Deck 4: Our Gendered Identities

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT an example given by the text of women in nontraditional roles?

A) astronaut
B) housewife
C) CEO
D) military officer

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Before 1980, the cultural expectations for men include all but which of the following?

A) occupational and financial success
B) confidence and self-reliance
C) nurturing and tenderness
D) aggressiveness and competitiveness

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Dorothy perceives herself as being ultra-feminine, based on society's definitions of appropriate gender roles. Dorothy's perceptions are linked to her

A) sexuality.
B) gender identity.
C) sexual status.
D) agentic character traits.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Consider the statement: "It is ridiculous for a woman to run a locomotive and for a man to darn socks." This illustrates __________ sexism.

A) modern
B) neo-
C) traditional
D) androgynous

Question 5

WA relative absence of assertiveness and ambition characterizes our expectations of women, who
Are thought to embody __________ character traits.

A) aggressive
B) agentic
C) instrumental
D) expressive

Question 6

Between 1-4% of live births produce children who are __________, that is, children have some anatomical, chromosomal, or hormonal variation from the male or female biology that is considered normal.

A) transgendered
B) homosexual
C) transsexual
D) intersexual

Question 7

One unhelpful cultural message sent to males involves being __________ ; expected to display exaggerated masculine traits in an effort to "prove" themselves.

A) the sensitive father
B) a good worker
C) hypermasculine
D) a machine

Question 8

WWhich term is used by the text to describe societal attitudes and behaviors expected of and associated with the two sexes?

A) biological sex
B) gender role
C) sexism
D) gender identity

Question 9

"Chromosomes, hormones, the internal sex structures, the gonads and the external genitalia all vary more than most people realize." This statement complements a discussion of which of the following?

A) transsexuality
B) intersexuality
C) transgenderism
D) homosexuality

Question 10

WConfidence, assertiveness, and ambition can be classified as __________ character traits.

A) instrumental
B) expressive
C) communal
D) sensitive

Question 11

The text observes that men are not all alike. Recognizing this, scholars have begun to analyze __________ in the plural, rather than the singular-a recent and subtle change meant to promote our appreciation for the differences among men.

A) masculinities
B) agentics
C) machismos
D) instrumentalities

Question 12

WWhich is the correct term for a person who has been raised as one sex, while emotionally identifying with the other?

A) intersexual
B) bisexual
C) homosexual
D) transsexual

Question 13

Modern sexism denies that gender discrimination persists and includes the belief that women

A) suffer from sexual harassment in the workplace.
B) are asking for too much.
C) earn less than men.
D) have less upward mobility in the workplace.

Question 14

W__________ refers to male or female anatomy and physiology.

A) Gender
B) Gender role
C) Gender identity
D) Sex

Question 15

WSome bureaucratic forms now include a check box for "____________" as well as those for "male" and "female," suggesting the beginning of societal accommodation to a more complex sex/gender system.

A) intersexual
B) transgender
C) homosexual
D) transvestite

Question 16

Warmth, sensitivity, tenderness, and placing concern about others' welfare above self-interest can be classified as __________ character traits.

A) aggressive
B) instrumental
C) expressive
D) agentic

Question 17

An alternate ___________ for men emphasizes adventure, sometimes coupled with violence and/or the need to outwit, humiliate, and defeat other men in barroom brawls, contact sports, and war.

A) cultural message
B) expressiveness role
C) feminine script
D) occupation

Question 18

In the 1950s, when intersex babies were first studied, they were then called

A) hermaphrodites.
B) unisexed.
C) bigendered.
D) femasculines.

Question 19

Consider the statement: "Due to social pressures, firms frequently have to hire underqualified women." This illustrates __________ sexism.

A) traditional
B) old-fashioned
C) androgynous
D) modern

Question 20

Michael feels secure in his masculinity, even though he enjoys classical music, paints in his free time, and is a stay-at-home father. Yet Michael feels pressure to watch football on TV, enjoy action movies, play basketball on the weekends, and bring home a bigger paycheck than his corporate executive wife. What is this societal pressure called?

A) gender roles
B) gender identity
C) innate biology
D) genderism

Question 21

The cultural script for the "strong black woman" emphasized certain qualities. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A) submissiveness
B) independence
C) ambitious
D) extremely educated

Question 22

The preeminence of the male provider role is a powerful theme in __________ racial groups.

A) Westernized
B) very few
C) all
D) some

Question 23

According to the text, more and more women are entering nontraditional occupations such as

A) the military.
B) teaching.
C) homemaking.
D) nursing.

Question 24

Our culture has formed a(n) "__________" message, according to which a good wife and/or mother also efficiently attains career success and/or supports children by herself.

A) overwhelmed woman
B) have it all woman
C) hyperfeminity
D) superwoman

Question 25

Today, women compose __________ percent of Congress.

A) 32
B) 50
C) 7
D) 19

Question 26

Gender difference in longevity has been attributed to greater risk factors for boys and men. Which of the following is NOT one of these risk factors listed in the text?

A) smoking and drinking
B) cancer
C) accidents, murder and suicide
D) increased vulnerability to infection and stress

Question 27

An emerging female expectation is the "satisfied single": a woman (either heterosexual or lesbian, usually employed, and perhaps a parent) who is quite happy

A) to be making less money than the cultural norm.
B) not to be in a serious relationship with a male.
C) to be a "superwoman"
D) not to be stay-at-home

Question 28

The pivotal expectation in __________ for a woman requires her to offer emotional support.

A) occupational roles
B) femininities
C) sexism
D) instrumentalism

Question 29

Traditionally, the ideal woman has several stereotypical traits. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A) physically attractive
B) not too competitive
C) a good listener
D) career ambition

Question 30

In 2006, employed women earned __________ percent of what employed men did.

A) 60
B) 80
C) 90
D) 100

Question 31

Although most churches in the U.S. have more female than male participants, men more often hold positions of authority, while women perform other types of work. Which is NOT a typical women's role in the church, according to the text?

A) secretary
B) housekeeper
C) deacon
D) low-level administrative work

Question 32

One hypothesis which is replacing the usual assumption of gender differences "holds that males and females are similar on most, but not all, psychological variables." This theory is called the

A) gender similarities hypothesis.
B) within group variation theory.
C) feminine/masculine regulator.
D) androgynous equalizer.

Question 33

During the 1980s, a new cultural message about men emerged. According to this message, the "__________" male or "new man" is emotionally sensitive and expressive, valuing tenderness and equal relationships with women.

A) girly
B) feminine
C) liberated
D) emasculated

Question 34

Black men and women express preferences for __________ relationships.

A) patriarchal
B) matriarchal
C) autocratic
D) egalitarian

Question 35

A feminine expectation that has emerged over the past twenty years is that of the "__________ woman": independent, ambitious, and self-confident.

A) bureaucratic
B) ideal
C) professional
D) powerful but lonely

Question 36

Possible cultural scripts for men discussed in the chapter include all but which of the following?

A) the "liberated" male or "new man;" emotionally sensitive and expressive
B) hypermasculine aggressiveness to "prove" their worth to other men
C) a renewed sense of family responsibility; "fatherhood" as a valued role
D) "can do men" who tackle fear head on, yet publically shed tears for traumatic events

Question 37

WOn the societal level, __________ is the assignment to men of greater control and influence over society's institutions.

A) androgyny
B) male dominance
C) agentism
D) egalitarianism

Question 38

Suppose a researcher is observing the differences between men and women. This illustrates __________ variation.

A) within-group
B) negligible
C) between-group
D) agentic

Question 39

In 2007, Democratic congresswoman Nancy Pelosi became Speaker, the highest position in the __________ and second after the Vice President in the line of succession.

A) Congress
B) Supreme Court
C) House of Representatives
D) Pentagon

Question 40

Latino men are stereotyped as extremely patriarchal, following a cultural ideal of

A) agenticism.
B) machismo.
C) internalization.
D) instrumentality.

Question 41

The 1994 Gender Equity Act declares girls a(n) "__________ population."

A) decimated
B) under-served
C) discriminated
D) ironic

Question 42

Recent research points out the continued disparity in earnings between the sexes with women, on average earning just _________cents for every dollar a man earns

A) 67
B) 77
C) 87
D) 97

Question 43

Genetic heritage is expressed through __________ processes.

A) psychological
B) hormonal
C) sociological
D) patriarchal

Question 44

Which theory of gender contains the concepts of the looking-glass self and role-taking, where children play out and internalize social roles in their family and society?

A) gender schema
B) self-identification
C) symbolic interaction
D) social learning

Question 45

Studying 'play' as part of the socialization process of children is a particularly important concept in which theoretical perspective?

A) structural functionalist
B) social conflict
C) family systems
D) interactionist

Question 46

Journalist Peggy Orenstein observed students in two California middle schools and found that

A) girls were subtly encouraged to be boisterous and even aggressive.
B) boys were rewarded for quiet, nonassertive behaviors.
C) Latinas, along with Asian American girls, had little difficulty being heard or even noticed.
D) the participation and even antics of white boys in the classroom were considered inevitable and rewarded with extra attention and instruction.

Question 47

Sociologist Barrie Thorne observes that, especially in elementary schools, many cross-sexual interaction rituals are based on and reaffirm boundaries and differences between girls and boys. Thorne calls these rituals

A) gender schemes.
B) cultures of childhood.
C) borderwork.
D) gender pathways.

Question 48

After various factors associated with earnings are taken into account, research finds a varying, but perhaps as much as a _______ , differential in earnings that is usually attributed to discrimination.

A) 5 percent
B) 10 percent
C) 15 percent
D) 20 percent

Question 49

In recent decades, the earnings gap between men and women

A) stayed the same.
B) widened slightly.
C) narrowed some, but is now widening slightly.
D) widened substantially.

Question 50

From the 1970s on, parents have reported treating their sons and daughters

A) similarly.
B) somewhat differently.
C) very differently.
D) just as parents treated their children during the 1950s.

Question 51

The text observes that children imitate models for behavior and are rewarded by parents and others for whatever is perceived as sex-appropriate behavior. This reflects which theory of socialization?

A) social learning
B) self-identification
C) gender schema
D) symbolic interactionism

Question 52

Biological theories of gender difference were initially offered by

A) zoologists.
B) botanists.
C) ethologists.
D) sexists.

Question 53

Media images often convey gender expectations. These images are called ____________.

A) hormonal differentiation screening
B) media frames
C) technology role playing
D) sexist scenes

Question 54

The process by which society influences members to internalize attitudes and expectations is called

A) socialization.
B) psychological acquisition.
C) role playing.
D) status conferral.

Question 55

The text points out that some music videos broadcast shockingly violent misogynist messages, meaning that these presentations communicate whichsentiment toward women?

A) fatalism
B) cynicism
C) hatred
D) pessimism

Question 56

The text observes that all of the gender socialization theories discussed

A) lack plausibility.
B) are not scientific.
C) are supported by research.
D) seem plausible, but lack overwhelming research support.

Question 57

Cross-culturally and historically, it appears that ___________ societies have been characterized by some degree of male dominance.

A) virtually all
B) most
C) some
D) only a few

Question 58

Evolutionary perspectives stress that stratification and the division of labor in society shape genderroles. In this view, it is __________ that produce the gendered behavior we see.

A) androgynous roles
B) adaptive strategies and skills
C) patriarchy
D) zoology

Question 59

WOverall, gender schema theorists see gender schema as __________ traditional stereotypes.

A) contradicting
B) actively opposing
C) mediating
D) maintaining

Question 60

Some psychologists think that what comes first is not rules about what boys and girls should do, but rather the child's awareness of being a boy or a girl. This thinking reflects which theory of socialization?

A) symbolic interactionism
B) gender schema
C) self-identification
D) social learning

Question 61

In Kimmel's typology of camps within the men's movement, which group believes that the women's movement has caused the collapse of the natural order, one that guaranteed male dominance?

A) profeminists
B) masculinists
C) feminists
D) antifeminists

Question 62

The text points out that school-age boys have a greater incidence of all but which of the following problems?

A) emotional disorders
B) learning and attention-deficit disorders
C) teen deaths
D) stress-related illnesses

Question 63

The text observes that, regarding gender attitudes and behaviors, this is an ambivalent time.

Question 64

American attitudes have grown less liberal regarding men's and women's roles.

Question 65

According to the text, marriages of the future may contain "equally dependent spouses." Which of the following is NOT a quality of this type of marriage?

A) both spouses are earners
B) both spouses are family caretakers
C) each spouse is dependent on their common earnings
D) each spouse is financially independent

Question 66

The text lists three proposals to help boys to adjust better to our educational system. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A) having less recesses
B) accepting a certain level of boys' rowdy play as not deviant
C) implementing more active learning-by-doing
D) encouraging activities shared by boys and girls and boy-girl dialogues about gender

Question 67

There are a variety of ways of being a woman, according to cultural messages.

Question 68

Chicano/Chicana (Mexican American) activism gave __________ a central place as a distinctive cultural value.

A) machismo
B) la familia
C) individualism
D) homogeneity

Question 69

Differences among women or among men (within-group variation) are usually greater than the differences between men and women (between-group variation).

Question 70

Black men and women generally reject egalitarian relationships.

Question 71

The term transgendered implies that the affected individual is either homosexual or bisexual.

Question 72

A survey conducted by the Public Education Network found that 31 percent of boys in grades 7-12 felt that teachers do not listen to them, compared to __________ percent for girls.

A) 19
B) 39
C) 49
D) 59

Question 73

African American and Latino women consider racial/ethnic as well as gender discrimination in setting their priorities. In fact, their feminist views are characterized by ___________, or structural connections among race, class, and gender.

A) mixed thinking
B) ethnocentrism
C) intersectionality
D) patchworking

Question 74

Somewhere between 1 percent and 4 percent of live births are intersexual.

Question 75

Gender refers only to male or female anatomy and physiology.

Question 76

In Kimmel's typology of camps within the men's movement, which group emerged in the 1990s and tends not to focus on patriarchy as problematic?

A) masculinists
B) feminists
C) antifeminists
D) profeminists

Question 77

The National Organization of Women (NOW) was founded in 1966, and a similar Latina organization was established in 1974. What is the name of this grassroots community?

A) MANA (Mexican American Women's National Association)
B) LOW (Latina Organization of Women)
C) NOWS (National Organization of Women of Spanish descent)
D) US (United Spaniards)

Question 78

Stereotypically masculine people are often thought to have communal character traits.

Question 79

In Kimmel's typology of camps within the men's movement, which group supports feminists in their opposition to patriarchy?

A) antifeminists
B) profeminists
C) masculinists
D) feminists

Question 80

Research indicates that racial/ethnic differences in role expectations and behaviors, particularly for males, are actually not as strong as either stereotypes or sociohistorical perspectives have suggested.