Deck 13: Families

Question 1

A special challenge for non-custodial mothers is that

A) they usually live farther away from their children than non-custodial fathers.
B) people are quick to make negative assumptions about why the mother does not have custody of her children.
C) children do not want to see a non-custodial mother as much as they want to see a non-custodial father.
D) the children see their non-custodial mothers as being less helpful and supportive than their custodial fathers.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The mapping of a biological family is called

A) a genogram.
B) family patterning.
C) a relational diagram.
D) family interdependence.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

When a father does not reside with his children, the best way to measure his impact on his children's development is to measure

A) how often the father sees his children.
B) how much time, in total, the father spends with his children.
C) how much financial support the father provides to his former wife.
D) the quality of the relationship he maintains with his children over time.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What percentage of children today live in a family with two married parents in their first marriage?

A) 73%
B) 46%
C) 61%
D) 34%

Question 5

One study found that following the birth of a baby to a couple who is living together

A) the father married the mother shortly after the birth of the baby in most families.
B) the father married the mother in only 10% of the families within one year of the baby's birth.
C) the partners continued to live together although they usually didn't marry.
D) the father married the mother in 80% of the families but it was usually after the birth of a second baby.

Question 6

Emily's parents divorced. She has started acting out and having frequent temper tantrums. She has begun wetting the bed. She feels guilty that the divorce was her fault and hopes that her parents will reunite. Based on what we know about age of child and divorce, Emily is most likely a(n)

A) toddler.
B) preschooler.
C) school-age child.
D) adolescent.

Question 7

Which ethnic group primarily identifies the co-parent as a person other than the biological father?

A) Hispanic
B) African-American
C) Caucasian
D) Native Alaskan

Question 8

What are the most important factors that relate to children's well-being in stepfamilies?

A) The number of stepsiblings the child has and the age of the child when the family combined.
B) The contact the child has with the noncustodial parent and the time away from the stepfamily.
C) The number of transitions and stresses the child has been exposed to and the quality of the parent-child relationship.
D) The level of parenting the stepparent engages in and the degree that the stepparent gets along with the noncustodial parent.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a factor associated with a decreased risk of divorce?

A) Having a religious affiliation
B) Marrying over 25 years of age
C) Annual income over $90,000
D) Having a high school education

Question 10

Parents who are highly stressed following a divorce may

A) become very restrictive and controlling of their children's behavior.
B) work particularly hard on their parenting skills in an effort to make the divorce as easy as possible on their children.
C) call upon extended family and friends to help them with parenting so their children won't suffer.
D) communicate less effectively and do less monitoring and controlling of the child's behavior.

Question 11

Based on what we know about attachment theory, the recommendation for contact between the noncustodial father and his young child should be

A) frequent, short, and on a regular basis in a setting that is familiar to the infant.
B) contact only during the day with no overnight visits.
C) frequent and long-out-of-home visits.
D) not allowed until the infant reaches the age of three.

Question 12

The incidence of stepfamilies in the United States since the early 1900s

A) has not changed, but the reason for forming a stepfamily has changed from the loss of a parent through death to the dissolution of a marriage through divorce.
B) has tripled because of the substantial increase in the number of divorces.
C) decreased substantially because so few couples actually married before 1900.
D) has increased by 70% because there are more divorces and more parents today simply walk away from their family when the marriage is in trouble.

Question 13

Jada's parents sometimes get in disagreements. However, when they do, they handle it in a positive way and always remain affectionate with each other, try to problem solve through the issue that caused the conflict, and still support each other. Jada's parents are demonstrating

A) marital harmony.
B) indirect conflict.
C) constructive conflict.
D) emotionally regulated conflict.

Question 14

Marriages in the 1850s could be called "fluid marriages" because

A) the rate of divorce in 1850 was even higher than it was in 1950.
B) families often divorced and then remarried to form new blended families.
C) few couples actually married and most simply lived together.
D) there were many ways in which husband and wives ended their marriages other than by getting a divorce.

Question 15

A nuclear family consists of

A) a husband and wife who are legally married.
B) a husband and wife living with their biological children.
C) a husband and wife living with their biological and/or adopted children.
D) a husband, wife, their children, and an extended family network.

Question 16

The lack of clarity regarding who is in and who is out of the family system is called

A) family disjunction.
B) indirect linkage.
C) boundary ambiguity.
D) family interdependence.

Question 17

In the United States, __________ children will live in a stepfamily at some point during their childhood or adolescence.

A) 1 out of every 3
B) 1 out of every 2
C) 1 out of every 5
D) 1 out of every 10

Question 18

Children whose parents divorce while they are preschoolers

A) may believe that they were responsible for causing their parents' divorce.
B) are usually unaffected by the change in the parents' marriage because they are too young to understand.
C) are likely to become depressed and have fantasies about their parents reuniting.
D) may be unable to cope with this situation and could lose their attachment to both parents.

Question 19

The aspect of children's well-being that is most impacted by a parental divorce is

A) peer relationships.
B) participation in extracurricular activities.
C) school completion.
D) self-esteem.

Question 20

What is the strongest predictor of whether a father would continue to co-parent his child?

A) Higher income level
B) Higher education level
C) Age of father
D) Race

Question 21

"It is time for you to get off your computer and come downstairs to eat dinner with the family" is an example of the type of discipline called a(n)

A) command strategy.
B) power assertion.
C) love withdrawal.
D) induction.

Question 22

In families with adopted children, parent should

A) begin to tell the child in simple terms the story of their adoption even before they can really understand it.
B) wait until the child is in the stage of concrete operations and has developed object permanence before they talk about the adoption.
C) wait until the child becomes an adolescent and issues regarding identity become important to her.
D) wait until the child asks and don't bring it up before that time.

Question 23

About _____ of children in the United States have at least one sibling.

A) 25%
B) 45%
C) 60%
D) 80%

Question 24

Research that has compared children raised by gay or lesbian parents and children raised by heterosexual parents has found

A) very few differences between them.
B) that children in homosexual families suffer from more depression.
C) that children in heterosexual families do better in school.
D) that children in homosexual families are more likely to self-identify as gay or lesbian in early adulthood.

Question 25

Recent research on the effect of maternal employment on infants' cognitive development found that

A) infants had lower levels of cognitive development and were less compliant if their mothers worked at all during the babies' first five years.
B) there were no differences, except that teachers rated the children of employed mothers as having higher achievement motivation and fewer internalizing problems.
C) infants of mothers who were employed had lowers levels of cognitive development, were less complaint, and were less securely attached.
D) infants from middle-class families were less social and had lower levels of cognitive development if their mothers worked.

Question 26

__________ of American families with children eat dinner together _________________.

A) Less than 10%; more than 3 times a week
B) Almost all; 5 or more times a week
C) About half; 3 to 5 times per week
D) Forty percent; every day of the week

Question 27

When a child is placed in foster care

A) it is very similar to an adoption, except that the family receives financial support from the state for caring for the child.
B) the child remains in the foster home until the child "ages out" of the system at age 25.
C) it means that the state now believes that there is no chance of the child being reunited with his or her birth parents.
D) the arrangement is meant to be a temporary one and the family receives financial support from the state for caring for the child.

Question 28

What percentage of fathers stay at home to care for their home and family?

A) 5%
B) 12%
C) 21%
D) 32%

Question 29

The ways that Sigmund Freud, Dr. Benjamin Spock, Mary Ainsworth, and Diana Baumrind recommend that parents treat their children are all examples of the

A) transactional model
B) developmental model
C) parent effects model
D) multiple effects model

Question 30

Being a grandparent raising young grandchildren has been called a __________ role.

A) time disordered
B) multigenerational
C) noncustodial
D) non-normative

Question 31

Inductive discipline involves

A) using firm discipline and control to ensure that the child behaves in an acceptable way.
B) the parents temporarily making themselves emotionally unavailable to the child, with a condition for what the child needs to do to change the situation.
C) the parent creating a positive relationship with the child so that the child will find the parent to be an attractive model to imitate.
D) setting clear limits for children's behavior, giving consequences for negative behavior, and explaining to the child why a behavior is wrong and what the child can do to fix it.

Question 32

Maternal employment during adolescence

A) is associated with higher rates of smoking, drinking and using illegal substances.
B) has little association with drinking, smoking, being sexually active, or being involved in delinquency.
C) is associated with lower self-esteem and more problematic peer relationships.
D) means that the adolescent often spends time home alone, which they find frightening.

Question 33

Social cognitive theory says that learning is based upon observing models and imitating their behavior. Parents who want to be sure that they are a positive model that their children will want to imitate would be most likely to use the discipline strategy of

A) induction.
B) power assertion.
C) relationship maintenance.
D) love withdrawal.

Question 34

The family system is made up of

A) the adult relationship, the parent-child relationship, and the sibling relationship.
B) the adult relationship, the extended kin network, and the sibling relationship.
C) the parent-child relationship, the sibling relationship, and the extended kin network.
D) the adult relationship and the parent-child relationship.

Question 35

When a parent is going through a divorce, the parent may become harsher in disciplining her children. The children may react to this harsh discipline by acting out even more, which makes the parent, in turn, increase the harshness of her discipline. This is an example of

A) a transactional effect.
B) a multiple effect.
C) a reactive effect.
D) a multidimensional effect.

Question 36

One of the aspects of sibling relationships that make them fairly unique is that

A) there is so much warmth and affection in the relationship.
B) siblings are willing to support each other.
C) there is both closeness and conflict in this relationship.
D) siblings often spend time with each other.

Question 37

Many developmentalists today believe that the influence in a parent-child relationship moves in both directions. This is the

A) multiple effects model.
B) transactional model.
C) developmental model.
D) parent effects model.

Question 38

The process by which children are taught how to interact in appropriate ways according to the rules and norms of their society is called

A) indoctrination.
B) socialization.
C) cathexis.
D) induction.

Question 39

What percentage of American children who have been in foster care graduate high school or pass the General Educational Development test?

A) 25%
B) 42%
C) 50%
D) 75%

Question 40

Which of the following statements accurately describes the findings on differential parental treatment?

A) Children think their parents treat them differently from their siblings, but in actuality parents have been found to treat each of their children practically the same.
B) Siblings who perceive that they are treated less favorably show lower levels of adjustment and more conflicted sibling relationships.
C) In stepfamilies, non-biological parents tend to be more lenient with their stepchildren than they are with their biological children.
D) Children have more dissatisfaction with parental treatment when there are large gaps between the sibling ages.

Question 41

The congruence or agreement between parenting styles of mothers and fathers within the same family have found fairly high agreement among parents who use a(n) _______________ style and no agreement in families where one parent uses a(n) _______________ style.

A) permissive; authoritative
B) authoritarian; permissive
C) authoritative; authoritarian
D) permissive; authoritarian

Question 42

Children who are described as the least self-reliant, explorative and self-controlled are typically children raised by

A) authoritarian parents.
B) authoritative parents.
C) permissive parents.
D) interactive parents.

Question 43

Parents who have a great deal of warmth and affection toward their children, but have few, if any, rules and restrictions, and give their children an equal say in family decision making are classified by Baumrind as

A) authoritarian parents.
B) authoritative parents.
C) permissive parents.
D) disengaged parents.

Question 44

When adolescents and parents have conflict, they often define the issues differently. Parents tend to see the issue as one that involves ____________ while adolescents see the issue as one of _____________.

A) a moral issue of right and wrong; an issue of social convention
B) a violation of social convention; a moral issue of right and wrong
C) personal choice; a moral issue of right and wrong
D) a violation of social conventions; personal choice

Question 45

Parents who have age-appropriate expectations upon their children, provide a rationale for their rules and expectations, are willing to listen to their children's point of view, and treat them with respect are classified by Baumrind as

A) authoritarian parents.
B) authoritative parents.
C) rational parents.
D) collectivist parents.

Question 46

The challenge for parents of adolescents is

A) when to shift from induction discipline to power assertion.
B) how to balance granting autonomy with maintaining connectedness.
C) figuring out how to cope as adolescents break their attachment to their parents.
D) deciding how firm you need to be to control adolescent behavior.

Question 47

The amount of agreement or congruence between the parenting style of mothers and fathers within the same family is

A) very great.
B) very small.
C) modest.
D) unpredictable.

Question 48

The idea that adolescence is a time of conflict and alienation is an accurate description of

A) almost all families.
B) families with male adolescents.
C) families with female adolescents.
D) no more than 20% of all families.

Question 49

Diana Baumrind's description of parenting styles is based upon two dimensions. These dimensions are

A) affection and discipline.
B) sensitivity/responsiveness and avoidance/rejection
C) acceptance/responsiveness and demandingess/control.
D) openness and sensitivity.

Question 50

Children who are raised by authoritarian parents often are described as

A) self-reliant, explorative, and content.
B) discontent, withdrawn, and distrustful.
C) the least self-reliant, explorative and self-controlled children.
D) angry, defiant, and engaged in problem behavior.

Question 51

When there is conflict between adolescents and their parents, the topic of that conflict most often is

A) adolescent smoking or drinking.
B) adolescent sexuality.
C) everyday events like homework and messy rooms.
D) the adolescent's boyfriend or girlfriend.

Question 52

The frequency of conflict is highest in ___________________ and the intensity of the conflict, when it does occur, _________________________.

A) early adolescence; increases throughout adolescence
B) middle adolescence; peaks in late adolescence
C) late adolescence; late adolescence also
D) early adolescence; middle adolescence

Question 53

In Latino families, __________ is a cultural value that includes a strong desire to maintain family ties, to be loyal to the family, and to give the needs of the family priority over one's own needs, together with a belief that one's family will be available to provide instrumental and emotional support when it is needed.

A) respeto
B) educación
C) familismo
D) interactivo

Question 54

Parents who are classified as disengaged parents are ones who have

A) no rules or limits for their children, are not emotionally connected to their children, and do not monitor or supervise their children.
B) warmth and acceptance in their relationship with their children but do not monitor or restrict their children's behavior.
C) age-appropriate expectations for their children but will not listen to their children's point of view.
D) a large number of rules for their children and are insensitive to the feelings of their children.

Question 55

As children move into adolescence, most parents will adjust their discipline so that they

A) relinquish some control and replace it with monitoring and tracking the adolescent's activities.
B) become firmer in their demands for compliance so that the adolescent does not get out of control.
C) replace love withdrawal strategies with relationship maintenance strategies.
D) distance themselves from their adolescent's day-to-day activities and rely instead on the adolescent's good judgment.

Question 56

Children with __________ parents have the worst outcomes.

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) disengaged
D) permissive

Question 57

The exception to the findings that authoritarian parenting is associated with poorer school performance is

A) non-custodial fathers, where permissive parenting is more effective.
B) Asian parents who are controlling but in the context of a warm, supportive relationship.
C) Black parents who are more permissive and grant more autonomy to their children.
D) Latino families in which parents are uninvolved or disengaged.

Question 58

Which ethnic group has failed to find a consistent parenting style?

A) Latino
B) African American
C) Egypt, Iran, and India
D) Chinese

Question 59

One of the reasons why parents rely on spanking is that

A) it has been shown to be the most effective way to get children to internalize the norms and expectations of their society.
B) it is effective at immediately stopping a behavior, even if it doesn't help children learn to control themselves in the long run.
C) it provokes a strong emotional response from their children and this helps them remember their parent's message about how they should behave.
D) it will help children to understand the reasons why they should do what they are being asked to do by their parents.

Question 60

A difference in how African-American and White parents use power assertion to discipline their children is that

A) African-American parents use this technique almost all of the time, but White parents use it only rarely.
B) African-American parents use it in the context of a warm, loving relationship while White parents combine it with love withdrawal.
C) African-American parents use it with children of all ages, but White parents only use it with young children.
D) only poor African-American parents use this technique, while White parents from all socioeconomic levels use it.

Question 61

Only children have been found to be extremely dependent on others when they grow up.

Question 62

The typical single-parent has never been married and is not currently employed.

Question 63

Which of the following statements is the best description of the conclusion drawn from research on only children?

A) Only children tend to be selfish and overly dependent on other people.
B) The lack of siblings is associated with a lack of communication and social skills.
C) Only children show high achievement, good adjustment, and positive social skills.
D) Only children tend to be rebellious and nonconformists.

Question 64

The home environments in gay and lesbian families support a child's psychosocial growth as well as the environments in heterosexual families do.

Question 65

The incidence of stepfamilies in the United States has not risen very much from the early 1900s.

Question 66

The remarriage of a parent usually results in a substantial improvement in a child's academic performance.

Question 67

The proportion of children in the United States who live in single-parent families has not significantly changed since 1994.

Question 68

Most adoptions today are open adoptions.

Question 69

Differential treatment of siblings within the same family can cause conflict unless the child who receives less attention or who is treated more harshly

A) is the only girl in the family.
B) is the only boy in the family.
C) is the oldest child in the family.
D) sees the differential treatment as legitimate or justified for some reason.

Question 70

Inductive discipline has been found to be equally effective as a discipline strategy in all cultures.

Question 71

One explanation for why siblings growing up in the same family have such different experiences in their nonshared environment is that

A) each sibling is born into the family at a different point in the family's timeline.
B) the quality of the genetic inheritance each sibling receives is degraded with each subsequent birth.
C) parents are less invested in the well-being of their later born children.
D) the quality of the family's lifestyle improves with each subsequent birth.

Question 72

One of the challenges for children who are in foster care is that most of them believe their foster family will become their permanent family.

Question 73

Large-scale studies on the effect of birth order on personality characteristics

A) have found that first-born children are more conservative and conforming than later-born children.
B) have found that first-born children are more unconventional and rebellious than later-born children
C) have found that first-born children are more socially skilled and popular than later-born children.
D) have not consistently confirmed differences.

Question 74

In Latino families

A) there are more rules set by the father but adolescents are less willing to confront him about the rules.
B) the parenting style of the mother and father are more likely to be congruent than in Anglo families.
C) parental strictness is more likely to result in defiance by the children.
D) rules are likely to be enforced with the use of physical punishment.

Question 75

A wraparound program is one that

A) provides a comprehensive set of services to a family to strength or reunite them.
B) is offered in multiple communities and serves a diverse population of clients.
C) provides a service to a child over a period of years.
D) provides one type of service before referring the child or family for additional services.

Question 76

In the eyes of children who live apart from their fathers, their fathers are still important and functional people in their lives.

Question 77

Girls are more likely to experience externalizing behavior problems following the divorce of their parents.

Question 78

Birth order has an extremely small effect on personality characteristics.

Question 79

Which of the following programs would be an example of a family intervention at the community level?

A) The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993
B) U.S. Department of Justice Safe Start demonstration program
C) psychotherapy for the family
D) counseling services for a depressed parent

Question 80

Only 20% of fathers who were not married to their baby's mother at the time of the birth were in contact with the child one year later.