Deck 23: The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis: War and Revolution

Question 1

In a failed effort to open a Balkan front, in 1915 the British launched an attack on

A)Belgium.
B)Constantinople.
C)Adrianople.
D)Gallipoli.
E)Sarajevo.

Answer 1

Gallipoli.

Question 2

It was the decision of the German government to return to unrestricted submarine warfare that brought the United States into World War I in 1917.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

At the first Battle of the Marne, French troops were driven back and German forces occupied Paris.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The Battle of the Somme

A)was the first major battle of World War I.
B)killed more than 21,000 British soldiers in a single day.
C)was the first, quite unexpected, victory of the Austro-Hungarian army.
D)occurred in Belgium, and brought Britain and the Netherlands into the war.
E)was fought near the beaches of Gallipoli.

Question 5

The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia began with mass protesters in the streets in March of 1917, led by women changing "Peace and Bread."​

Question 6

After World War I, many Europeans were overwhelmed with a sense of despair and a belief that something was dreadfully wrong with most Western values.

Question 7

To remove Russia from World War I, Lenin advised acceptance of the Treaty of Brest Litovsk, in spite of heavy losses.​

Question 8

Using the Schlieffen Plan,

A)Germany launched a massive invasion of the Warsaw region of Poland.
B)France declared war on Austria.
C)Italy invaded the Austrian Tyrol.
D)Germany invaded France by way of Belgium.
E)England declared war on Belgium.

Question 9

The final German offensive was stopped on July 18, 1918 at the

A)Masurian Lakes.
B)Second Battle of the Marne.
C)Battle of Verdun.
D)Battle of Argonne Forest.
E)Battle of the Somme.

Question 10

On June 28, 1914, the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, was assassinated in the Bosnian city of

A)Trieste.
B)Prague.
C)Belgrade.
D)Sarajevo.
E)Mostar.

Question 11

The general attitude toward the prospect of a Europe-wide war among the people of Europe in the summer of 1914 was one of

A)fear of the prospect of going to war.
B)naively romantic enthusiasm for the adventure of war.
C)lack of enthusiasm for the confrontation ahead.
D)indifference to developments in international affairs as spring faded into summer.
E)ignorance, because no one knew what the diplomats were doing behind closed doors.

Question 12

Among the major factors leading to the outbreak of war in mid-1914 was

A)Nationalism and internal dissent.
B)German leaders' determination to end Danish opposition to construction of a huge naval base at Kiel.
C)Japan's determination to seize either United States or German colonies in the Pacific, leading to the Japanese declaration of war against Germany in mid-August 1914.
D)Russia's unexpected attack on Serbia and Bulgaria in late June 1914.
E)the assassination of the heir to the Russian Empire.

Question 13

Among the major illusions held by civilians and military leaders early in World War I was

A)the belief that it would never be over.
B)that the Americans would enter the war in order to insure a quick victory.
C)the belief of most military leaders that the use of still larger numbers of troops would allow them to get their troops beyond the enemy trenches and gain a quick victory.
D)poison gas would end the war by Christmas.
E)a revolution in Germany would force Germany out of the war.

Question 14

In the Great Depression, most democratic governments followed the classical liberal remedy by lowering wages and raising tariffs.

Question 15

All of the following took place in the nations of Europe during World War I except

A)Italy finally joined the Central Powers in early 1918.
B)Russia ended its role in the war in the spring of 1918.
C)government repression of civil liberties greatly increased.
D)employment opportunities for women increased enormously.
E)the loss of enormous numbers of soldiers.

Question 16

The Bauhaus artistic movement sought a reality beyond the material, sensible world.​

Question 17

Among the other civilian casualties in World War I were one million Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, the victims of genocide.

Question 18

Because of post-war economic growth, the great majority of women retained their jobs after World War I.

Question 19

In ten months at Verdun, 700,000 men lost their lives for only a few miles of terrain.

Question 20

By 1917, the progress of World War I had

A)forced the Germans into waging unrestricted submarine warfare against Great Britain.
B)enveloped every nation of the world in warfare.
C)resulted in the German capture of several British and French colonies.
D)produced a German attack on United States seaports.
E)led to a communist revolution in Germany.

Question 21

Which of the following nations were created by the 1919 Paris Peace Conference?

A)Paraguay and Pakistan
B)Pakistan and Bulgaria
C)Czechoslovakia and Poland
D)Serbia and Greece.
E)Finland and Bulgaria.

Question 22

The Dawes Plan was all of the following except it

A)was developed after the massive inflation of 1923.
B)served as a mechanism for the reduction and stabilization of German war reparations.
C)provided Germany with a $200 million recovery loans.
D)ultimately resulted in American investments in Europe that produced a period of prosperity there in the 1920s.
E)permanently solved all of Germany's economic problems.

Question 23

Lenin's new secret police were known as the

A)KGB.
B)Cheka.
C)NKVD.
D)Stasi.
E)Savak.

Question 24

After Lenin's death,

A)Trotsky replaced him and gradually scaled down the NEP over a five-year period.
B)the Socialist Revolutionary party seized power and held it until 1931.
C)the Politburo split into a Left group, wishing to pursue of rapid industrialization and world revolution, and a Right group, desiring to construct a socialist state in Russia.
D)Stalin was assassinated by the followers of Trotsky, who believed that "Comrade Card-Index" was planning to murder all of his political rivals.
E)Kalashnikov became party general secretary.

Question 25

Which of the following is an accurate description of Middle Eastern mandates instituted after World War I?

A)Belgium took Anatolia and the Hejaz.
B)France took control of Iraq and Palestine.
C)Britain took control of Iraq and Palestine.
D)Italy took control of Egypt and Kuwait.
E)Greece took control of Turkey.

Question 26

The Provisional Government that took power after the tsar abdicated was headed by

A)Mustafa Kemal.
B)Joseph Stalin.
C)Alexander Kerensky.
D)V.I.Lenin.
E)Leon Trotsky.

Question 27

Leon Trotsky

A)had been a professor in Britain from 1908 to 1913.
B)led the Left group in the Politburo after Lenin's death.
C)had served as Kerensky's secret police leader until he defected to the Mensheviks.
D)became premier of the Soviet Union after Stalin's death.
E)led the Fourth International in Brussels.

Question 28

Tsar Nicholas 2 abdicated his throne as a result of strikes that broke out

A)in Moscow in late 1918.
B)after working-class women staged a massive food march in Petrograd.
C)in Warsaw after the 1916 crop failure.
D)after the Memorial Day Massacre of steel workers.
E)after the police murdered a Socialist Revolutionary leader in the Winter Palace.

Question 29

The Treaty of Locarno

A)guaranteed the new German borders with Poland and Czechoslovakia in the east..
B)guaranteed the new German borders with Belgium and France in the west.
C)achieved significant disarmament in Europe for the first time in seventy-five years.
D)allowed the Soviet Union to join the League of Nations.
E)was a secret military alliance between Germany and the Soviet Union.

Question 30

All of the following statements are correct about the Great Depression except

A)the stock market crash in the United States led to the withdrawal of American investments in Europe, thus weakening the European banking system.
B)economic depressions were a new phenomena in the European experience.
C)during the Depression, women were often able to secure low-paying jobs and servants and housekeepers while many men remained unemployed.
D)the classical liberal remedies for depressions were balanced budgets, cutting costs, and raising tariffs, all of which only worsened the crisis.
E)fascism and communism appealed to many because of the perceived failure of capitalism.

Question 31

The crisis stemming from German non-payment of its 1922 reparations installment

A)caused Britain to send troops into the Ruhr to collect the payments in kind.
B)led to severe hyperinflation, as Germany's "passive resistance" made the mark worthless.
C)led the Soviet Union to annex Upper Siberia in lieu of "reparations due."
D)resulted in a successful Bolshevik revolution in Germany.
E)led to the invasion of Poland by the German army.

Question 32

The new economic views of John Maynard Keynes held that

A)government public works spending would cut unemployment and revive an economy.
B)unemployment resulted from an inflationary increase in demand.
C)budget deficits must be avoided at any cost.
D)governments should pursue a policy of economic laissez-faire.
E)governments must print unlimited amounts of money.

Question 33

Under Lenin's New Economic Policy,

A)Lenin retired from active political life.
B)state requisitions of peasant grain continued.
C)individuals were permitted to own small retail stores and peasants to sell their produce.
D)the state relinquished control over all heavy industrial operations.
E)banks and mines became privately-owned.

Question 34

The Germans disliked the Versailles Treaty because

A)it required them to give up Berlin and Bavaria.
B)they saw its "armistice clause" as an encroachment on their national sovereignty.
C)Article 231 said that Germany (and Austria) bore sole responsibility for starting the war.
D)they were forced to join the League of Nations.
E)it guaranteed no more war.

Question 35

The British government

A)sharply limited free speech when it implemented the Defense of the Realm Act.
B)opposed the use of poison gas under any and all circumstances.
C)developed a program that employed over 1.3 million children, even in positions formerly beyond their previously presumed "capacity."
D)brought William Gladstone back as Prime Minister when Lloyd George was defeated.
E)seized Constantinople from the Ottomans.

Question 36

The soviets were

A)councils of workers' and soldiers' deputies.
B)composed entirely of Bolsheviks.
C)made up of the conservative factions of the middle classes.
D)primarily composed of disgruntled civil servants.
E)composed only of peasants.

Question 37

In 1918, Lenin signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, in which Russia gave up all of the following except

A)the Baltic states.
B)eastern Poland.
C)Finland.
D)the Ukraine.
E)Muscovy.

Question 38

The British prime minister who had won a decisive electoral victory on a platform committed to making the Germans pay for the war was

A)Georges Clemenceau.
B)David Lloyd George.
C)Neville Chamberlain.
D)Arthur Balfour.
E)Winston Churchill.

Question 39

In early November 1917, Lenin's Bolsheviks

A)staged the Sverdlovsk Massacre in Kiev.
B)killed the tsar.
C)successfully took power from the Provisional Government in a coup.
D)established the White army.
E)created the Council of Soviets.

Question 40

As a result of the Great Depression,

A)living standards rose in Japan and Germany.
B)Marxism and fascism gained in popularity.
C)free trade gained in popularity.
D)democracy gained in popularity.
E)American prosperity surprisingly increased.

Question 41

Which of the following was NOT a promise of the Bolsheviks on obtaining power?​

A)​End of the war.
B)​Redistribution of lands to the peasantry.
C)​A constitutional monarchy.
D)​Transfer of industries and factories to worker control.
E)​Putting soviets in power in place of the Provisional Government.

Question 42

The treaty negotiated by the US, Britain, and France to conclude World War I with Germany was the Treaty of ​

A)​Nerchinsk
B)​Versailles
C)​Portsmouth
D)​Locarno
E)​Brest-Litovsk

Question 43

The British officer T. E. Lawrence focused his campaigns on inciting colonial rebellion by ​

A)​Mamluks against Egypt.
B)​Arabs against Ottomans.
C)​Zanzibar against Germany.
D)​Armenia against Ottomans.
E)​Galicia against Russia.

Question 44

The New Deal was the attempt by the Roosevelt administration to

A)end capitalism and free-market economic activity.
B)have the federal government participate more actively in the economy.
C)bring state-socialism to America.
D)incarcerate both capitalist and socialists extremists.
E)penalize the individuals in America who were profiteering from the financial downturn.

Question 45

The most visible social impact of ​ total war was

A)​incorporation of women into professional positions.
B)​coordinated propaganda literature to boost public morale.
C)​war mobilization of soldiers and civilians.
D)​an end to unemployment.
E)​widespread use of volunteer efforts for the Red Cross.

Question 46

Which of the following reflected new artistic trends of the 1920s?

A)the Realist School.
B)James Joyce's Ulysses.
C)Hermann Hesse's Dada Dance.
D)New York city's Twin Towers.
E)the Eiffel Tower in Paris.

Question 47

The Popular Front in France

A)was the only entirely Communist government in French history.
B)used fascist policies to try to aid businesses.
C)initiated a program of workers' rights, but its policies failed to end the Depression.
D)developed the groundwork for a new war with Germany.
E)solved the Great Depression in France.

Question 48

The radical Serbian group that​ assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand was the

A)​People's Will
B)​Black Hand
C)​National Socialists
D)​Social Democrats
E)​Black Shirt Brigade

Question 49

Changes in middle-class attitudes during the 1920s included

A)a surprising degree of support for the Bolshevik cause, first articulated by President Wilson in 1919.
B)the popularity of Theodor van de Velde's book Divorce in Five Easy Lessons.
C)the popularity of short skirts, short hair, and the use of previously risqué cosmetics.
D)the acquisition of television sets.
E)the popularity of the twist.

Question 50

England's engagement in Africa started with​

A)​seizing the German colony of Togoland.
B)​engaging Paul von Hindenburg in battle German East Africa.
C)​forming a consolidated force with the French in Algeria.
D)​conscripting soldiers from Zanzibar to fight on the Western Front.
E)​blockading German submarines at the Straits of Gibraltar.

Question 51

War on the Western front was marked by ​

A)​strategic movements of troops in surges to take key cities.
B)​little movement by troops bogged down in trenches.
C)​large casualties by under-equipped Russian volunteer troops.
D)significant ​assistance to the Triple Entente from Italian troops after 1917.
E)​inclusion of women in the fighting troops of France and Britain.

Question 52

As a young revolutionary in Imperial Russia, Lenin affiliated with which political party?​

A)​Social Democrats
B)​National Socialists
C)​​Narod'nost
D)​The People's Will.
E)​Fabianists.

Question 53

The MAIN reason for the United States' entry into World War I was:​

A)​American objection to interuption of trade through naval blockades.
B)​German refusal to refrain from unrestricted submarine warfare.
C)​the desire to see the Kaiser removed from the throne in favor of a more pro-American candidate.
D)​to split German forces on the West and draw them away from the US ally, Russia.
E)​to prevent the spread of Communism.

Question 54

The Weimar Republic

A)was highly successful in fighting the effects of the Great Depression.
B)faced great economic challenges such as runaway inflation and later the Great Depression.
C)had very capable, charismatic leadership in the years before Hitler ruled Germany.
D)enjoyed universal support throughout Germany.
E)was pro-French in foreign policy.

Question 55

Which of the following was NOT a significant reason for Russia's lack of preparedness for war in 1914?​

A)​Lack of confidence in the Tsarist government.
B)​Peasant discontent.
C)​Concentration of industrial worker's frustrations set in urban locales.
D)​Lack of consensus in the voting parties of the Parliament.
E)​Resentment of Alexandra's influence on Nicholas II

Question 56

The significant disadvantage of Germany's Zeppelins ​was

A)​they were so big and light that they were easy to deflect off course.
B)​they were extremely flammable when hit with anti-aircraft guns.
C)​loading them with heavy armements limited their range.
D)​they were extremely reflective and a natural draw for enemy fire.
E)​lack of significant airspeed.

Question 57

In what way was Japan involved in World War I?​

A)​Neutral observer.
B)​Occupation of the Phillipines.
C)​On the side of the Triple Entente to take control of German territories in Asia.
D)​On the side of the Triple Alliance to take control of French territories in Southeast Asia.
E)​Renewed war with Russia in violation of the Treaty of Portsmouth.

Question 58

The first serious threat to the Red Army during the Russian Civil War came from​

A)​White army factions in Siberia.
B)​Peasantry refusing to supply the Red Army after the Treaty of Brest Litovsk.
C)​German forces seeking to mobilize through Bulgaria.
D)​the last ditch attempt by the Ottoman Empire to maintain control in the Caucauses region.
E)​Allied troops working against the Bolsheviks to bring the Russians back to World War I.

Question 59

​As part of the Triple Alliance, what role did Italy play in the outset of World War I?

A)​They actively repelled the Russians on the Balkan Front.
B)​They invaded Serbia at the behest of Austria.
C)​They attacked Austria in 1915.
D)​Italy defeated the Austrialian forces at Gallipoli.
E)​Italy launched a side mission to capture Ethiopia.

Question 60

The largest European army using conscription​ just prior to the outbreak of war was:

A)​Russia
B)​England.
C)​France.
D)​Germany.
E)​Austria-Hungary.

Question 61

Identify the following terms.
the Duma and the soviets

Question 62

Identify the following terms.
Nicholas 2 and Alexandra

Question 63

Identify the following terms.
Triple Alliance and Triple Entente

Question 64

Identify the following terms.
"total war"

Question 65

Identify the following terms.
Archduke Francis Ferdinand

Question 66

Identify the following terms.
David Lloyd George

Question 67

Identify the following terms.
the Schlieffen Plan

Question 68

Identify the following terms.
the Lusitania

Question 69

Identify the following terms.
Alexander Kerensky and the Provisional Government

Question 70

Identify the following terms.
"no-man's land" and the trenches

Question 71

Identify the following terms.
March Revolution

Question 72

Identify the following terms.
Serbia and the Black Hand

Question 73

Identify the following terms.
Georges Clemenceau

Question 74

Identify the following terms.
Woodrow Wilson

Question 75

Identify the following terms.
the Battles of Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes

Question 76

Identify the following terms.
conscription

Question 77

Identify the following terms.
Rasputin

Question 78

Identify the following terms.
Gallipoli and Verdun

Question 79

Identify the following terms.
T. E. Lawrence

Question 80

Identify the following terms.
Defense of the Realm Act (DORA)