Deck 26: East and West in the Grip of the Cold War

Question 1

Which events made Stalin uneasy about the United States' intentions between 1945 and 1950?

A)The provision of American economic and military aid to the Ukraine.
B)The stationing of United States ground forces in Finland and Iraq.
C)Plans to merge the American, British and French occupation zones in Germany into a West German republic.
D)The ban on Soviet participation in the European Recovery Program.
E)The American threat to use atomic weapons the Middle East.

Answer 1

Plans to merge the American, British and French occupation zones in Germany into a West German republic.

Question 2

In spite of President Eisenhower's promise in the 1950s to "roll back" communism, in reality United States officials realized that any intervention in Eastern Europe could lead to nuclear war.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The eastern European nation that defied Stalin's attempt to occupy it after the war was

A)Vichy under Petain.
B)Finland under Ulbricht.
C)Poland under Yaruzelski.
D)Yugoslavia under Tito.
E)Germany under Petain.

Answer 3

Yugoslavia under Tito.

Question 4

The Marshall Plan was a military alliance directed against Soviet aggression.

Question 5

All except which of the following developments occurred at the Yalta Conference held in 1945?

A)The Allies agreed to a process of free elections in the liberated nations of Europe.
B)Roosevelt reassured Stalin that the Soviet Union's legitimate territorial and security concerns would be met.
C)The establishment of the United Nations was agreed to by the Allies.
D)The leaders of the three Allied nations were deeply divided over the future of Japan.
E)The three Allied leaders were seemingly in broad agreement about the immediate future.

Question 6

Churchill's March 1946 speech stated that

A)British troops had preemptively seized the Iranian oil fields.
B)Britain was on the verge of financial collapse.
C)an "iron curtain" had "descended across the Continent."
D)Mao Zedong could not be trusted to keep the peace.
E)war with the Soviet Union would take place shortly.

Question 7

Nikita Khrushchev promoted a policy of "peaceful coexistence" in 1955.​

Question 8

Soviet reactions to the Marshall Plan included

A)military occupation of Finland and Denmark.
B)direct participation in its aid benefits.
C)the creation of a program of competitive financial aid to East Asia.
D)the view that the plan was an effort by the United States at imperialist domination of Europe.
E)a new policy of international cooperation.

Question 9

"Star Wars" was John F. Kennedy's plan to send men to the moon by the end of the 1960s.

Question 10

Josip Tito

A)had attended Peking University with Mao Zedong.
B)devised a decentralized variety of Communism, different from "Stalinism."
C)was defeated in his attempt to become Prime Minister of Yugoslavia as the result of American campaigning against socialist or Communist leaders.
D)was part of the government-in-exile during the war.
E)was an ally of Joseph Stalin in the latter's attempt to crush the Serbs.

Question 11

Communist China sent Chinese troops to assist Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Cong in the Second Indochina War.

Question 12

The program of ​perestroika​ was intended to allow more transparency into how the Soviet government worked. ​

Question 13

After the defeat of the People's Liberation Army in 1948, Mao Zedong retreated to the north, where he established a new capital in Manchuria.

Question 14

The Truman Doctrine

A)involved direct Soviet economic aid to Greece and Turkey.
B)stated that the United States would provide aid for any nation that was being threatened by Communist subversion.
C)was the basis for substantial United States aid to India and Iran.
D)tolerated a limited expansion of Communist control over areas of the Middle East.
E)was to be a non-political attempt to advance free governments in North Africa.

Question 15

The term "iron curtain" was coined by former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill in 1946.​

Question 16

The European Recovery Program was better known as the

A)Five Point Program.
B)Stillman Plan.
C)Acheson Plan.
D)European Community.
E)Marshall Plan.

Question 17

By aiding the Afghanistan resistance to the Soviet Union, the United States helped maintain a Vietnam-like war that kept the Soviets bogged down in its own quagmire.

Question 18

The first threat of a United States-Soviet Union confrontation after World War 2 took place in the Middle East over a possible Soviet threat to take over Iran's northern territories.

Question 19

The first threat of a U. S.-Soviet confrontation took place in

A)Estonia
B)Cuba
C)Yugoslavia
D)Czechoslovakia
E)Iran

Question 20

What foreign policy strategy did George Kennan advocate in a 1947 Foreign Affairs article?

A)passive aggression
B)synergetic harmonization
C)containment
D)empiricism
E)isolationism

Question 21

All of the following are true about the Berlin Airlift except

A)it was accompanied by a publicly stated American threat to use atomic weapons on Moscow if Soviet planes attacked allied aircraft.
B)it was a result of Stalin's effort to prevent the creation of a separate West German state.
C)it resulted in an increase of tension between the superpowers.
D)it provided Berlin with daily supplies.
E)it did not block the separation of Germany into two states in 1949.

Question 22

As a result of the American opening to China,

A)joint pressure was applied to ease Indian troops out of Sri Lanka.
B)the two sides agreed to set aside their differences over Taiwan.
C)the Chinese and Americans officially broke relations with the Soviet Union.
D)the United States rejected the concept of the reunification of Taiwan with the mainland.
E)cooperation between America and China, for the purpose of curtailing Soviet Asian encroachment, disappeared.

Question 23

In 1953, the first expression of popular discontent against Stalin's "proletarian internationalism" occurred in

A)Hungary.
B)Romania.
C)Poland.
D)East Berlin.
E)Czechoslovakia.

Question 24

Ho Chi Minh

A)was Mao Zedong's only major rival for leadership of the Chinese Communist Party.
B)had concluded an agreement for Vietnamese independence in 1946 with the French, but then became engaged in a civil war against militant Buddhists.
C)led a multiparty coalition in an anti-colonialist struggle against the French in the 1940s and early 1950s.
D)sought exile in China after his defeat in Vietnam in 1954.
E)became a democratic politician in North Viet Nam.

Question 25

The treaty of 1949 between the United States, Canada, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Britain, the Netherlands, Italy, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, and Iceland created the military alliance known as

A)the Warsaw Pact.
B)NATO.
C)COMECON.
D)SEATO.
E)CENTO.

Question 26

The "Kitchen Debate"

A)occurred in New Delhi in 1961.
B)was between Richard Nixon and Nikita Khrushchev and in the Soviet Union during a cultural exchange event.
C)was between Leonid Brezhnev and Dwight Eisenhower at Disneyland in 1957.
D)was the first "capitalist" show on Soviet television.
E)was the first "Communist" show on Western television.

Question 27

The Chinese Civil War

A)lasted for fourteen years, from its beginning with the capture of Bao Dai by the Guomindang in 1936 until the victory of the People's Liberation Army in 1950.
B)became a factor in United States domestic politics after Mao's victory over the Nationalists.
C)ended in a truce brokered by General Marshall, who created a coalition government in China.
D)was lost, according to the Truman administration, because of the incapacity of Sun Yat-sen's government and army.
E)ended with Mao's capture of Taiwan.

Question 28

Warfare resumed in Vietnam in 1959 because

A)of the Afghan invasion of Kazakhstan.
B)Ho Chi Minh rejected the Geneva Accords.
C)the United States, fearful of a Communist victory in the elections agreed to at Geneva, had ignored the Geneva Accords and aided the South Vietnamese government.
D)Ngo Dinh Diem began a Communist takeover of South Vietnam.
E)of the Chinese Communist invasion of nearby Cambodia.

Question 29

Which island was increasingly seen by United States as a crucial element in American defense strategy in the Pacific during the winter of 1949-1950?

A)Oahu
B)Hong Kong
C)Taiwan
D)Sakhalin
E)Hainan.

Question 30

The Korean War

A)was fought by a United Nations force composed mainly of South Korean and United States troops against North Korean forces and, after late 1950, Chinese "volunteers."
B)began only five months after the Soviet and American governments had established a new, unified government there and withdrawn their armies of occupation.
C)was caused by domestic disagreements between Korean factions in the south.
D)involved large numbers of Chinese troops after United Nations air forces bombed Manchuria.
E)was finally won when 250,000 American troops captured the North Korean capital after a four-month siege.

Question 31

In reviewing the origins of the Cold War, the text

A)remarked on the unusual nature of intense competition between two societies so heavily influenced by Western civilization.
B)supports the view of many revisionist historians that United States policies drove Stalin to adopt a hostile view of the West.
C)states that both nations were working within a framework conditioned by the past, from their different historical perspectives and their irreconcilable political ambitions.
D)proposes the Cold War actually originated in East Asia.
E)blames the British Labour government for manipulating America into an anti-Soviet policy.

Question 32

The Brezhnev Doctrine

A)promised Soviet support for the "Prague Spring" reformers.
B)demanded that the Berlin Wall be dismantled.
C)threatened the People's Republic of China with nuclear war.
D)was a warning to other Communist states to follow the path of Marxist-Leninist orthodoxy.
E)promised to respect human rights in exchange for the recognition of the Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe.

Question 33

The Cuban Missile Crisis

A)was the first major Mexican-Cuban crisis.
B)was a direct attempt by the United States to remove Fidel Castro from power.
C)was a direct attempt by the Soviet Union to launch a nuclear attack on America.
D)brought the world to the brink of nuclear war, but eventually produced a lessening of Cold War tension between the superpowers.
E)caused several military confrontations between the superpowers in world "hot zones."

Question 34

Factors weakening Chiang Kai-shek during the Civil War included

A)middle class indifference toward his regime because of its refusal to provide them with lucrative government jobs.
B)peasant enthusiasm to Mao's promises to give land to the peasants.
C)the refusal of the United States to give even limited military support to the Nationalist armies.
D)the fact that 85,000 former Japanese occupation troops were fighting in his army and elite Japanese units formed his bodyguard.
E)Chiang's alliance with Japan during World War II.

Question 35

Tibet

A)had been controlled by Russia from the mid-1800s until 1953, when it was given its independence.
B)was occupied by China in 1950.
C)was feared by Britain because of its militantly aggressive actions in Kashmir and the Punjab in the 1940s.
D)was the only Sunni Muslim society in the region.
E)staged an unsuccessful, Comintern-inspired revolution in 1953.

Question 36

"Peaceful coexistence"

A)was a term first coined by Joseph Stalin in the 1940s.
B)was first used by Sun Yat-sen in 1921.
C)was treated with suspicion by United States leaders, especially after the Soviet crushing of the unrest in Hungary in 1956.
D)delayed the development of cultural exchanges of theatrical and other groups.
E)was eagerly embraced by President Truman as an alternative to nuclear war.

Question 37

China's long isolation from the West began to end with the opening to America that was accomplished by

A)Hubert Humphrey and Lyndon Johnson.
B)John F.Kennedy and John Foster Dulles.
C)Dwight Eisenhower and Dean Rusk.
D)Harry Truman and Dean Acheson.
E)Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger.

Question 38

The fighting in Indochina between 1946 and 1953

A)was between French troops and an alliance of Vietminh Front, Japanese, and Korean forces.
B)saw France agree to a negotiated peace after French public opinion tired of the "dirty war."
C)was conducted as an anti-imperialist war by an alliance of nationalist groups led by Deng Xiaoping, leader of the Indochinese Liberation Party.
D)led to the permanent defeat of the Communist military forces.
E)was ended with the use of atomic weapons by the French.

Question 39

United States foreign policy during the Korean War period

A)was unable to get formal United Nations support for South Korea when invaded in June 1950.
B)reluctantly supported the modified and limited return of 30,000 Japanese troops to the Korean peninsula to help rebuff North Korean forces.
C)became more determined to block Western contact with the Chinese government.
D)provided support for the invasion of the Chinese mainland by Nationalist forces from Taiwan.
E)saw the creation of an alliance with Soviet Russia to restrain Mao Zedong's ambitions.

Question 40

In the 1950s and 1960s, the relationship between the Soviet Union and Mao Zedong's China

A)remained unchanged.
B)was altered by the Soviet Union's increased interest in increasing world tensions, especially with the militarily dangerous United Nations.
C)was weakened by Mao Zedong's belief that, after Stalin's death, Mao's status as the most experienced Marxist ruler should make him the leading socialist.
D)was destroyed by Mao's threat to occupy southeastern Siberia if the Soviet government continued to make, test, and store nuclear weapons there.
E)improved because of a joint fear of the United States' ambitions in South Asia.

Question 41

Lyndon Johnson sent more American troops to South Vietnam because

A)he wanted to stop the South Vietnamese policy of giving free land to the peasants.
B)he believed that the combined forces of the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese army would have taken over all of Vietnam if he hadn't.
C)he wanted to conquer all of Vietnam.
D)he planned to establish Vietnam as a staging point for an American military onslaught into China.
E)he viewed all of Vietnam as the perfect target for a final Cold War nuclear confrontation.

Question 42

At the Yalta Conference, what was Stalin promised in exchange for the Soviet Union entering the war against Japan?​

A)Significant influence over China as long as he did not intervene in Hong Kong.
B)​Preeminent interests in Manchuria as long as he agreed not to assist Communist China.
C)​A division of the interests in the breakup of the Japanese Empire.
D)​Sakhalin Island north of Japan, on the Kamchatka peninsula
E)​Re-extension of Soviet placement in Port Arthur on the Korean peninsula with a promise to remain out of the Chinese Civil War.

Question 43

The Soviet response to the western alliance in NATO was to form ​

A)​the Warsaw Pact
B)​the Marshall Zhukov Plan
C)​The Budpest Protocol
D)​The Helsinki Accords
E)​Sino-Soviet Pact

Question 44

The post-war tactic used by Mao against the Nationalists was called​

A)​Radish Communism.
B)​Mass Line Strategy
C)​Great Leap Forward
D)​Yenan Plan
E)​Going to the People

Question 45

The US hoped to avoid deeper involvement in China by ​

A)​allowing Stalin to act in an advisory capacity to Chiang kai-Shek.
B)​negotiating an arrangement between Chiang and Mao.
C)​maintaining a significant military presence in neutralized Japan to intimidate both sides of the Chinese Civil War.
D)​relying on NATO and the United Nations to arbitrate the situation.
E)​reluctantly endorsing Mao but not providing any support in hopes of appeasing Communist Russia.

Question 46

Tito's argument about Yugoslavia being part of the buffer zone between East and West was ​

A)​that he retained Yugoslavian nationalism at all costs
B)​he rejected Communism entirely and moved towards democracy
C)​the Communist Party in Yugoslavia rejected Stalinism, not Communism.
D)​"Socialism in one Nation" was a working mantra.
E)​Yugoslavia was dependent on western political ideas as part of their inclusion in NATO.

Question 47

The 1975 accord that recognized all central and eastern European borders that had been established since the end of World War 2, and committed the signers to the human rights of its citizens, was the

A)Stuttgart Memorandum.
B)Geneva Agreement.
C)Helsinki Accords.
D)Vienna Agreement.
E)Tashkent Agreement.

Question 48

Which of the following countries became Communist in February of 1948 under Klement Gottwald?

A)​Romania
B)​Czechoslovakia
C)​Yugoslavia
D)​Hungary
E)​East Germany

Question 49

The Third World refers to ​

A)​participants in a pact coordinated by Nehru, Sukarno, and Tito.
B)​impoverished areas of the world unexposed to "civilization."
C)​nations that were unable to shake off colonial occupation post WW II.
D)​non-aligned countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
E)​any nation that was neither Communist nor Democratic.

Question 50

What was the main action that sparked the US declaration of the Truman Doctrine?​

A)​Tito's expansion of dictatorship through Yugoslavia.
B)​France withdrawing from support in Albania.
C)​Civil War in Greece.
D)​Soviet objection to US missiles in Turkey.
E)​a resurgence of fascism in Eastern Italy.

Question 51

After a peace treaty was signed in Paris in 1973 to end the Second Indochinese War,

A)President Johnson decided to escalate the fighting in nearby Laos.
B)North and South Vietnam settled their differences peacefully.
C)America took control of all of Vietnam.
D)North Vietnam couldn't reach a political accord with South Vietnam, and finally attacked and defeated the south two years later.
E)the United States elected Richard Nixon as its new president.

Question 52

The concept or policy of "equivalence" referred to

A)maintaining world caloric intake, per adult, at an average of 1700 calories per day.
B)maintaining a rough military parity on the part of the superpowers to avoid a catastrophic nuclear confrontation.
C)establishing tonnage targets to reduce the size of the United States and Soviet navies.
D)equivalent national representation in the United Nations.
E)the American policy of balance between the Soviet Union and Communist China.

Question 53

Diplomacy between the US and China fell apart over which issues?​

A)​Chinese "volunteers" in the Korean war.
B)​Mao's alliance with Khrushchev following Stalin's death.
C)​Chinese involvement in anti-democracy movements in South Vietnam.
D)​Mao's demand that the US withdraw from Taiwan.
E)​US interference in Cambodia.

Question 54

Polish uprisings against Soviet oppression included all of the following EXCEPT

A)election of Wladislaw Gomulka.
B)allowing the restoration of the Catholic Church.
C)opting out of the Warsaw pact.
D)ending participation in forced collectivization
E)allowing continuation of Communism rather than Stalinism.

Question 55

The original goal of the Vietminh uprising, led by Ho Chi Minh, was ​

A)​to install a Communist dictatorship.
B)​to repel Chinese incursions.
C)​to achieve a democratic balance of power in Southeast Asia.
D)​to break free of French colonialism.
E)​to be included in the United Nations.

Question 56

Under Ronald Reagan, the United States was able to help sustain a Vietnam-like war that long embroiled Soviet forces in

A)Angola.
B)Uzbekistan.
C)Turkmenistan.
D)Kazakhstan.
E)Afghanistan.

Question 57

One of the US responses to Communist victory in China was ​

A)​blaming Roosevelt for promises made at Yalta.
B)​blaming Chiang for the weakness of his regime.
C)​arguing that Soviet forces spread throughout China providing the PLA with weapons.
D)​beginning a rabid anti-Communist hysteria in the US with Sen.McCarthy arguing that there were red agents in the US government.
E)​All of these.

Question 58

As a demonstration of his willingness to participate in "peaceful coexistence," in 1955 Khrushchev called for Soviet withdrawal from ​

A)​East Germany
B)​Hungary
C)​Austria.
D)​Manchuria.
E)​Yugoslavia.

Question 59

The term "Evil Empire" referred to the

A)the Soviet Union.
B)Chinese government.
C)United States in the rhetoric of Iran's revolutionary Islamic regime.
D)Sandinista regime in Nicaragua.
E)French government, as unofficially characterized by President Jimmy Carter.

Question 60

What was involved in the US policy of NSC-68?​

A)​Initiation of the McCarthy hearings to root out communism in the US.
B)​Economic sanctions against China.
C)​Revocation of diplomatic recognition of the People's Republic of China.
D)​Invoking a policy of containment of Communism in Asia.
E)​A naval blockade of the Pacific Rim between Japan and the Asian continent.

Question 61

Identify the following terms.
Berlin Blockade and the Berlin Airlift

Question 62

Identify the following terms.
Truman Doctrine

Question 63

Identify the following terms.
Korean War

Question 64

Identify the following terms.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization/NATO

Question 65

Identify the following terms.
Winston Churchill's "iron curtain"

Question 66

What was the key issue in the breakdown of relations ​between China and the Soviet Union?

A)​China believed that the Soviets had demonstrated socialist technological superiority and should to on the offensive.
B)​Khrushchev argued that China had not reached an elevated state of Communism according to Marxist ideology.
C)​Mao rebuked Khrushchev for his policy of de-Stalinization.
D)​Mao felt that Khrushchev had disgraced Communism after the Cuban Missile Crisis.
E)​Russia's increasing closeness with Castro and communist regimes in Latin America.

Question 67

Identify the following terms.
Federal Republic of Germany and German Democratic Republic (GDR)

Question 68

Identify the following terms.
Marshall mission to China

Question 69

Identify the following terms.
Greek civil war

Question 70

Identify the following terms.
the Marshall Plan/European Recovery Program

Question 71

Identify the following terms.
Yalta Conference

Question 72

Identify the following terms.
People's Liberation Army (PLA) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

Question 73

Identify the following terms.
"soft on communism"

Question 74

Identify the following terms.
Taiwan

Question 75

Identify the following terms.
Chinese Civil War

Question 76

Identify the following terms.
Warsaw Pact

Question 77

Identify the following terms.
Mao Zedong

Question 78

Identify the following terms.
Chiang Kai-shek

Question 79

Identify the following terms.
zones of occupation in Germany

Question 80

Identify the following terms.
George Kennan and "containment"