Deck 10: Research on Clinical Intervention

Question 1

The Consumer Reports study of client satisfaction indicated that

A) most clients are satisfied with the therapy they received, but only if it was behaviorally oriented.
B) most clients are satisfied with the therapy they received, but only if it was insight-oriented.
C) most clients are satisfied with the therapy they received, especially if it was offered by psychologists, psychiatrists, and social workers.
D) most clients are unsatisfied with the therapy they received.

Answer 1

most clients are satisfied with the therapy they received, especially if it was offered by psychologists, psychiatrists, and social workers.

Question 2

The Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures

A) identified 145 treatments as at least "promising" to be efficacious.
B) found that between 60% and 90% of empirically supported treatments were cognitive-behavioral in nature.
C) established a set of criteria for research designs capable of reliably and validly drawing conclusions about the effectiveness of clinical interventions.
D) all of the above

Answer 2

all of the above

Question 3

Which of the following client factors probably increase effectiveness of clinical interventions?

A) openness
B) high levels of self-disclosure
C) strong expectations of treatment success
D) all of the above

Answer 3

all of the above

Question 4

Evidence-based practices

A) have been established for all current DSM diagnoses.
B) have been shown through empirical research evidence to work effectively.
C) are consistently used by all professional clinicians.
D) are of only small interest to the field of clinical psychology.

Question 5

The theorist who argued that the spontaneous remission rate for individuals who did not receive therapy was higher than the remission rates for those who did was

A) Carl Rogers.
B) Sigmund Freud.
C) Martin Seligman.
D) Hans Eysenck.

Question 6

A treatment is considered effective if

A) it works in large-scale studies run under controlled conditions.
B) it is useful in the real world of clinical service delivery.
C) it can be determined to work for all clients with a particular diagnosis.
D) clinicians determine that they want to use it in their practices.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a therapist characteristic associated with demonstrable effectiveness?

A) collecting client feedback
B) strict adherence to a theoretical approach
C) higher levels of empathy
D) strong goal consensus and collaboration with the client

Question 8

More recent research on general therapy outcomes that used meta-analyses indicates

A) clients who receive psychotherapy actually fare no better than those who do.
B) individuals who receive psychotherapy fare as well as those who do.
C) most forms of psychotherapy produce better outcomes than no treatment.
D) specific types of therapy produced very different effectiveness levels with different clients.

Question 9

Which of the following was NOT presented as an illustration of the effectiveness of preventive interventions in the text?

A) Preventing aggression by teaching adolescents anger management and social problem-solving skills.
B) Preventing binge drinking on college students' 21st birthday by giving personalized feedback.
C) DARE programs effectiveness in reducing drug use in high schools.
D) Preventing substance abuse by adolescents by increasing parenting skills.

Question 10

Which of the following accounts for the least amount of variance in most psychotherapy-outcome research?

A) specific treatment techniques
B) client factors
C) therapist factors
D) all of the above account for equal amounts of variance

Question 11

What is one of the primary goals in designing psychotherapy outcome experiments?

A) having high levels of internal validity
B) having high levels of external validity
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 12

The psychoanalytic and behavioral traditions often look at an individual subject's response to treatment over time. In evaluating response to treatment, these clinicians are likely to use the

A) between-subjects design.
B) within-subjects design.
C) baseline measurements design.
D) none of the above, it is impossible to gain useful information from a single subject.

Question 13

____________________studies combine and compare the results of many studies.

A) Combined groups
B) Box scores
C) Meta-Analytic
D) Factor-Analytic

Question 14

The text's authors believe that an underlying factor in the divide between clinical science and clinical practice is that

A) effective therapists have good outcomes regardless of their approach, thus they tend to resist manualized treatment protocols, even though they are evidence-based.
B) clinicians often don't understand the nature of the research being conducted on treatment efficacy.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above

Question 15

A treatment is considered efficacious if

A) it works in large-scale studies run under controlled conditions.
B) it is useful in the real world of clinical service delivery.
C) it can be determined to work for all clients with a particular diagnosis.
D) clinicians determine that they want to use it in their practices.

Question 16

Research on the therapeutic alliance indicates that

A) a better therapeutic alliance is associated with better treatment outcomes.
B) there may be an effect between therapeutic alliance and treatment outcomes.
C) there is no demonstrable relationship between therapeutic alliance and treatment outcomes.
D) there are only a few studies that have addressed this issue adequately.

Question 17

Research conducted by Gurman and Snyder (2011) on couples therapy indicates that most couples

A) experience generally positive effects and were better off after treatment.
B) relapse to distressed states at one to four years after treatment concludes.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above

Question 18

Family therapy has proven effective for

A) improving communication patterns.
B) improving behavior of the identified client.
C) improving parental discipline techniques.
D) all of the above

Question 19

In an experiment evaluating two treatments for anxiety, the treatment would be the _____________ variable, and the changes in the level of anxiety measured would be the _____________ variable.

A) independent; dependent
B) dependent; independent
C) randomly assigned; independent
D) randomly assigned; measured

Question 20

Better outcomes for group therapy members are achieved when

A) group members clearly understand how the group is being run and know what responses to give.
B) there is strong group cohesion and a strong therapeutic alliance.
C) the group encourages independent learning and confrontive interactions.
D) all of the above

Question 21

Discuss three outcome research goals.

Question 22

Explain some of the reasons why there is a "great divide" between many empirical researchers and clinicians.

Question 23

In a "dismantling" research design, researchers take apart the research protocol to find problems.

Question 24

Individual therapy is almost always more effective than family, couples, or group therapies.

Question 25

Using the information about client variables presented in the text, describe the "best" psychotherapy client vis-à-vis treatment outcome.

Question 26

The original published findings of the Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures published a list of 25 treatments identified as efficacious.

Question 27

Strong group cohesion and therapeutic alliances enhance the benefits of group therapy.

Question 28

Certain types of family therapy appear more successful than others.

Question 29

Treatment manuals are an integral part of an increasing number of clinicians' therapy practices.

Question 30

Which of the following statements about clinicians' use of outcome research findings in their practices is true?

A) Most clinicians are fully aware of research findings and wholeheartedly embrace them in their practices.
B) Practicing clinicians have become far more aware of treatment manuals, especially those who are younger and favor behavioral techniques.
C) Clinicians tend to overestimate the value of evidence-based practices when they become aware of them.
D) Clinicians tend to underestimate their own skills and techniques once they become aware of research findings.

Question 31

A treatment/no treatment research design is capable of elucidating very complex relationships between therapy and outcome.

Question 32

Discuss the main benefits and disadvantages of randomized clinical trials as specified by the CONSORT standards.

Question 33

Discuss what a Box Score Review entails, and what other methods are now used to evaluate the results of multiple research studies.

Question 34

Researchers using the CONSORT Standards agree to work together on their project designs and implementation.

Question 35

Within-subject research designs are usually conducted with large sample sizes.

Question 36

The research design that can best evaluate the presence of a cause and effect relationship between psychotherapy and improvement is a controlled experiment.