Deck 6: An Overview of the Primates

Question 1

What are the most non-derived or primitive primates?

A) Old World monkeys
B) New World monkeys
C) tarsiers
D) lemurs and lorises
E) great apes

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Adaptive niche refers to

A) an adaptive advantages in a purely terrestrial environment.
B) mammalian characteristics which evolved from an arboreal environment.
C) an organism's entire way of life.
D) a numerical device that indicates the number of each type of tooth.
E) adaptive benefit of surrounding forests and rivers.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Using all four limbs to support the body during locomotion is called

A) bipedalism
B) quadrupedalism
C) vertical clinging and leaping
D) brachiation
E) semi-brachiation

Answer 3

B

Question 4

DNA hybridization of humans and chimpanzees indicate they share about _________ of their DNA base sequences.

A) 10 percent
B) 95 percent
C) 28 percent
D) 99 percent
E) 100 percent

Question 5

Currently, there are approximately _______ species of non-human primates.

A) 230
B) 23
C) 30
D) 2300
E) 2

Question 6

The suborder Strepsirhini includes

A) Lemurs and lorises
B) Tarsiers, lemurs and lorises
C) Lorises, chimpanzees, and gorillas
D) Chimpanzees, gorillas, and humans
E) Strepsirhini is not a suborder of primates

Question 7

The following are characteristics of tarsiers except

A) Restricted to the islands of Southeast Asia
B) Mainly diurnal
C) Insectivore leaping from branch to branch to catch prey
D) Form stable bonds
E) Inhabit wide range of habitats

Question 8

Arms that are longer than the legs, and a short stable lumbar spine are traits associated with

A) brachiation
B) vertical clinging and leaping
C) arboreal quadrupedalism
D) terrestrial quadrupedalism
E) full-time bipedalism

Question 9

Which one of the traits listed below is not used to define the order Primates?

A) a tendency towards erect posture
B) an inflexible, specialized limb structure
C) hands and feet with a high degree of prehensility
D) retention of five digits on the hands and feet
E) generalized dentition

Question 10

Vertical clinging and leaping is a locomotor pattern frequently practiced by which of the following?

A) apes
B) lemurs and tarsiers
C) terrestrial monkeys
D) Old World monkeys
E) gibbons

Question 11

As an order, primates

A) have highly specialized traits
B) can be easily defined by one or two traits
C) lack traits that define the mammals
D) have generalized traits
E) have very narrow, or specialized, dietary preferences

Question 12

Prehensile ability to grasp with five digits is

A) a variable trait in the order
B) characteristic only of monkeys
C) characteristic only of apes and humans
D) the only truly distinctive primate trait
E) is hindered by an opposable thumb

Question 13

What are the two major groups of Strepsirhini?

A) lemurs and tarsiers
B) marmosets and howler monkeys
C) lemurs and lorises
D) baboons and macaques
E) tarsiers and lorises

Question 14

Tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans are placed together in which suborder?

A) Prosimii
B) Lorisoidea
C) Hominoidea
D) Haplorhini
E) Strepsirhini

Question 15

The order Primates is traditionally divided into two suborders:

A) Platyrrhine and Catarrhine
B) Strepsirhini and Haplorhini
C) Pongidae and Hominidae
D) Cercopithecoidea and Hominoidea
E) Pongo and Homo

Question 16

_________ is seen in some New World monkeys, but not in any Old World monkeys.

A) A grasping hand
B) Quadrupedalism
C) An arboreal lifestyle
D) Color vision
E) A prehensile tail

Question 17

The primate emphasis on the visual sense is reflected all of the following except

A) the reduction in the size of structures related to the sense of smell
B) the presence of color vision in most species
C) a more forward facing position of the eyes relative to most other mammals
D) visual information from each eye transmitted to visual centers in both hemispheres
E) lack of color vision in most species

Question 18

Traditionally, Old World monkeys are separated from apes and humans at the level of the

A) infraorder
B) genus
C) superfamily
D) family
E) suborder

Question 19

Traditionally, primate characteristics have been explained as the result of adaptation to ________ environments.

A) terrestrial
B) rocky
C) arboreal
D) desert
E) ocean

Question 20

Regarding aspects of primate maturation, learning, and behavior, primates have all except

A) a more efficient means of fetal nourishment
B) longer periods of gestation
C) reduced numbers of offspring
D) delayed maturation
E) decreased life span

Question 21

In nonhuman primates, the hormonally initiated period of sexual receptivity is

A) called sexual dimorphism
B) called sexual reciprocity
C) typical of males
D) called estrus
E) is not significant

Question 22

Which of the following are Strepsirhini?

A) New World monkeys
B) lorises
C) Old World monkeys
D) humans
E) chimpanzees

Question 23

Orangutans belong to which genus?

A) Pan
B) Pongo
C) Gorilla
D) Papio
E) Hylobates

Question 24

Among the apes, the ________ have the smallest average body sizes.

A) gibbons and siamangs
B) bonobos
C) chimpanzees
D) macaques
E) orangutans

Question 25

Where are Old World monkeys found?

A) Africa and northern Europe
B) Mexico and South America
C) Sub Saharan Africa, southern Asia, and northern Japan
D) India and southern Asia only
E) North America and Mexico

Question 26

Today, where are lorises not found?

A) India
B) Africa
C) Southeast Asia
D) North America
E) Sri Lanka

Question 27

Which of the following are not hominoids?

A) bonobos
B) gorillas
C) orangutans
D) chimpanzees
E) baboons

Question 28

All Old World monkeys belong to which family?

A) Ominidae
B) Cercopithecidae
C) Callitrichidae
D) Pongidae
E) Monquidae

Question 29

What are the smallest New World anthropoids?

A) marmosets and tamarins
B) howler monkeys and baboons
C) spider monkeys and capuchin monkeys
D) squirrel monkeys and bonobos
E) macaques

Question 30

Compared to monkeys, hominoids

A) generally have larger body sizes and lack a tail
B) have a more elongated lower back
C) have arms and legs of equal length
D) exhibit less complex behavior
E) have a shorter period of infant dependency

Question 31

________ have very large, highly sexually dimorphic body sizes and live largely solitary lives.

A) Gorillas
B) Chimpanzees
C) Gibbons
D) Orangutans
E) Humans

Question 32

Monkeys are divided into which two major groups?

A) terrestrial and arboreal forms
B) New and Old World species
C) large and small-bodied species
D) quadrupedal and bipedal
E) omnivores and frugivores

Question 33

Which of the following are not apes?

A) gorillas
B) orangutans
C) bonobos
D) chimpanzees
E) macaques

Question 34

Which of the following does not characterize Cercopithecines

A) are one subfamily of Old World monkeys
B) are more generalized than colobines
C) include baboons, guenons, and macaques
D) have cheek pouches for storing food
E) found only in Sri Lanka and Madagascar

Question 35

Sexual dimorphism

A) refers to differences between adults and adolescents with regard to sexual behavior
B) is particularly pronounced in all primate species
C) refers to differences between the sexes with regard to features such as body size
D) is more common in arboreal species
E) has not been observed in any monkey

Question 36

Which are the largest of the living primates?

A) orangutans
B) chimpanzees
C) gibbons
D) bonobos
E) gorillas

Question 37

Gibbons and siamangs are adapted for

A) quadrupedalism
B) bipedalism
C) brachiation
D) vertical clinging and leaping
E) knuckle-walking

Question 38

Mountain gorilla social groups are usually composed of

A) one adult silverback male and one adult female, plus their immature offspring
B) solitary individuals, except for females with dependent young
C) one or two adult silverback males, a few adult females and their immature offspring
D) several adults of both sexes and offspring of all ages
E) several adult males plus only one female and her offspring

Question 39

Where are chimpanzees found?

A) across forested equatorial Africa as far east as Lake Tanganyika
B) in Africa and India
C) in open savanna areas of Kenya ONLY
D) in the mountainous areas of central Africa ONLY
E) in Africa, India and southeast Asia

Question 40

Compared to Strepsirhini, anthropoids generally

A) have smaller body sizes
B) have decreased infant maturation periods
C) have smaller brains
D) depend less on olfaction and more on vision
E) groom less often

Question 41

List five traits that distinguish the Anthropoids.

Question 42

The "dental comb" is a specialization found in most of the anthropoid species.

Question 43

In major cities throughout Europe and the U.S., illegal bushmeat is readily available.

Question 44

The fact that Strepsirhinis evolved before the anthropoids indicates that anthropoids are more evolved.

Question 45

Miss Waldron's red colobus has officially been declared extinct.

Question 46

Colobine monkeys specialize in eating mature leaves, and are referred to as "leaf-eating monkeys."

Question 47

What primate traits are likely to be adaptations to arboreal lifestyles?

Question 48

Orangutan adults have a very active locomotion pattern, and they frequently brachiate.

Question 49

In the classification of the primates, the lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers would be placed in the suborder Strepsirhini.

Question 50

There are less than 650 Mountain Gorillas left in existence.

Question 51

Define three major forms of primate locomotion. Name at least one species associated with each.

Question 52

Humans and New World monkeys both have a 2.1.2.3 dental formula.

Question 53

What is a major underlying factor for the declining numbers of nonhuman primates?

A) the killing of primates for human consumption
B) the trapping of live primates for biomedical research
C) unprecedented human population growth
D) the trapping of live primates for the pet trade
E) the overpopulation of nonhuman primate groups

Question 54

Primates are found primarily in tropical and semitropical habitats of the Old World and North America.

Question 55

The dental formula for an Old World anthropoid is 2.1.2.3.

Question 56

Bonobo communities, like those of chimpanzees, are centered around male-male bonds.

Question 57

Bonobos are

A) the most thoroughly studied primate species
B) in the same genus as the gorilla
C) behaviorally indistinguishable from chimpanzees
D) in the same genus as the chimpanzee
E) almost exclusively arboreal

Question 58

List five traits used to define the order Primates.

Question 59

Humans are the only living representatives of the habitually bipedal primates (hominin tribe.)

Question 60

Chimpanzees live in groups composed of

A) one adult male, several females, and their young
B) large communities of bonded males and females, plus young of all ages
C) one adult male plus one adult female and their young
D) several adult females, one adult male, and any dependent young
E) other primate species

Question 61

Why are nonhuman primate populations endangered? Why is their extinction of grave concern?

Question 62

Gibbons are said to be adapted for brachiation. What anatomical features do gibbons possess that enable them to carry this out efficiently?

Question 63

What traits distinguish Old World monkeys from apes and humans?

Question 64

Compare chimpanzee and bonobo anatomy and social behavior.

Question 65

What are the main tenets of the visual predation and arboreal theories of primate origins? Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of both.

Question 66

Discuss the form of locomotion called braciation. Among which primates is it most commonly fund? Why are some called "semibrachiators?" Where are the latter found?

Question 67

Compare and contrast the social organization of orangutans, gorillas, and common chimpanzees.