Deck 12: Social Development: Social Cognition and Peer Relationships

Question 1

Research on play therapy has found that this type of therapy

A) is enjoyable for everyone, but it seldom does anything to relieve symptoms.
B) is helpful in the short term in reducing symptoms, but the symptoms inevitably return.
C) generally resulted in children changing maladaptive behaviors, especially if parents were involved in the therapy.
D) only heightens the fear and anxiety that the child experiences as the therapist asks the child to enact over and over again how they feel.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What effect does rough-and-tumble play have on brain development?

A) Children who engage in more rough-and-tumble play have a more developed prefrontal cortex in adolescence.
B) Children who engage in more rough-and-tumble play have a more developed motor cortex.
C) Children who engage in more rough-and-tumble play have a greater amount of neuronal growth.
D) Children who engage in more rough-and-tumble play have a higher level of dopamine in the brain.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

As children move through the stages of play described by Parten, they

A) move from single-sex to mixed-sex groups of playmates.
B) engage in parallel play before they engage in solitary independent play.
C) become more interactive and more cooperative.
D) move back and forth through the different levels more quickly as they get older.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

According to ________________, children act out in their play emotional conflicts that are bothering them in real life.

A) cognitive developmental theory
B) social learning theory
C) behaviorist theory
D) psychoanalytic theory

Question 5

A child who is sitting next to another child and playing with similar toys but who does not interact with that other child is engaging in

A) solitary independent play.
B) parallel play.
C) associative play.
D) disruptive play.

Question 6

In social interactions between preschoolers, children engage in mutual imitation when they reach

A) 12 to 15 months.
B) 15-18 months.
C) 20 to 24 months.
D) 24 to 30 months.

Question 7

Baron-Cohen uses the term "mindblindness" to describe an inability to

A) understand and theorize about other people's thoughts.
B) understand and control one's emotions and to understand the emotions of others.
C) take the perspective of another person.
D) see that there is more than one way to solve a problem.

Question 8

Toddlers who receive more positive responses from their peers are ones who have

A) older sisters in their families.
B) older brothers in their families.
C) secure attachments to their parents.
D) a better understanding of perspective taking.

Question 9

Young children who engaged in pretend play with their parents that involved responding effectively to each other's cues had

A) higher social competence with peers in preschool.
B) higher academic success in elementary school.
C) lower levels of acting out behavior in preschool.
D) lower levels of aggressive behavior in preschool.

Question 10

One of the characteristics of an activity that we would call "play" is that

A) there are rules that everyone agrees to.
B) the activity is done for its own sake.
C) it must involve sharing.
D) there has to be a common goal.

Question 11

An inability to play because emotions prevent the kind of free expression that is linked with the fun of play is known as

A) play paralysis.
B) play inhibition.
C) play disturbance.
D) play disruption.

Question 12

Children can engage in pretend play and coordinate their play activities in a more cooperative way when they

A) develop language.
B) can engage in recursive thinking.
C) participate in joint attention.
D) can resist peer pressure.

Question 13

In research that uses the False belief paradigm, the researcher

A) repeatedly questions the child about something that did not really happen until the child has a False memory for the event.
B) tests to see if a child understands that someone else may believe something that the child knows is untrue.
C) tells that child that everyone believes something, and then asks the child whether he believes it also.
D) uses Piaget's three mountain task to determine whether the child understands that what she sees is not the same thing that a dolly at a different position sees.

Question 14

In infants, large repeated muscle movements that have no purpose (such as kicking the legs) is called

A) physical activity play.
B) rhythmic stereotypies.
C) rough-and-tumble play.
D) exercise play.

Question 15

There is some evidence that children develop a theory of mind at a young age if their parents

A) give the child a lot of opportunities to make their own decisions.
B) are firm and consistent in their discipline.
C) read to the child a great deal.
D) discuss emotions with the child.

Question 16

While you are sitting with your friends in the cafeteria at lunchtime, someone who is walking past your table splashes some juice on your shoulder. You get angry because you figure that he was trying to embarrass you in front of your friends. This is an example of

A) egocentric thinking.
B) recursive thinking.
C) a faulty theory of mind.
D) a hostile attribution bias.

Question 17

Cross cultural research on the development of theory of mind has found that

A) children in collectivist cultures develop their theory of mind at later ages than children in individualistic cultures.
B) children in individualistic cultures develop their theory of mind at later ages than children in collectivist cultures.
C) there are few differences between children from a wide variety of cultures and countries.
D) the only cultural differences that were found were between children who had formal schooling and those who were unschooled.

Question 18

Recursive thinking involves the ability to

A) think about what others are thinking that you are thinking.
B) take the perspective of another person and understand their motivation.
C) understanding that when the shape of an object changes, the process can be reversed.
D) stop thinking about intrusive thoughts.

Question 19

When a child prefers to play alone, rather than with other people, it

A) is always a reason for concern because it is a good indicator of adjustment problems.
B) can be for a number of reasons, some problematic but others not.
C) means that the child does not have a secure attachment relationship with parents.
D) is associated with a diagnosis of autism.

Question 20

If you heard a professor of child development say that young children become better at reading minds, you would know that she was talking about a child

A) engaging in recursive thinking.
B) developing a theory of mind.
C) internalizing his parents' values and beliefs.
D) understanding reversibility.

Question 21

One of the gender differences seen in the friendships of school-aged children is that

A) girls' are more likely to spend time with others who enjoy the same activities that they enjoy.
B) girls' friendships contain more competition and self-disclosure than boys' friendships.
C) the friendship networks of girls are extensive, but the networks of boys are intensive.
D) boys' friendships are more likely to contain competition and dominance, in addition to cooperation.

Question 22

The technique of sociometry is used to study

A) peer acceptance.
B) the amount of trust in a friendship.
C) the similarity between friends.
D) the size and complexity of a social network.

Question 23

Barzach believed that play should be every child's right, therefore she developed

A) handicap accessible preschool classrooms.
B) a special children's museum specifically for children with disabilities.
C) a program called Boundless Playgrounds that creates playgrounds accessible to all children.
D) a summer camp for children with all abilities and mental conditions.

Question 24

The stages of play proposed by Parten depended on _______________ but the ones described by Piaget depended on ________________.

A) social maturity; emotional development
B) emotional development; physical maturity
C) social skills; cognitive development
D) cognitive development; social maturity

Question 25

Individuals who are aggressive, annoying, or socially unskilled are called __________ children.

A) popular-prosocial
B) rejected-aggressive
C) popular-antisocial
D) rejected-withdrawn

Question 26

Kenzie and Ella are completing a puzzle together. They talk about what pieces they need to put in the puzzle next and are very proud of their work when they complete it. Kenzie and Ella are engaging in __________ play.

A) parallel
B) cooperative
C) associative
D) solitary independent

Question 27

One explanation for why girls prefer to play with other girls and boys prefer to play with other boys is that

A) boys and girls have different play styles and different styles of communication.
B) girls prefer to play in larger groups, while boys prefer playing in smaller groups or in pairs.
C) there is more competition and conflict among groups of girls than among groups of boys.
D) girls prefer organized activities, but boys prefer unstructured activities.

Question 28

Natalie is an athletically gifted basketball player who is called "stuck up" by peers and is someone a lot of the girls want to be friends with. Natalie is very selective in who she associates with and picks on peers she doesn't like. Natalie would be considered to be a __________ child.

A) popular-prosocial
B) rejected-aggressive
C) popular-antisocial
D) rejected-withdrawn

Question 29

American children typically base their play upon __________________, while Chinese children base their play on ___________________.

A) physical play; cognitive play
B) relationships; authority figures
C) toys and what they represent; social interactions
D) performing actions on the self; acting upon others

Question 30

Children are most likely to form a friendship with others who are

A) shy and submissive.
B) similar to themselves.
C) from a different social status group.
D) nominated by relatively few other peers.

Question 31

A child who is classified as "controversial" on a measure of social status is a child who

A) receives both a large number of nominations as someone that peers like, as well as a large number of nominations as someone that peers do not like.
B) who peers like, but who adults dislike or do not trust.
C) peers do not nominate because they are uncertain how they feel about this child.
D) is liked by peers of one gender, but disliked by peers of the opposite gender.

Question 32

In adolescent friendships, we usually see

A) a fairly wide age range within the peer group, on the order of 4 to 6 years between the youngest and oldest member.
B) a large amount of competition, jealousy, and gossiping.
C) friendship groups that bring together adolescents with very diverse characteristics.
D) similarity on demographic characteristics, and also in attitudes, values and activity preferences.

Question 33

Preschoolers are most likely to form friendships with children who

A) enjoy the same kinds of play activities as they do.
B) are older and bigger than they are.
C) will imitate whatever they do.
D) will be a reliable or trustworthy friend.

Question 34

In studies of peer social status, children who are seldom named by peers as either someone they like or someone they dislike are classified as

A) rejected.
B) controversial.
C) neglected.
D) average.

Question 35

Research on play and academic achievement in schools found that

A) recess time contributes to physical development, but does not impact academic achievement.
B) children become less attentive to their schoolwork the longer they go without a break.
C) behavior in the classroom is not impacted by the amount of recess children have, but academic skill is improved when they have at least two recess breaks.
D) the more recess time children have, the lower the academic achievement level they have.

Question 36

Fantasy play is seen primarily in Piaget's __________ stage.

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operations
D) formal operations

Question 37

Peer rejection does not affect all rejected children in the same way because

A) children differ in their sensitivity to rejection.
B) some children are physically rejected but others are socially rejected.
C) the status of "rejected" is very unstable so children don't remain in it for long enough for it to affect them.
D) being a rejected child is not much different from being a neglected child.

Question 38

Gender segregation in play starts by _________, is usually __________ for boys, and is ____________ likely to happen in the child's own neighborhood than in school.

A) middle childhood; stronger; more
B) kindergarten; weaker; less
C) age 3; stronger; less
D) infancy; weaker; more

Question 39

Piaget's cognitive level of play called "games with rules" does not appear until children are in the state of

A) formal operations.
B) preoperational stage.
C) concrete operations.
D) symbolic operations.

Question 40

Denise Kandel's explanation for why friends are so similar says that first people seek out friendships with people who are similar to them and then

A) the friendship stops new people from join.
B) as they do things together they continue to influence each other.
C) as they move through the grades, their friendships become stronger.
D) parents exert pressure for the friends to remain together as a group.

Question 41

The quality of an adolescent's romantic relationship

A) is related to the quality of the adolescent's relationship with his or her parents.
B) is usually considerably more positive that the quality of the adolescent's relationship with any other people.
C) bears little resemblance to any other relationship that the adolescent has.
D) is no different from the adolescent's earlier attachment relationship with a parent.

Question 42

The way that adolescents see romantic relationships portrayed on television

A) helps them to develop realistic expectations for what they will find in their own relationships.
B) helps to break down stereotyped ideas that people have about adolescents and romantic relationships.
C) has little impact on their view of what romantic relationships are like.
D) may leave the adolescents unprepared for the reality they will encounter when they are in a romantic relationship.

Question 43

Girl bullies tend to engage in

A) physical intimidation.
B) emotional and psychological intimidation.
C) antisocial behaviors that isolate themselves from others.
D) association with boys who are also regarded as bullies.

Question 44

A review of research on the effectiveness of anti-bullying programs found that

A) all the different types of programs that have been used appear to be equally effective.
B) peer-based programs were more effective than other forms of programs.
C) short-term programs were just as effective as long-term ones.
D) bullying programs on average reduce bullying by 20 to 23%.

Question 45

The hydraulic model of peer influence assumes that

A) adolescents want to be accepted as adults, so they will reject peer pressure to model their behavior after their parents.
B) as adolescents get older, peers have an increasing influence on their behavior.
C) there is a fixed amount of influence, so increases in peer influence necessarily means that there will be a decrease in parental influence.
D) peers are the primary influence on adolescent's behavior, and the contribution of parents is minor.

Question 46

Adolescent peer relationships and romantic relationships are similar in the following ways EXCEPT

A) They are both voluntary.
B) They have a similar level of intensity and affection.
C) Peers and romantic partners are similar to the adolescent on a number of personal characteristics.
D) There is a good deal of similarity in the quality of each relationship.

Question 47

A way in which a romantic relationship differs from earlier attachment relationships is that in a romantic relationship

A) the person uses their partner as a secure base for exploring the environment.
B) the person uses their partner as a safe haven in times of stress.
C) each partner becomes an attachment figure for the other partner.
D) the partner shows distress when separated from his or her romantic partner.

Question 48

In research conducted in the United States, the incidence of bullying peaks in

A) grade 3 and 4.
B) in middle school, grades 6 to 8.
C) after the start of high school in grade 9.
D) in late adolescence.

Question 49

A clique is a

A) reputation-based group of people who share a stereotyped image.
B) small group of friends who spend time together and develop close friendships.
C) group of people who share a common interest (e.g., playing basketball, collecting stamps)
D) group of friends in which the friends' characteristics complement each other (e.g., one is shy and another is outgoing).

Question 50

One advantage of being part of an adolescent crowd is that

A) you feel that you are known and understood.
B) there is a great deal of self-disclosure and sharing within the group.
C) you always have someone to talk to when you want advice.
D) it provides a type of ready-made identity that other adolescents recognize.

Question 51

The risk of an adolescent being subjected to peer pressure to behave in antisocial ways is greater when an adolescent

A) is part of an antisocial peer group.
B) has many younger friends.
C) lives in an urban community.
D) attends a private or parochial school.

Question 52

The "bullying circle" describes

A) a group of bullies who spend time together and swap stories about their bullying with each other.
B) a support group for children and adolescents who have been victims of bullying.
C) passive supporters of the bully, defenders of the victim, and curious onlookers.
D) the legislators who banded together to create legislation designed to protect the victims of bullying.

Question 53

The controversial theory put forth by Judith Harris in her book The Nurture Assumption says that

A) all peer influence is toward antisocial behavior and there are no positive developmental outcomes that result from adolescent friendships.
B) peers have no impact on adolescent socialization and everything important that happens is the result of what happens in the family.
C) being the victim of a bully is actually beneficial to children and adolescents because it builds resilience.
D) the effect of parents on children's development has been significantly overestimated and the primary force in socialization is the influence of peers.

Question 54

One of the ways in which cyberbullying is different from other forms of bullying is that

A) it is easier for a victim of cyberbullying to confront the bully.
B) the victim can't try to hide from a cyberbully.
C) it is easier to control cyberbullying than it is physical bullying.
D) when cyberbullying occurs it is not known to others in the peer group.

Question 55

Which of the following is not a family characteristic of a child who engages in bullying behavior?

A) Lack of parental supervision
B) Single-parent family
C) The use of punitive discipline
D) Insecure attachment to parents

Question 56

When high school students were asked if they would tell a teacher or school administrator if they were the victim of a bully

A) almost all students said that they would, if the bullying happened at school.
B) more than half said they would, but almost all said they would tell a parent.
C) 60% of girls and 52% of boys said they would.
D) only a minority of students said that they would.

Question 57

According to the National Center for Education Statistics (2015), about _____ of students ages 12 to 18 reported having been bullied at school during the 2013 school year.

A) 10%
B) 22%
C) 34%
D) 49%

Question 58

A large group of adolescents who share a stereotype but whose members may not even spend time together is called a

A) clique.
B) crowd.
C) gang.
D) peer group.

Question 59

Which of the following statements about peer pressure is true?

A) Most of the peer pressure that adolescents experience is direct pressure to misbehave.
B) There is antisocial peer pressure that is both direct and subtle.
C) Adolescents become more susceptible to peer pressure as they get older.
D) Girls are always more susceptible to peer pressure than boys.

Question 60

What adolescents want from a romantic relationship changes with their age. Younger adolescents look for

A) intimacy in their romantic relationships.
B) commitment and loyalty.
C) physical appearance.
D) exclusivity.

Question 61

Children who have a hostile attribution bias tend to be more aggressive.

Question 62

Children in collectivist cultures development a theory of mind at much later ages than children in individualistic cultures.

Question 63

A preference to play with objects rather than with people has not been clearly linked to any long-term problems for children.

Question 64

Bullies often have a hostile perceptual bias that causes them to see hostile intent in ordinary social interactions.

Question 65

What is play? Describe four reasons why play is important for children's development.

Question 66

Play has been compared to the level of coordination achieved by a jazz quartet.

Question 67

Girls prefer to interact in larger groups than boys.

Question 68

Piaget believed that children stopped fantasy play when they began taking part in games with rules.

Question 69

Adolescents report that peer often pressure them away from negative behavior.

Question 70

The decrease in the amount of time available for physical play at school has only affected children's academic performance.

Question 71

Peer-based interventions (such as peer mediation or peer mentors) that are intended to reduce bullying have actually increased victimization.

Question 72

Cross-cultural research on bullying has found large differences in the self-reported rates of having been a victim of bullying.

Question 73

Explain and give an example of theory of mind and the understanding of False beliefs.

Question 74

As early as age 2, infants can form a relationship with other children.

Question 75

Children tend to choose friends who have characteristic that contrast with their own characteristics.

Question 76

Girls are more likely than boys to form friendships based on qualities such as status or achievement.

Question 77

What is play therapy? What has research shown about how effective it is in helping children resolve emotional problems?

Question 78

Discovery learning is a form of play that depends on the direct involvement of the teacher.

Question 79

Adolescents report that they frequently receive a great deal of direct peer pressure to misbehave.

Question 80

Preschool children can form friendships that last for months or even years.