Deck 11: Identity: the Self, Gender, and Moral Development

Question 1

In comparison to Chinese children, Euro-American children use

A) more social-to-personal statements in their self-descriptions.
B) less self-evaluative statements.
C) more situational descriptions.
D) more personal-to-social statements in their self-descriptions.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

According to Erikson, the developmental crisis of adolescence is the crisis of

A) identity versus role confusion.
B) intimacy versus isolation.
C) initiative versus guilt.
D) foreclosure versus diffusion.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Why do individuals from collectivist cultures develop visual perspective-taking earlier than individuals from individualistic cultures?

A) Individuals in collectivist cultures use "I" statements before those in individualistic cultures.
B) Individuals in collectivist cultures are more egocentric than those in individualistic cultures.
C) Individuals in collectivist cultures are more advanced socially than those in individualistic cultures.
D) Individuals in collectivist cultures value interdependence more than those in individualistic cultures.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Psychoanalyst Margaret Mahler has proposed that an infant's first understanding of the self is based upon

A) feelings of being loved and cared for.
B) the ability to use pronouns correctly.
C) a growing ability to make things happen.
D) the ability to take the perspective of another person.

Question 5

According to James Marcia, before an adolescent can achieve an identity they must

A) find a mentor who will coach and guide them and build a social network.
B) filter out information that that does not interest them and focus only on one specific identity choice.
C) engage in a period of active explorations of their alternatives and make a personal commitment to the choice they make.
D) build a strong sense of their self-esteem and seek out activities that they enjoy and can succeed at.

Question 6

One way to help children remember more details of their life and to even understand their lives in more complex ways is to

A) guide children in a complex discussion of the events in their lives.
B) encourage the child to use their imagination and to make up stories.
C) try to get the child to say exactly what happened, and if they don't, change the subject.
D) ask the child to talk in detail about events that happen to other children.

Question 7

Which self-description is most likely the view of a preschooler?

A) "I can lift this heavy rock! I am really strong."
B) "Mommy, pick you up!!"
C) "I feel sad when I don't have a friend to go to the movies with."
D) "I am pretty quiet around my teachers, but I am really talkative with my friends."

Question 8

According to Erikson, as children enter middle childhood they are dealing with the stage of

A) trust versus mistrust.
B) industry versus inferiority.
C) initiative versus guilt.
D) identity versus role confusion.

Question 9

An adolescent who would be in James Marcia's stage of identity development called moratorium would be one who

A) is not thinking about her future identify and not very concerned about it.
B) is actively exploring alternatives for their future identity, even though they were not yet ready to make a commitment.
C) is willing to accept an identity that someone else has chosen for them.
D) has actively searched for an identity and is fully ready to commit to one.

Question 10

When a red mark is placed on the nose of a two-year-old and the child sees herself in a mirror, the child will react by touching her own nose when she

A) understands that the image in the mirror is a reflection of her.
B) frequently sees strange marks on her own face.
C) thinks there is a different child in the mirror.
D) knows that she can take the initiative to clean up her own face.

Question 11

The constant feedback that children receive in elementary school from their teachers

A) disrupts their ability to enter into a trusting relationship with others.
B) helps them develop a more accurate appraisal of their ability.
C) provides a tremendous boost to their self-esteem.
D) shapes the development of their academic schema.

Question 12

A child's ability to correctly use the pronouns "I" and "you" has been linked to a greater ability to

A) take the initiative to try new things on their own.
B) see a situation from another person's perspective.
C) develop a trusting relationship with the child's primary caregiver.
D) develop an autobiographical memory.

Question 13

_______________ is the way you describe yourself, and ______________ is the way you feel about those characteristics.

A) I-self; me-self
B) Self-esteem; self-concept
C) Self-concept; self-esteem
D) Ego identity; self-concept

Question 14

In Marcia's description of adolescent identity statuses, an adolescent who has not spent time thinking about her future and doesn't seem overly concerned about this would be in the identity status of

A) identity diffusion.
B) moratorium.
C) foreclosure.
D) identity deferral.

Question 15

The idea that our sense of who we are is largely a reflection of how others see us comes from

A) James' I-self and me-self.
B) Cooley's looking glass self.
C) Mahler's individuated self.
D) Mead's symbolic self.

Question 16

A toddler's sense of possessiveness and declarations that something is "Mine!!" is an indication that the child

A) is developing a clearer sense of himself as separate from those around them.
B) is becoming too self-centered and egotistical.
C) is not successfully negotiating the stage of initiative versus guilt.
D) has developed a sense of an individuated self.

Question 17

In many cultures, the movement of a young person from childhood to adulthood is marked by a(n)

A) honorarium.
B) moratorium.
C) rite of passage.
D) identity celebration.

Question 18

A description of the self that included terms such as "beautiful, smart, helpful, fast runner" would be more typical of children in a(n)

A) individualistic culture.
B) collectivist culture.
C) collaborative culture.
D) communist culture.

Question 19

When an adolescent develops an identity that is opposite to the identity that parents or other adults would want the adolescent to have, the adolescent has developed a(n)

A) diffused identity.
B) negative identity.
C) foreclosed identity.
D) identity crisis.

Question 20

One reason why preschoolers have such positive views of themselves is that

A) they can't take the perspective of others so they make self-comparisons rather than social comparisons.
B) they do not yet understand qualitative differences such as good, better, best.
C) people are praise children for every little thing they do so they have no realistic standard for their behavior.
D) preschoolers operate by the pleasure principle, not the reality principle.

Question 21

One reason why school-based programs to build students' self-esteem have not lived up to their expectations is that

A) we have not used the programs for long enough for them to produce the effects we are looking for.
B) we haven't spent enough money to implement self-esteem building programs.
C) self-esteem and positive outcomes is correlated, but this doesn't mean that high self-esteem causes positive outcomes.
D) these programs work as expected for minority children, but do not have the expected effect for majority children.

Question 22

How does Sandra Bem's views of gender development differ from Kohlberg's views?

A) The stages of gender development do not happen at the same ages as what Kohlberg proposed.
B) Young girls and boys follow the same path of gender development, not different trajectories.
C) Gender stability does not appear until adolescence.
D) Gender concepts do not follow stages and are learned from your particular society.

Question 23

When children have the belief that a girl will become an adult woman and a boy will become an adult man, but they are still not clear that a girl playing with trucks does not become a boy or that a boy playing with dolls doesn't become a girl, they are in Kohlberg's __________ stage of gender development.

A) gender identity
B) gender stability
C) gender constancy
D) gender intensification

Question 24

Sexual orientation is

A) your identification of yourself as a male or female.
B) the degree to which you conform to gender stereotypes.
C) your preference for a sexual partner of the same or opposite sex.
D) the degree to which you are masculine, feminine or androgynous.

Question 25

In Kohlberg's stages of gender development, what happens in the first stage?

A) Children understand that a girl will become an adult woman and a boy will become an adult man.
B) Children understand that a boy with long hair is still a boy and a girl with short hair is still a girl.
C) Children think that if a girl wears a tie, she might become a boy.
D) Children seek out information about what is appropriate for boys and girls to do and wear.

Question 26

When someone is ready to disclose that he is gay or she is lesbian, this disclosure

A) is usually made first to a friend or sibling, and next to a mother rather than a father.
B) is being made at older ages than was true in the past.
C) is usually made first to a mother, then a father, and finally friends and siblings.
D) is made first to fathers in the case of gay men, and first to mothers in the case of lesbians.

Question 27

As adolescents develop the ability to think hypothetically, they can

A) compare their real selves to their ideal selves.
B) begin comparing themselves to others.
C) better evaluate the things they have done in the past.
D) construct a more accurate set of autobiographical memories.

Question 28

Research on cartoons and gender stereotypes finds that

A) young boys who watch superhero cartoons more often are more likely to show male stereotyped play and weapons play than those who do not.
B) young girls who watch superhero cartoons more often are more likely to show behavior typically seen in young boys.
C) young boys who watch cartoons marketed for young girls are more likely to show female stereotyped play than those who do not.
D) young girls who watch cartoons marketed for girls are more likely to show intensified female stereotyped behavior.

Question 29

Which of the following is not a dimension of gender identity in the gender self-socialization model?

A) Gender typicality
B) Membership knowledge
C) Gender centrality
D) Gender constancy

Question 30

It would be most accurate to say that high self-esteem is the ______________ of good academic performance.

A) cause
B) outcome
C) precursor
D) source

Question 31

Androgyny is conceived of as

A) the mid-point on the continuum between masculine and feminine.
B) a preference for cross-gender activities and attitudes.
C) the presence of both masculine and feminine characteristics in the same person.
D) masculine characteristics in men and feminine characteristics in women.

Question 32

The idea that gender identity cannot be assessed by asking whether someone believes him- or herself to be nurturing or aggressive because these characteristics may not fit neatly into that person's gender stereotypes is consistent with

A) gender schema theory.
B) the gender self-socialization model.
C) cognitive developmental theory.
D) social cognitive theory.

Question 33

Which of the following is the best description of the typical pattern of change in self-esteem from childhood through late adolescence?

A) Low in childhood, slight increase in early adolescence, large increases in middle and late adolescence
B) High in childhood, decline in early adolescence, increase throughout adolescence
C) Moderate in childhood, increase in early adolescence, sharp increase throughout the remainder of adolescence
D) High in childhood, decline in early adolescence, further declines throughout the remainder of adolescence

Question 34

Research that has evaluated the effectiveness of school-based programs that are designed to build self-esteem has found that

A) program participants used drugs and alcohol at lower rates than students who didn't participate in such programs.
B) there were substantial improvements in school attendance and academic performance after the programs ended.
C) program participants reported having larger social networks and higher quality friendships than students who didn't participate.
D) there were no significant positive outcomes that could be tied back to participation in these programs.

Question 35

According to behaviorism, as children are growing up

A) fathers, but not mothers, encourage both their sons and daughters to engage in a number of behavior and activities that are associated with the opposite gender.
B) they need to understand that gender is a stable and permanent individual characteristic before they can adopt a gender identity.
C) boys are more actively discouraged from engaging in behaviors that are considered feminine than girls are discouraged from engaging in ones considered masculine.
D) parents, other adults, peers and even the media must portray a consistent pattern of gender-typed models of behavior or children become confused about their gender identity.

Question 36

In determining an adolescent's self-esteem, we need to consider

A) whether there has been an upward or a downward trend to the changes in the adolescent's self-esteem in the recent past.
B) the discrepancy between the adolescent's ideal self and real self, as well as the importance of the domain of the comparison to the individual.
C) whether the individual has a large but loosely-connected group of peers or a small, tight network of friends.
D) physical attractiveness is as important to this individual as it is to most adolescents.

Question 37

In the gender self-socialization model, when a person has a self-perceived similarity to others of the same gender, they are displaying

A) gender centrality.
B) gender typicality.
C) gender contentedness.
D) membership knowledge.

Question 38

What concept best explains why the media has a negative impact on an adolescent's self-esteem?

A) Social referencing
B) Self-imaging
C) Social comparison
D) Secondary referencing

Question 39

Which domain accounts for the majority of the variance or difference in global self-esteem among adolescents?

A) Physical appearance
B) Social competence
C) Scholastic competence
D) Behavioral conduct

Question 40

Which of the following statements about gender differences in self-esteem is the most accurate?

A) Boys have higher self-esteem than girls throughout childhood and adolescence.
B) Although boys have higher scores on measures of self-esteem than girls, the difference is actually quite small.
C) Any differences in the self-esteem of boys and girls have disappeared by mid-adolescence.
D) Contrary to what many people believe, girls have higher self-esteem than boys through most of adolescence.

Question 41

The highest stage of moral development in Kohlberg's theory is the

A) conventional level, where people behave in accordance with society's expectations.
B) postconventional level, at which people are guided by a set of universal principles.
C) postformal level, where people believe that there are no moral rules to guide our behavior.
D) abstract level, at which people recognize that all moral rules are relative and there are no universals.

Question 42

Carol Gilligan has argued that women

A) use a different type of morality than men when making moral decisions.
B) reason at a lower moral level than men.
C) move through the stages of moral development more slowly than men.
D) can reason about moral dilemmas at the same level as men, but act at a lower level.

Question 43

What is the name of the DSM-5 diagnosis for individuals who are distressed about his or her variant gender identity?

A) Cisgender dysregulation
B) Transgenderism
C) Gender dysphoria
D) Gender distress syndrome

Question 44

In Phinney's stages of ethnic/racial identity development, a person in the achieved ethnic identity stage is most likely to say,

A) "I think people should know what Black people had to go through to get to where we are now."
B) "I don't go looking for my culture. I just go by what my parents say and do, and what they tell me to do, the way they are."
C) "My past is just there; I have no reason to worry about it. I'm American now."
D) "People put me down because I'm from Mexico, but I don't care anymore. I can accept myself more."

Question 45

Some evidence of a biological basis for sexual orientation comes from research that has found that

A) female twins are more likely to become homosexuals than male twins.
B) having an older brother increases the odds of homosexuality in later-born males.
C) a gene associated with sexual preference has been identified by the researchers on the Human Genome Project.
D) children first begin to self-identify as homosexual during the latency period.

Question 46

Moral judgment is

A) our understanding of right and wrong.
B) the way that people reason about moral issues.
C) our awareness of the rules and expectations of our culture.
D) what children are explicitly told that they should do.

Question 47

In Phinney's stages of ethnic/racial identity development, a person in the moratorium stage is most likely to say,

A) "I think people should know what Black people had to go through to get to where we are now."
B) "I don't go looking for my culture. I just go by what my parents say and do, and what they tell me to do, the way they are."
C) "My past is just there; I have no reason to worry about it. I'm American now."
D) "People put me down because I'm from Mexico, but I don't care anymore. I can accept myself more."

Question 48

At what age are children typically able to understand the differences of their racial and ethnic status based on biological features and social features such as speech patterns and lifestyle?

A) 4 to 5
B) 6 to 8
C) 7 to 8
D) 8 to 10

Question 49

In Kohlberg's stage of conventional moral development, children base their moral judgments on

A) whether their behavior will be rewarded or punished.
B) the need to obey what an authority figure tells them they must do.
C) the expectations of important people in the child's life or society as a whole.
D) a set of self-chosen moral principles.

Question 50

The psychoanalytic explanation for homosexuality is based upon

A) the idea that children with homosexual tendencies seek out and imitate the behavior modeled by homosexuals.
B) the misdirection of biological energy to parts of the body where it does not usually go.
C) a fixation at the genital stage of psychosexual development.
D) a family dynamic that involves a seductive or dominant mother and a weak or hostile father.

Question 51

An explanation for why cross-cultural research on moral development has not found that everyone reaches the highest stage of moral reasoning is that

A) people in many cultures are reluctant to answer questions about hypothetical dilemmas.
B) the interviewers did not do a good job of making the participants comfortable before the interviews began.
C) the measure of moral reasoning used in this research may be biased because it reflects Western and urban cultural values.
D) the research frequently used interviewers who were from different ethnic backgrounds than the people they interviewed.

Question 52

In Phinney's theory of ethnic identity development, adolescents move from a stage of unexamined ethnic identity to

A) accepting without question the attitudes and values of other members of the adolescent's ethnic group.
B) an active attempt to understand and explore the meaning of the adolescent's ethnicity.
C) a stage in which the adolescent actively rejects his or her ethnic identity in favor of a majority identity.
D) a period of moratorium in which the adolescent does nothing with regard to developing an ethnic identity.

Question 53

In Phinney's stages of ethnic/racial identity development, a person in the diffuse ethnic identity stage is most likely to say,

A) "I think people should know what Black people had to go through to get to where we are now."
B) "I don't go looking for my culture. I just go by what my parents say and do, and what they tell me to do, the way they are."
C) "My past is just there; I have no reason to worry about it. I'm American now."
D) "People put me down because I'm from Mexico, but I don't care anymore. I can accept myself more."

Question 54

Which of the following statements is consistent with the views of a transsexual individual?

A) "I am biologically a female, but currently taking testosterone to make the transition to become male."
B) "I am a boy, but I feel more like a girl inside."
C) "I do not identify with male or female."
D) "I identify with being a girl and I was born a girl. I just like dressing like a boy sometimes."

Question 55

According to social cognitive learning theory, children learn right from wrong

A) when they have the cognitive ability to take the perceptive of another person.
B) as they develop a superego that embodies the moral expectations of their society.
C) by watching what happens to other people when they behave well or badly.
D) because they are reinforced for good things that they do and are punished for bad things.

Question 56

If we look at how moral reasoning relates to moral behavior, we find that

A) morality is a personal trait, so a person's level of moral reasoning is reflected in their behavior across many situations.
B) people at lower levels of moral reasoning almost always reflect their level of reasoning in their behavior.
C) the level of reasoning and moral behavior is usually consistent for men, but there is more variability for women.
D) morality is more state-like than trait-like because many situational factors influence how likely it will be that we behave morally.

Question 57

In Piaget's third stage of moral thought

A) children are aware of the rules and realize that they must adhere to them to maintain their interaction with others.
B) children believe in the existence of automatic punishments which emanate from things themselves.
C) young children base their judgments on adult authority.
D) children do not understand why moral rules should be followed so their behavior often is not consistent from one situation to another.

Question 58

A person with an identification with a gender other than the natal gender is considered to be

A) transsexual.
B) transgender.
C) gender nonconforming.
D) gender reversal.

Question 59

Kohlberg calls the stage of moral reasoning at which children are governed by self-interests and are motivated by rewards and punishment the

A) preconventional stage.
B) the autonomous stage.
C) conventional stage.
D) mutual exchange stage.

Question 60

Which group is most likely to teach their children about their race and ethnicity?

A) Asian American
B) African American
C) Hispanic American
D) Native American

Question 61

Research on gender differences in moral reasoning has consistently found that boys use a morality of justice and girls use a morality of care in making moral decisions.

Question 62

The theory that posits that moral behavior is constructed from an individual's interactions with the environment is the

A) social domain theory.
B) social constructivist theory.
C) sociocultural theory.
D) social interactionist theory.

Question 63

Gays and lesbian often report that in childhood they felt that they were somehow different from other children.

Question 64

Children all over the world take great pride in their individual achievement and success.

Question 65

Moral knowledge and moral reasoning are basically the same thing.

Question 66

Kohlberg found that even children as young as two years of age believed that gender could not change over time.

Question 67

Waiting in line is a typical behavior in the United States. John and Andrew have been waiting in line for 24 hours to get tickets to a concert. They offered to let their friend Michael jump in line with them (even though he didn't wait at all). Michael said that he wouldn't feel right about doing that and went and stood at the end of the line (knowing that the tickets will probably sell out before he gets to the ticket counter). Michael is demonstrating the __________ domain of social knowledge as it relates to moral development.

A) moral
B) social-conventional
C) personal
D) autonomous

Question 68

Children largely learn the correct use of pronouns such as "you" and "me" through imitation.

Question 69

How is identity likely to differ for people in individualist societies and those in collectivist societies?

Question 70

The concept of gender includes all the biological differences between males and females.

Question 71

Once children have gender constancy, they become more flexible about external things like clothing and hairstyles.

Question 72

As children move into middle childhood, they appraisal of their own abilities become more accurate because they receive constant feedback from their teachers.

Question 73

Identity development during adolescence only involves making a commitment to an occupation.

Question 74

Children growing up in collectivist cultures are better at visual perspective taking than children growing up in individualistic cultures.

Question 75

Many lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adolescents say that school is one of the most accepting parts of their community.

Question 76

Boys are actively discouraged from cross-gender activities because boys are expected to stay that way as they grow up.

Question 77

Adolescents frequently move from one of Marcia's identity statuses to another status and back again.

Question 78

Identical male twins are more likely to be similar in sexual preference than non-identical male twins.

Question 79

According to Kochanska and her colleagues, the development of self-control and an internal conscience depends upon

A) the maturation of the cerebral cortex.
B) the resolution of the Oedipal conflict.
C) a warm, mutually responsive relationship with a parent.
D) the influence of a peer group.

Question 80

When we look at the relationship between moral identity (that is, how moral an individual sees himself to be) and moral behavior there is

A) a strong and positive link between the two.
B) a strong but negative link between the two.
C) only a moderately strong link between the two.
D) no discernible link between the two.