.These hominins were small (approximately 1 m tall),with small braincases (approximately 380 cm³),as compared with other hominins.The remains of H.floresiensis were found alongside handmade stone tools and the remains of dwarf elephants that also inhabited the island,suggesting that H.floresiensis was able both to make tools and to coordinate the hunting of animals much larger than itself.H.floresiensis is estimated to have lived at the site where the remains were found from at least 38,000 years ago to 18,000 years ago.
Refer to the paragraph on Brown et al.and Morwood et al.Which would be the most feasible method of figuring out to which other hominin species H.floresiensis was most closely related?

A)Compare the mitochondrial DNA of H.floresiensis to that of each of the other hominin species.
B)Compare the type of prey hunted by H.floresiensis to that hunted by each of the other hominin species.
C)Compare the average body size of H.floresiensis to that of each of the other hominin species.
D)Compare the skeletal morphology of H.floresiensis to that of each of the other hominin species.
E)Compare the estimated life span of H.floresiensis to that of each of the other hominin species.

Question 46

Which of the following is consistent with the out-of-Africa hypothesis?

A)Modern Homo sapiens can trace their origin back to Neanderthals.
B)Modern Homo sapiens can trace their origin back to Homo erectus.
C)Interbreeding between early hominin species in Europe and Asia lead to the distinctive features of modern Homo sapiens.
D)Homo sapiens have a common ancestor with Neanderthal and Homo erectus from Africa but did not interbreed with them.
E)Modern Homo sapiens and Neanderthals have no common ancestor more recent than the first mammals.