Deck 14: Culture

Question 1

________ usually dictate what is right and wrong, acceptable or unacceptable.

A) Myths
B) Theories
C) Norms
D) Rituals

Answer 1

C

Question 2

________ refers to the set of individuals and organizations that create and market cultural products.

A) Culture program company (CPC)
B) Culture invention company (CIC)
C) Culture production institution (CPI)
D) Culture production system (CPS)

Answer 2

D

Question 3

All of the following are subsystems in a culture production system EXCEPT a ________ subsystem.

A) creative
B) managerial
C) marketing
D) communications

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Once a culture is established, it doesn't change. An apparent change in a culture is simply the emergence of a new culture.

Question 5

It is quite common for mainstream culture to modify symbols identified with "cutting edge" subcultures and present these to a larger audience. Such cultural products undergo a process of ________, by which their original meanings are transformed by outsiders.

A) innovation
B) transformation
C) diffusion
D) cooptation

Question 6

Culture is best described as a society's ________.

A) attitude
B) consciousness
C) personality
D) history

Question 7

A culture production system is a set of individuals and organizations that create and market cultural products.

Question 8

The Japanese greatly value products that make efficient use of space because of the cramped conditions in urban areas in Japan. This is an example of ________ in Japan's cultural system.

A) social structure
B) ecology
C) ideology
D) dogma

Question 9

________ is/are the mental characteristics of people and the way they relate to their environment and social group.

A) Ideology
B) Myths
C) Norms
D) Theories

Question 10

Products are winnowed out as they make their way down the path from conception to consumption, a process called ________.

A) diffusion
B) cooptation
C) cultural selection
D) cultural mapping

Question 11

The mental characteristics of people and the way they relate to their environment and social group are called ecology.

Question 12

Describe the three functional areas of a cultural system.

Question 13

Which functional area of culture is most closely related to the idea of a common worldview?

A) Ecology
B) Social structure
C) Ideology
D) Socio-psychology

Question 14

________ is the way people maintain an orderly social life.

A) Ecology
B) Lifestyle
C) Social structure
D) Ideology

Question 15

The aspect of a cultural system which describes the mental characteristics of a people and the way they relate to their environment and social groups is known as ________.

A) ecology
B) social structure
C) ideology
D) anthropology

Question 16

Tory Burch flats, cage-free eggs, electric cars, selfies, and high tech furniture are part of the ________.

A) lifestyle movement
B) value movement
C) cultural movement
D) marketing concept movement

Question 17

In the cultural production process, the people who control the flow of information between producers and customers are called ________.

A) lead users
B) cultural gatekeepers
C) cultural informers
D) innovators

Question 18

A cultural production system is a ________.

A) creative subsystem
B) managerial subsystem
C) communication subsystem
D) all of the above

Question 19

Which of the following is an object that is admired strictly for its beauty or because it inspires an emotional reaction?

A) An art product
B) A reality-engineered product
C) A craft product
D) A trial product

Question 20

Gen enjoys owning a micro-refrigerator, which is small enough to fit almost anywhere. Gen believes that the efficient use of space is one of the characteristics that any good product should have. With respect to the functional areas of a cultural system, Gen is focusing on ________ as a variable in selecting products.

A) ideology
B) ecology
C) social structure
D) socio-psychology

Question 21

Define co-optation. Give an illustration of the concept and demonstrate how it applies to the movement of meanings as shown in the text.

Question 22

Most holidays commemorate a cultural myth.

Question 23

According to Dennis Rook, a key aspect of a ritual is ________.

A) artifacts
B) scripts
C) performance roles
D) all of the above

Question 24

The second stage in the rite of passage is ________.

A) separation
B) aggregation
C) liminality
D) sacred consumption

Question 25

Gone With the Wind myths often take place in times of upheaval, such as war.

Question 26

The story goes that a young George Washington cut down his father's cherry tree with a hatchet. Young Washington was then asked who might have committed this act. Even though the boy feared punishment, George replied, "I cannot tell a lie; I cut down the cherry tree." This story has taken on mythical proportions in the United States. Which of the follow functions does the myth best match?

A) Metaphysical
B) Cosmological
C) Psychological
D) Anthropological

Question 27

Casting directors, textbook authors, and retail buyers are all examples of formal gatekeepers in the culture production process.

Question 28

In many cultures, myths feature talking animals that act as mediating figures.

Question 29

________ refers to a stage in the gift-giving process, where the giver procures an item to make some event.

A) Gestation
B) Presentation
C) Reformulation
D) Ritual artifacts

Question 30

Wedding rice, birthday candles, and diplomas are considered ________.

A) ritual script
B) ritual artifacts
C) potlatch
D) norms

Question 31

The Macah, a Native American tribe from the Northwest, built functional seagoing canoes that are considered works of art by modern shipbuilders. By definition, these boats would be considered ________.

A) high art products
B) style and cultural icons
C) low art products
D) craft products

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT one of the four interrelated functions of myths in a culture?

A) Cosmological
B) Sociological
C) Psychological
D) Anthropological

Question 33

________ postulated that myths involve binary opposition, in which two opposing ends of some dimension are represented (such as good versus evil).

A) Levi-Strauss
B) Freud
C) Hofstede
D) Bettelheim

Question 34

A story containing symbolic elements that express the shared emotions and ideals of a culture is called a ________.

A) norm
B) ritual
C) myth
D) more

Question 35

Raymond Chandler wrote classic American detective stories. By always using certain roles for his characters and props that were appropriate to the genre, Chandler's novels followed a(n) ________.

A) cultural formula
B) enacted norm
C) fashion cycle
D) innovation process

Question 36

A metaphysical myth fulfills the cultural function of explaining how the components of the universe relate to each other.

Question 37

Winnowing out is part of the cultural selection process.

Question 38

________ is a myth that explains the origins of existence.

A) Cosmological
B) Metaphysical
C) Sociological
D) Psychological

Question 39

Movie and restaurant reviewers, magazine editors, retail buyers and DJ's are considered ________ because they filter information.

A) laggards
B) gatekeepers
C) early adopters
D) innovators

Question 40

An interrelated function in culture that maintains social order because it authorizes a social cope for members of a culture to follow is called psychological.

Question 41

A set of multiple symbolic behaviors that occur in a fixed sequence and tend to be repeated is called a ________.

A) myth
B) more
C) ritual
D) convention

Question 42

List and explain the four interrelated functions in a culture.

Question 43

Define rites of passage. Describe the three rites of passage phases. Give at least two rites of passage examples.

Question 44

Every year, the students at a prestigious engineering school remove a car from the parking lot and place it on the highest point of the roof of the main engineering building. The students have been doing this for decades, but not once has anyone ever confided to an outsider how it was done. This is a classic example of a ritual.

Question 45

Define the term "myth."

Question 46

Brands that we closely link to our rituals are called ________ brands; once they become imbedded in our rituals we are unlikely to replace them.

A) fighter
B) fortress
C) transcultural
D) sacralized

Question 47

Researchers primarily see the gift-giving ritual as a type of ________ exchange.

A) transactional
B) stylistic
C) psychological
D) economic

Question 48

Gestation is the process of gift exchange.

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT one of the three distinct stages of gift-giving rituals?

A) Convention
B) Gestation
C) Presentation
D) Reformulation

Question 50

Romance novels often follow a cultural formula.

Question 51

Gift giving involves economic and symbolic exchange.

Question 52

Passing a driving test to receive a driver's license is an example of a rite of passage.

Question 53

A female writer applies a well-known myth of Western culture to a novel using modern characters. Use this concept of a culture production system (CP
S) to explain how this writer will market her novel to readers.

Question 54

As a relationship grows and progresses, gift giving tends to become more ________.

A) exchange oriented
B) reciprocal
C) altruistic
D) instrumental

Question 55

A special ritual marking a person's transition from one role to another is called a ________.

A) convention
B) sacralization
C) cycle
D) rite of passage

Question 56

Sharon is upset with her secretary. Though everyone in the office agreed not to give Christmas presents this year, Sharon's secretary gave her an expensive bottle of perfume. Which of the following best identifies the source of Sharon's feelings?

A) Objectification
B) Self-serving guilt
C) The reciprocity norm
D) Role transference

Question 57

Pavel is an inventor. He read that there were several million people who could not sleep at night until they looked under the bed. He invented a light that could be put under the bed and went on automatically when someone looked there. Pavel's product is designed to help people perform a ________.

A) ritual
B) symbolic exchange
C) convention
D) rite of passage

Question 58

Anna's best friend, Aubrey ,was getting married. Anna spent a lot of time thinking of the perfect gift and was so excited about the gift that she gave it to Aubrey before the wedding. Aubrey cried and told Anna she could never have a better friend. Reformulation best describes the gift-giving stage in this situation.

Question 59

Grooming rituals express two kinds of binary opposition: private/public and ________.

A) work/leisure
B) self/others
C) pride/modesty
D) innocence/experience

Question 60

Explain the three distinct stages of gift-giving rituals.

Question 61

________ is when ordinary objects, events, and even people take on sacred meaning.

A) Contamination
B) Objectification
C) Sacralization
D) Profane consumption

Question 62

Some people are offended when marketers refer to an event such as the Super Bowl as sacred. Explain how the concept of sacred in consumer behavior is both the same and different from the concept of sacred in a traditional religious context.

Question 63

Differentiate between sacred consumption and profane consumption.

Question 64

Fashion with an extremely long acceptance cycle is considered to be classic.

Question 65

Explain the difference between collecting and hoarding.

Question 66

The systematic acquisition of a particular object or set of objects is called ________.

A) prioritizing
B) hoarding
C) collecting
D) ritualizing

Question 67

In the modern holiday ritual of Christmas, the figures of Christ and Santa can be seen as binary opposites; one promotes selflessness while the other promotes materialism.

Question 68

________ consumption occurs with objects and events that are considered to be ordinary and everyday.

A) Profane
B) Sacred
C) Objectified
D) Ritualized

Question 69

When Bob, a wealthy real estate investor, saw an inner city kid wearing a heavy gold chain with a medallion around his neck, Bob wanted the same for himself. Bob's behavior is best explained by the ________.

A) trickle-down effect
B) trickle-up effect
C) trickle-across effect
D) meme theory

Question 70

A professor was given an administrative warning after he made an inappropriate joke about Princess Diana shortly after her death. Students were likely upset because they saw Princess Diana as a profane individual worthy of special attention and respect.

Question 71

A ________ is a very short-lived fashion.

A) trend
B) fad
C) classic
D) style

Question 72

People occupy sacred time and space when they travel on vacation.

Question 73

Through the process of ________, objects associated with sacred events or people become sacred in their own right.

A) congregation
B) reciprocity
C) desacralization
D) contamination

Question 74

Profane consumption involves consumer objects and events that are ordinary.

Question 75

Explain the meaning of objectification and how it occurs. Provide an example.

Question 76

Thomas and his family recently toured the Gettysburg Battlefield on their vacation. The area was rich in history. While walking, Thomas remembered all the accounts of the battle that he had read in school. He finally understood why this place had such a special meaning in American history and to Americans in general. Gettysburg Battlefield is best classified as ________.

A) profane
B) objectified
C) sacred
D) crescive

Question 77

________ is the extent to which less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.

A) Power distance
B) Individualism
C) Uncertainty avoidance
D) Long-term orientation

Question 78

According to the trickle-down theory, fashion moves from the upper classes to the lower classes.

Question 79

Consumers who always are on the lookout for novel products or services and who are first to try something new are ________.

A) continuous innovation
B) early adopters
C) innovators
D) laggards

Question 80

When a sacred item or symbol is removed from its special place or is duplicated in mass quantities, then it becomes profane as a result of ________.

A) sacralization
B) desacralization
C) defamation
D) objectification