Deck 2: A: Some Tools of the Economist

Question 1

The opportunity cost of an alternative

A)includes only the direct monetary cost of whatever is chosen.
B)is subjective and can only be determined by the person who chooses the alternative.
C)is the value of all alternatives that must be forgone as the result of the choice.
D)is relevant only in cases where the choice involves alternatives that would be considered undesirable.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The opportunity cost of choosing an alternative

A)is the value of the highest valued alternative forgone as the result of the choice.
B)includes only the amount of time spent on whatever is chosen.
C)includes only the money cost of the option.
D)is irrelevant for most choices individuals face.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The opportunity cost of an action is

A)objective and will be the same for all individuals.
B)a measure of the undesirable aspects involved in the action.
C)applicable only to choices involving material goods like commodities.
D)the highest valued alternative forgone as the result of choosing an option.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

If an economy is operating at a point inside the production possibilities curve,

A)its resources are not being used efficiently.
B)the curve will begin to shift inward.
C)the curve will begin to shift outward.
D)This is a trick question because an economy cannot produce at a point inside the curve.

Question 5

Which of the following sayings best reflects the concept of opportunity cost?

A)"You can't teach an old dog new tricks."
B)"Time is money."
C)"I have a baker's dozen."
D)"There's no business like show business."

Question 6

If a firm or a nation desires to maximize its output, each productive assignment should be carried out by those persons who

A)have the highest opportunity cost.
B)have a comparative advantage in the productive activity.
C)can complete the productive activity most rapidly.
D)least enjoy performing the productive activity.

Question 7

The primary benefit that results when a nation employs its resources in accordance with the principle of comparative advantage is

A)an expansion in investment resulting from a reallocation of resources away from consumption.
B)a larger output resulting from a more efficient use of resources.
C)greater equality of income resulting from an increase in the number of workers.
D)an increase in the profitability of business enterprises resulting from an increase in investment.

Question 8

Hutch Technology makes computer monitors, which sell for $500 each. What is the opportunity cost of producing ten monitors?

A)$5,000
B)the other goods that could be produced with the resources that produce the ten monitors
C)the profits that Hutch earns when it sells the ten monitors
D)the profits that Hutch loses if it does not produce the monitors
E)All of the above are correct.

Question 9

With voluntary exchange,

A)both the buyer and seller will be made better off.
B)the buyer will be made better off, while the seller will be made worse off.
C)the seller will be made better off, while the buyer will be made worse off.
D)both the buyer and the seller will be made worse off.

Question 10

The price of an airline ticket from Denver to Washington, D.C. costs $600. A bus ticket costs $150. Traveling by plane takes 6 hours compared with 51 hours by bus. Other things constant, an individual would gain by choosing air travel if, and only if, his time were valued at more than

A)$6 per hour.
B)$8 per hour.
C)$10 per hour.
D)$15 per hour.

Question 11

"Now that Blake paints the broad surfaces and I do the trim work, we can paint a house in three-fourths the time that it took for each of us to do both." This statement most clearly reflects

A)the importance of secondary effects.
B)the fallacy of composition.
C)the law of comparative advantage.
D)behavior inconsistent with economizing.

Question 12

The opportunity cost of an option

A)measures the undesirable aspects of the option.
B)includes only the monetary cost of the option.
C)is the highest-valued alternative that must be given up as the result of choosing the option.
D)is objective, and it will be the same for all individuals.

Question 13

Opportunity cost is defined

A)only in terms of money spent
B)as the value of all alternatives not chosen
C)as the value of the best alternative not chosen
D)as the difference between the benefits from a choice and the benefits from the next best alternative
E)as the difference between the benefits from a choice and the costs of that choice

Question 14

A ticket to a concert costs $45. You have a ticket and can resell it for $75. Your opportunity cost of actually attending the concert is

A)$30.
B)$45.
C)$75.
D)$120.

Question 15

Based on the idea of opportunity cost, which of the following students would be most likely to drop out of college before completing their degree?

A)a senior mathematics major with a solid B average
B)a junior physical therapy student who has just read about the fantastic job offers available to students with degrees in her area
C)a star college football player in his junior year that just received a $5 million offer from a professional team
D)a junior economics major who wants to attend graduate school

Question 16

Which of the following is true of exchange?

A)Exchange is a zero sum activity; if one party to an exchange gains, the other must lose an equal amount.
B)The exchange value of a good is determined by the cost of the resources required to produce the good.
C)The total output trading partners are able to produce is not influenced by whether the partners trade with each other.
D)Exchange permits trading partners to expand their total output of goods and services as the result of greater specialization in areas where each has a comparative advantage.

Question 17

Which of the following will most likely occur under a system of clearly defined and enforced private property rights?

A)Resource owners will fail to conserve vital resources, even if they expect their supply to be highly limited in the future.
B)Resource owners will ignore the wishes of others, including others who would like to use the resource that is privately owned.
C)Resource owners will fail to consider the wishes of potential future buyers when they decide how to employ privately owned resources.
D)Resource owners will gain by discovering and employing their resources in ways that are highly valued by others.

Question 18

The opportunity cost of an activity

A)depends on the individual's subjective values and opinions
B)is the same for everyone
C)must be calculated and known before undertaking that activity
D)is irrelevant to decision making
E)is not influenced by time costs

Question 19

Three basic decisions must be made by all economies. What are they?

A)how much will be produced, when it will be produced, and how much it will cost
B)what the price of each good will be, who will produce each good, and who will consume each good
C)what will be produced, how goods will be produced, and for whom goods will be produced
D)how the opportunity cost principle will be applied, if and how the law of comparative advantage will be utilized, and whether the production possibilities constraint will apply

Question 20

For most students attending state universities, the largest cost component of going to college is

A)the cost of books and supplies.
B)the cost of room and board.
C)tuition.
D)the opportunity cost in terms of forgone current income from the time spent attending college.

Question 21

In an informed and voluntary exchange,

A)both parties receive something they value more than what they gave up.
B)both parties place an equal value on what they received and what they gave up.
C)neither party can gain more than the other.
D)one trader can gain only at the expense of the other.

Question 22

Retired persons travel by bus and automobile more frequently than do business executives, who more commonly use air travel. An economic explanation for this would be that

A)business executives have more time to travel.
B)it is more important for retired persons to save time.
C)business executives value their time more highly.
D)retired persons have more money than do business executives.

Question 23

Which of the following activities describes the opportunity cost of attending an economics class?

A)the value of the time it takes to get to campus every day
B)the cost of the gasoline needed to drive a car to campus
C)the value of the highest valued alternative that must be forgone because of attending the class
D)transportation costs plus the cost of tuition and textbooks for the course

Question 24

Senator Smart, who understands economic principles, is trying to convince workers in her district that trade with other countries is beneficial. Senator Smart should argue that trade can be beneficial

A)only if it allows us to obtain things that we couldn't make for ourselves.
B)because it allows specialization, which increases total output.
C)to us if we can gain and the others involved in the trade lose.
D)in only a limited number of circumstances because others are typically self-interested.

Question 25

Recent legislation provides parents with a substantial reduction in their personal income tax liability for each child that they have. The economic way of thinking indicates that legislation of this type will

A)make it more costly for parents to provide for their children.
B)reduce the value of children to their parents and, therefore, lead to a reduction in the birth rate.
C)reduce the after-tax cost of raising children and, therefore, increase the birth rate.
D)exert no impact on either the cost of raising children or the birth rate since having children is a not an economic activity.

Question 26

An airline ticket from Seattle to Miami costs $760. A bus ticket costs $360. Traveling by plane will take 6 hours, compared with 26 hours by bus. Other things constant, the minimum value of one's time that would induce a rational individual to fly rather than drive would be

A)$18 per hour.
B)$20 per hour.
C)$38 per hour.
D)$44 per hour.

Question 27

Your opportunity cost of attending a football game is

A)the subjective value of the disappointment you will feel if your team loses.
B)the monetary cost of the drinks and food you purchase at the game.
C)the price of the ticket.
D)the highest valued alternative forgone because of the time and money required to attend the game.

Question 28

Mr. Peters can drive or fly from Tallahassee, Florida to Savannah, Georgia, for a one-day business trip. If he drives, he will be able to work three hours once he arrives in Savannah, whereas traveling by plane will enable him to work eight hours. His expected income from each hour of work in Savannah is $30. If Mr. Peters is a rational decision maker, he will fly if and only if the price differential (air cost minus driving cost) is less than

A)$30.
B)$90.
C)$150.
D)$240.

Question 29

"If I didn't have a date tonight, I could save $40 and spend this evening out with my friends." The opportunity cost of the date is

A)$40.
B)$40 plus the cost of forgoing a night out with friends.
C)dependent on how pleasant a time one has on the date.
D)the cost of forgoing a night with friends.

Question 30

Ms. Liebowitz has a choice of driving or flying from Morgantown, West Virginia to Washington, D.C. for a one-day business trip. If she travels by air, she will be able to work seven hours in D.C., while if she drives, she will only have time to work four hours once there. Her expected income from each hour of work in D.C. is $40. If Ms. Liebowitz is a rational decision maker, she will chose to fly if and only if the price differential (air cost minus driving cost) is less than

A)$40.
B)$120.
C)$160.
D)$280.

Question 31

Air travel from New York to Miami costs $300 and takes 6 hours. A bus ticket between the cities costs $150 and takes 56 hours. Other things constant, the minimum value of one's time that would induce a rational individual to fly rather than drive would be

A)$1 per hour.
B)$3 per hour.
C)$5 per hour.
D)$50 per hour.

Question 32

The opportunity cost of building a park in your hometown would be the

A)money cost of constructing the park.
B)highest valued bundle of other goods and services that must be forgone because of the park construction.
C)necessary increase in tax revenues to finance the construction.
D)amount of time spent in leisure activities in the park once it is constructed.

Question 33

Because of a late night out with friends, Libby decided to sleep in rather than attend her 8a.m. economics class. According to economic analysis, her choice was

A)irrational, because economic analysis suggests you should always attend classes that you have already paid for.
B)irrational, because oversleeping is not in Libby's self-interest.
C)rational only if Libby has not missed any other classes.
D)rational if Libby values sleep more highly than the benefit she expects to receive from attending the class.

Question 34

Land used to grow corn could also be used to grow soybeans. Which of the following is true when the farmer plants soybeans and the market price of corn rises?

A)The opportunity cost of producing soybeans decreases.
B)The opportunity cost of producing soybeans increases.
C)There will be no change in the opportunity cost of producing soybeans.
D)The opportunity cost of producing corn increases.

Question 35

Land used to grow alfalfa could also be used to grow hay. Which of the following is true when the farmer plants hay and the market price of alfalfa rises?

A)The opportunity cost of producing hay decreases.
B)The opportunity cost of producing hay increases.
C)There will be no change in the opportunity cost of producing hay.
D)The opportunity cost of producing alfalfa increases.

Question 36

Which of the following activities describes the opportunity cost of watching a play in a theater?

A)the value of the time it takes to get to the play by car
B)the cost of the ticket to the play
C)the value of the highest valued alternative that must be forgone because of the time and money required to watch the play
D)the cost of gasoline used in driving to the play

Question 37

The wages of house painters will tend to rise when

A)more people recognize that house painters have very low incomes.
B)the alternative earning opportunities of house painters improve.
C)house painters can no longer find good paying alternatives for their labor.
D)unemployment in the economy is high and there are few alternative jobs available for house painters.

Question 38

Which of the following would be most likely to increase your opportunity cost of attending college?

A)a recession in the economy that made finding a job more difficult
B)receiving a very attractive offer to start a job today that would permit you to earn about 50 percent more than you expected to make after graduation
C)the retirement of your favorite professor under whom you hoped to study during the next semester
D)information indicating that salaries were declining and that there were very few openings for college graduates in your field

Question 39

Statistical data provided by the U.S. Department of Transportation shows that the median income of individuals traveling on the nation's bus systems is $18,000 compared to $65,000 for those who normally travel by air. This finding is best explained by which of the following statements?

A)Persons with high income are more likely to fly because the opportunity cost of their time is generally higher than those with lesser income.
B)Traditionally, lower income groups prefer slower methods of transportation.
C)Wealthy individuals own stock in the airlines and, therefore, receive preferential treatment.
D)Low-income groups are generally located near bus stations; wealthy groups congregate around airports.

Question 40

Which of the following most accurately reflects the opportunity cost to a pharmacist who drives a taxi?

A)the dollars spent on his previously acquired education in pharmacy
B)the revenue derived from operating the cab
C)zero if the pharmacist received his education on a scholarship that paid his full tuition
D)the value of the pharmacist's time in its highest valued use other than driving a cab

Question 41

Which of the following statements about exchange is false?

A)The expectation of gain motivates people to engage in trade.
B)If a party to a potential exchange does not believe that it will lead to personal gain, he or she can chose not to engage in the trade.
C)Voluntary exchange is generally mutually beneficial to the trading partners.
D)If one trading partner gains, the other must lose.

Question 42

In economics, transaction costs refer to the

A)time, effort, and other resources needed to search out and negotiate an exchange.
B)dollar cost or price of the item traded.
C)cost an economy suffers when it allows specialization according to comparative advantage.
D)amount by which the price of an item increases due to the presence of a middleman.

Question 43

In economics, the term that refers to the time, effort, and other resources needed to search out, negotiate, and consummate an exchange is

A)transaction costs.
B)specialization costs.
C)pecuniary costs.
D)comparative costs.

Question 44

Which of the following most accurately states the economic significance of exchange?

A)Physical goods have value because they exist; exchange can neither increase nor decrease their value.
B)Production of physical goods creates value; exchange merely redistributes this value.
C)Exchange creates value by moving goods from parties who value them less to parties who value them more.
D)Exchange reduces value since it consumes resources without adding to the physical supply of goods.

Question 45

In voluntary exchange, if the seller of a product gains,

A)the buyer will generally lose an amount greater than the gain to the seller.
B)the buyer must lose an amount equal to what the seller gains.
C)someone else must lose an equal amount.
D)the buyer must also gain; mutual gain provides the foundation for exchange.

Question 46

High transaction costs will tend to

A)reduce the number of mutually beneficial exchanges that occur.
B)allow easier specialization according to the law of comparative advantage.
C)increase the value created by exchanges in an economy.
D)increase the number of mutually beneficial exchanges that occur.

Question 47

A middleman is a person who

A)specializes in arranging trades and selling, guaranteeing, and servicing items traded.
B)acts as a middle person between the top management of a business firm and the hourly employees who actually produce the goods and services.
C)adds to the seller's expense and the buyer's buying price without providing a service to either.
D)levies a tax on private sector activity and uses the funds to support government activities.

Question 48

If Matt trades two candy bars to Andy in exchange for one baseball card,

A)Matt must have valued the baseball card more than the two candy bars.
B)Andy must have valued the two candy bars more than the baseball card.
C)Matt must lose an equal amount if Andy gains.
D)Both a and b are correct, c is incorrect.

Question 49

Which of the following is true?

A)Trade does not produce anything new; therefore, it cannot create value.
B)The value of a good is determined by the cost of the material resources required for its production.
C)The value of a good generally depends on who uses it and circumstances such as when and where it is used.
D)All of the above are true.

Question 50

Which of the following is true with regard to value and exchange?

A)Exchange generally moves a good from a person who values it more to a person who values it less.
B)Transaction costs reduce our ability to gain from potentially advantageous trades.
C)Middlemen increase transaction costs and, thereby, reduce the potential gains derived from trade.
D)Physical goods have an objective value that is unrelated to time and the person of ownership.

Question 51

"Henry Ford made millions of dollars producing and marketing automobiles. Many workers and consumers must have suffered in order for Ford to amass such enormous wealth." The person who made this observation

A)has failed to understand the principle of opportunity cost.
B)has failed to comprehend the fallacy of composition.
C)has failed to understand that specialization and exchange generally result in mutual economic gain.
D)has utilized the economic way of thinking by thinking the gains of producers are made primarily at the expense of consumers and workers.

Question 52

Internet sites such as eBay make it easier for sellers and buyers to find one another and, by doing so,

A)reduce transactions costs.
B)increase transaction costs.
C)reduce the number of exchanges that occur.
D)lower the value created by the goods and services available.

Question 53

A nation with cheap, efficient communications is likely to be

A)richer, ceteris paribus, because transaction costs will be lower and trade greater.
B)richer only if production of goods is cheaper, too, since trade itself cannot create value.
C)poorer since it spends so much on communication instead of true productivity.
D)spending too much on communications, which adds nothing to the value of output.

Question 54

Steve values his Honda Accord at $10,000, and Jennifer values it at $14,000. If Jennifer buys it from Steve for $11,000, which of the following is true?

A)Steve gains $1,000 of value, and Jennifer gains $3,000 of value.
B)Steve gains $11,000 of value, and Jennifer loses $11,000 of value.
C)Steve gains $10,000 of value, and Jennifer loses $14,000 of value.
D)Steve and Jennifer both gain $11,000 of value.

Question 55

If the Internet makes it easier for sellers to find buyers and makes it easier for buyers to learn about the products that are available for sale, we would expect that

A)the volume of trade will decline.
B)transaction costs will rise.
C)the gains from trade will increase.
D)buyers and sellers will be worse off.

Question 56

If Harry Bartolini's Ford dealership sells Rosa Brown a new automobile for $30,000, economic analysis indicates that

A)both parties to the transaction will gain.
B)Mr. Bartolini will gain from the transaction, while Rosa Brown will lose.
C)Rosa Brown will gain from the transaction, while Mr. Bartolini will lose.
D)the well-being of both parties will be unchanged.

Question 57

Compared to a situation where transaction costs are zero, the existence of transaction costs

A)will reduce the volume of trade.
B)will reduce the gains from trade.
C)may lead some buyers and sellers to employ middlemen.
D)All of the above are correct.

Question 58

Rebecca decides to buy a dress that Hillary has for sale; they agree on a price of $20. Which of the following best describes who gains and who loses from the transaction?

A)If the dress originally costs more than $20, Rebecca gains and Hillary loses.
B)If the dress originally costs less than $20, Hillary gains and Rebecca loses.
C)Both parties expect to gain from this transaction.
D)If Hillary gains from the transaction, Rebecca must lose an equal amount.

Question 59

Steve values his boat at $4,000, and Jennifer values it at $9,000. If Jennifer buys it from Steve for $7,000, which of the following is true?

A)Steve gains $3,000 of value, and Jennifer gains $2,000 of value.
B)Steve gains $7,000 of value, and Jennifer loses $7,000 of value.
C)Steve gains $7,000 of value, and Jennifer gains $6,000 of value.
D)Steve and Jennifer both gain $7,000 of value.

Question 60

If Sean sells Tom a tennis racket for $50, we would expect

A)both parties to gain from this transaction.
B)Sean to gain from the transaction, while Tom loses.
C)Tom to gain from the transaction, while Sean loses.
D)the well-being of both parties to be unchanged.

Question 61

Richer economies often have more middlemen. Economic thinking indicates that such economies

A)suffer losses from these activities.
B)gain since the opportunity costs of arranging trades would be higher without middlemen.
C)become progressively more wasteful, and middlemen are one sign of the waste.
D)are unable to employ middlemen in any other way.

Question 62

In economics, the term for a person who reduces transaction costs by arranging trades for buyers and sellers is

A)an exchange broker.
B)a middleman.
C)a transactions specialist.
D)an opportunity finder.

Question 63

When private ownership of a resource is clearly defined and enforced, the private owner

A)has little incentive to consider the wishes of others when deciding how to use the resource.
B)has little incentive to take care of the resource.
C)has a strong incentive to use the resource wisely and to consider seriously the wishes of others when deciding how to employ the resource.
D)has a strong incentive to consume the resource during the period rather than conserving it for future use.

Question 64

Which of the following most accurately states the function of middlemen?

A)Middlemen add to the expense of buyers and sellers without providing any benefit.
B)Our economy would work just as well without middlemen since they do not expand the availability of physical goods.
C)Middlemen reduce the number of transactions since they increase the buyer's price and reduce the seller's net revenue.
D)Middlemen create value by arranging trades and providing information to buyers and sellers.

Question 65

Because private owners are held responsible for damages their property causes to the property of others, private owners have

A)a strong incentive to take steps to reduce the chance that they will harm the property of others.
B)a strong incentive to use their property now rather than conserving it for the future.
C)little incentive to take good care of the property.
D)little incentive to consider the harm their property may do to the property of others.

Question 66

A middleman

A)attempts to prevent buyers from finding sellers.
B)promotes trade by lowering the transaction costs of buyers and sellers.
C)acts as a liaison between top management and the hourly employees.
D)adds to the seller's expense and the buyer's price without providing a service to either.

Question 67

When private ownership of a resource is clearly defined and enforced, the private owner

A)has a strong incentive to consider the wishes of others when deciding how to employ the resource.
B)has little incentive to use the resource wisely.
C)has a strong incentive to consume the resource during the period rather than conserving it for the future.
D)has little incentive to consider the wishes of others when deciding how to employ the resource.

Question 68

Middlemen are individuals who

A)add to the buyer's expense without performing a useful function.
B)add to the seller's cost without performing a useful function.
C)provide services that reduce the cost of transactions and help achieve additional gains from trade.
D)act as a middle person between the top management of a business firm and the hourly employees who actually produce the goods and services.

Question 69

Which of the following is true of private ownership?

A)Private ownership links responsibility with the right of control.
B)Private owners have little incentive to conserve natural resources for the future.
C)Private owners have little incentive to develop and use their assets in ways others value.
D)Private owners can do anything they want with the things they own regardless of the damage it does to the property of others.

Question 70

Economic thinking suggests that a nation in which middlemen are considered to be unproductive seekers of profit, and where their activities are heavily restricted by law, will

A)gain by channeling people's efforts away from unproductive middleman activity toward physical output.
B)lose the potential gains from trade that would result from lower transaction costs emanating from middleman activities.
C)find that it is richer because the added transaction costs normally imposed by middlemen will be reduced.
D)gain because the value of total output will rise.

Question 71

Private property rights involve

A)the right to exclusive use of the property.
B)legal protection against those who would seek to use or abuse the property without the owner's permission.
C)the right to transfer, sell, exchange, or mortgage the property.
D)all of the above.

Question 72

When property rights are clearly defined and enforced, private owners will

A)use their property for selfish ends because they have little or no incentive to consider the desires of others.
B)develop and direct their property toward uses that others value highly because the market will generally reward them for doing so.
C)have little or no incentive to take care of their property or conserve it for the future.
D)be unable to derive personal gain if they are sensitive to the desires of others when deciding how to use their property.

Question 73

Which of the following is a private owner prohibited from doing?

A)selling the property to another person
B)erecting a fence designed to keep others from using the property
C)painting the property a color that others do not like
D)using the property in a manner that invades or infringes on the property of another

Question 74

Which of the following is true regarding private ownership?

A)Relative to common ownership, private ownership generally leads to less conservation of resources.
B)With private ownership, owners are held accountable for using their resources in a manner that harms the resources of others.
C)Private ownership generally gives the owner little incentive to find ways to use the resource wisely.
D)With private ownership, resource owners have little incentive to consider the preferences of others when deciding how to employ a resource.

Question 75

Kim has two tickets to a concert tonight. She, however, has a headache and decides not to go. Which of the following would best fit Kim's needs?

A)a ticket service that will buy the tickets from her and resell them
B)a change in attitude because missing a concert is always irrational
C)a general flu epidemic that causes many people to miss the concert
D)a poor performance by the band, so Kim does not feel badly about missing the concert

Question 76

Which of the following is true regarding value and exchange?

A)Middlemen fail to create value since they do not expand the supply of physical goods.
B)A good or service has a given value regardless of who uses it or how it is used.
C)If it were not for middlemen, transaction costs would be zero.
D)Voluntary exchange creates value by channeling goods into the hands of people who value them most.

Question 77

Which of the following most accurately states the function of middlemen?

A)Middlemen reduce transaction costs.
B)Middlemen add to the expense of buyers and sellers without providing any benefit.
C)Our economy would work just as well without middlemen since they do not expand the availability of physical goods.
D)Middlemen reduce the number of transactions since they increase the buyer's price and reduce the seller's net receipts.

Question 78

Which of the following is true regarding value, transaction costs, and exchange?

A)Middlemen can be viewed as agents who create value by reducing transaction costs and, thereby, facilitating gains from exchange.
B)Middlemen fail to create value since they do not expand the supply of physical goods.
C)A good or service has a given value regardless of who uses it or how it is used.
D)Voluntary exchange reduces value by channeling goods into the hands of people who value them least.

Question 79

The government enforces property rights by

A)requiring property owners to pay property taxes.
B)providing police and courts.
C)forcing people to own property.
D)providing public parks and recreation facilities.

Question 80

When private ownership rights are well-defined and enforced, owners of physical assets and resources

A)have no incentive to consider the desires of others.
B)incur the opportunity cost of ignoring the wishes of others.
C)are not responsible if the use of their assets impose harm on others.
D)have little incentive to take care of their assets.