Deck 5: Consciousness

Question 1

The text states that "[Pavlov's] assistant's footsteps seemed to act like a trigger for the dog to start salivating." In the terminology of classical conditioning, the footsteps served as a(n) _____ stimulus.

A)unconditioned
B)reinforcing
C)conditioned
D)higher order

Answer 1

conditioned

Question 2

To which process in perception is the concept of habituation in learning MOST similar?

A)sensation
B)accommodation
C)constancy
D)adaptation

Answer 2

adaptation

Question 3

_____ is a form of learning in which an organism responds less strongly to an event following repeated exposures to it.

A)Habituation
B)Adaptation
C)Extinction
D)Discrimination

Answer 3

Habituation

Question 4

Learning refers to:

A)an organism's decline in response following repeated stimulation.
B)an organism's response to an event or occurrence.
C)a relatively permanent change in behavior or thinking due to experience.
D)an organism's ability to associate a behavior with its consequences.

Question 5

Candice tosses a newly purchased felt mouse across the floor; her cat chases it excitedly, clutches it in its paws, and rolls around with it. Several tosses later, her cat yawns pointedly and settles itself for a nap. The change in Candice's cat's behavior illustrates:

A)adaptation.
B)habituation.
C)extinction.
D)maturation.

Question 6

Rubin is reading the descriptions of some of the psychology courses in his college's course catalog. The description of one course reads in part, "A survey of the methods by which organisms' behavior changes as a result of experience." This course is MOST likely titled:

A)The Psychology of Learning.
B)Sensation and Perception.
C)Cognition.
D)Intelligence: Theory and Research.

Question 7

Social learning is a synonym for:

A)classical conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)observational learning.
D)adaptation.

Question 8

Classical conditioning involves the conditioning of the involuntary responses of the autonomic nervous system. Classical conditioning therefore targets:

A)the sympathetic nervous system.
B)the parasympathetic nervous system.
C)the somatic nervous system.
D)either the sympathetic or the parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 9

Ivan Pavlov is associated with the study of classical conditioning. This means that he studied how:

A)people learn by imitating others.
B)organisms associate two different stimuli.
C)people associate their behaviors with their consequences.
D)organisms respond to repeated stimuli.

Question 10

Classical conditioning involves the conditioning of the involuntary responses of the autonomic nervous system. Such responses include the elevation in heart rate associated with anxiety or fear, a response of the _____ nervous system.

A)sympathetic
B)parasympathetic
C)somatic
D)secondary

Question 11

Psychologists define _____ as a relatively permanent change in behavior or thinking resulting from experience.

A)adaptation
B)habituation
C)cognition
D)learning

Question 12

Event is to behavior as _____ is to _____.

A)nature; nurture
B)nurture; nature
C)stimulus; response
D)response; stimulus

Question 13

Learning involves:

A)neurogenesis but not neuroplasticity.
B)neuroplasticity but not neurogenesis.
C)both neurogenesis and neuroplasticity.
D)neither neurogenesis nor neuroplasticity.

Question 14

In the first phase of the classical conditioning process:

A)an unconditioned stimulus elicits an unconditioned response.
B)a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
C)a conditioned stimulus elicits a conditioned response.
D)a neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus.

Question 15

Although I won the Nobel Prize in 1904 for my research in physiology, I am BEST known for my pioneering work in the psychology of learning. I am:

A)William James.
B)B)F. Skinner.
C)Ivan Pavlov.
D)Edward Thorndike.

Question 16

A relatively permanent change in behavior or thinking due to experience is called:

A)development.
B)learning.
C)cognition.
D)perception.

Question 17

Imitation is to consequences as _____ is to _____.

A)operant conditioning; observational learning
B)observational learning; classical conditioning
C)observational learning; operant conditioning
D)classical conditioning; operant conditioning

Question 18

In the final phase of the classical conditioning process:

A)an unconditioned stimulus elicits an unconditioned response.
B)a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
C)a conditioned stimulus elicits a conditioned response.
D)a neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus.

Question 19

A research assistant in a lab conditions dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell. During conditioning, the assistant deliberately manipulates the interval between the sound of the bell and the presentation of food. After conditioning, he measures how much the dog salivates when the bell is presented alone. The interval is the _____ variable. The amount of salivation is the _____ variable.

A)dependent; experimental
B)dependent; independent
C)independent; control
D)independent; dependent

Question 20

_____ is credited for laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology.

A)Pavlov
B)Thorndike
C)Skinner
D)Watson

Question 21

Which scenario describes spontaneous recovery?

A)Gabby is a former cocaine user. Now that she no longer uses, her hands no longer shake and her heart no longer pounds when she hears a car pull into her driveway, like her dealer used to do in his car.
B)Gabby uses cocaine. She no longer feels quite the same rush as she did when she fist started using.
C)Gabby is a former cocaine user in recovery. Although she hasn't had any symptoms in weeks, her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a car pull into her driveway, like her dealer used to do in his car.
D)Gabby uses cocaine. When her dealer pulls into her driveway, her hands shake and her heart pounds, even though she has not consumed the drug.

Question 22

Which term BEST describes the correlation a researcher is likely to find between the extent to which stimulus generalization is observed and the similarity between the original CS and the new one?

A)zero
B)negative
C)positive
D)variable

Question 23

The textbook states that Pavlov "had to pick a stimulus that was more controlled than the sound of someone walking into a room" in order to investigate classical conditioning more systematically. In other words, Pavlov had to deliberately manipulate the neutral stimulus to conduct:

A)correlational studies.
B)case studies.
C)observational research.
D)experimental research.

Question 24

Which scenario describes extinction?

A)Alexis is a former cocaine user. Now that she no longer uses, her hands no longer shake and her heart no longer pounds when she hears a car pull into her driveway, like her dealer used to do in his car.
B)Alexis uses cocaine. She no longer feels quite the same rush as she did when she first started using.
C)Alexis is a former cocaine user in recovery. After a relapse, though, her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a car pull into her driveway, like her dealer used to do in his car.
D)Alexis uses cocaine. When her dealer pulls into her driveway, her hands shake and her heart pounds, even though she has not yet consumed the drug.

Question 25

June's cat runs to the kitchen at the sound of the electric can opener, but not when a blender is used. June's cat is demonstrating stimulus:

A)discrimination.
B)shaping.
C)recovery.
D)generalization.

Question 26

Classical conditioning is the same thing as _____ conditioning.

A)higher order
B)instrumental
C)operant
D)Pavlovian

Question 27

Often, a conditioned response may be elicited not only by the original CS, but by a similar one as well. This is known as stimulus:

A)extinction.
B)generalization.
C)discrimination.
D)habituation.

Question 28

In Pavlov's study, the US was _____; the neutral stimulus was _____; and, finally, the CS was ____.

A)meat; the bell; meat
B)meat; the bell; the bell
C)the bell; meat; meat
D)meat; meat; the bell

Question 29

______ is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that would elicit the same response naturally.

A)Classical conditioning
B)Operant conditioning
C)Observational learning
D)Shaping

Question 30

_____ occurs when an extinguished CR reappears after a period of rest.

A)Stimulus generalization
B)Stimulus discrimination
C)Successive approximation
D)Spontaneous recovery

Question 31

Alexis uses cocaine, which activates her sympathetic nervous system. When anticipating a visit from her dealer, her hands shake and her heart pounds. Which of the following correctly identifies the neutral stimulus, the CS, and the US?

A)neutral stimulus - knock on the door; CS - cocaine; US - cocaine
B)neutral stimulus - knock on the door; CS - knock on the door; US - pounding heart
C)neutral stimulus - knock on the door; CS - knock on the door; US - cocaine
D)neutral stimulus - cocaine; CS - knock on the door; US - cocaine

Question 32

Broadly speaking, nature is to nurture as the _____ is to the _____.

A)CS; US
B)NS; US
C)US; CS
D)CR; UR

Question 33

In classical conditioning, how are the neutral stimulus and the CS related?

A)They are not related; they are completely different stimuli.
B)The CS becomes a neutral stimulus.
C)They are the same thing; the terms are interchangeable.
D)The neutral stimulus becomes the CS.

Question 34

Tim loves dill pickles.Now, the sight of a jar on the supermarket shelf makes his mouth water.In the terminology of classical conditioning, the sight of the jar is a(n) ____.

A)CS
B)US
C)NS
D)CR

Question 35

In classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus is paired with the unconditioned stimulus during the _____ phase.

A)recovery
B)acquisition
C)generalization
D)extinction

Question 36

A scientist conditions a dog to salivate in response to the sound of a tone. The researcher continues to present the tone, but gives the dog no food. Eventually, the dog stops salivating to the tone. The dog is demonstrating:

A)habituation.
B)adaptation.
C)discrimination.
D)extinction.

Question 37

_____ refers to a decrease in the response to a stimulus when it is presented repeatedly, whereas _____ refers to the eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented.

A)Extinction; habituation
B)Habituation; extinction
C)Habituation; adaptation
D)Adaptation; habituation

Question 38

A scientist conditions a dog to salivate in response to the sound of a high-pitched tone. The researcher then presents a low-pitched tone. The dog fails to salivate. The dog is demonstrating:

A)habituation.
B)adaptation.
C)discrimination.
D)extinction.

Question 39

Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination?

A)They are unrelated.
B)They are opposites.
C)They are the same thing.
D)Stimulus discrimination is a type of stimulus generalization.

Question 40

_____ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency when the CS is presented in the absence of the US.

A)Extinction
B)Habituation
C)Adaptation
D)Deonditioning

Question 41

Higher order conditioning involves an association between:

A)a CS and a US.
B)a CS and a new neutral stimulus.
C)two similar USs.
D)a neutral stimulus and a US.

Question 42

How is conditioned taste aversion an exception to the general principles of classical conditioning?

A)Conditioned taste aversions require a longer interval between the CS and the response than do most CRs.
B)Conditioned taste aversions require more trials to acquire than do most CRs.
C)Conditioned taste aversions require a shorter interval between the CS and the response than do most CRs.
D) Conditioned taste aversions often require only a single CS-US pairing for their acquisition.

Question 43

Rosa becomes anxious when she enters the examination room at the clinic before a blood test. She also squirms when she views injections on television. This paragraph illustrates:

A)classical conditioning and spontaneous recovery.
B)classical conditioning and stimulus generalization.
C)operant conditioning and shaping.
D)operant conditioning and negative reinforcement.

Question 44

Andrea has a needle phobia. Which pair correctly identifies the stimulus or response in the conditioning of her phobia?

A)conditioned stimulus - pain; tissue damage
B)unconditioned stimulus - the needle itself
C)neutral stimulus - the needle itself
D)unconditioned response - fear triggered by the needle

Question 45

In research described in the text (O'Donnell, et al., 2010), Australian scientists are trying to help save the endangered northern quoll. Since the work is focused on changing real-world outcomes, it is called _____ research.

A)practical
B)basic
C)experimental
D)applied

Question 46

Higher order conditioning occurs when:

A)stimuli similar to the CS elicit the same conditioned response.
B)a second neutral stimulus becomes a new CS after repeated pairings with the original CS.
C)an extinguished conditioned response reappears after a period of rest.
D)complex emotional responses are learned through classical conditioning.

Question 47

Janine completed several tours of duty in Afghanistan. She suffers from PTSD. Now, back home in Texas, she is frightened by firecrackers and cars backfiring. The fact that these sounds scare her reflects stimulus:

A)extinction.
B)discrimination.
C)generalization.
D)association.

Question 48

Effie no longer eats egg salad sandwiches-some time ago, she found herself vomiting after consuming a sandwich in which the mayonnaise must have spoiled. Which alternative below correctly identifies the stimulus in this situation?

A)US - bacteria
B)CS - nausea
C)US - food
D)CS - bacteria

Question 49

Garrett was stung by a bee. Now he is frightened not only of bees but also of wasps and hornets. However, he is not afraid of flies and mosquitos. This example illustrates:

A)stimulus generalization.
B)adaptation.
C)stimulus discrimination.
D)both stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination.

Question 50

Adam was stung by a bee. Now he is frightened not only of bees but of all flying insects. This example illustrates:

A)stimulus generalization.
B)adaptation.
C)shaping.
D)spontaneous recovery.

Question 51

In a study cited in the textbook, Schedlowski asked participants to drink green, lavender-scented strawberry milk. Half the participants took an immunosuppressive drug along with the milk. The remainder took a placebo pill. Five days later, and then again 11 days later, all participants took a placebo pill with the milk. Both times, Schedlowski measured the immune responses of all participants. In this study, the group initially receiving the immunosuppressive drug was called the _____ group.

A)control
B)dependent
C)experimental
D)independent

Question 52

In an effort to help save an endangered Australian marsupial called the northern quoll, researchers paired a nausea-inducing drug along with parts of the toxic toads the quolls often eat. In this application of a phenomenon called _____, the toxic toads are a(n) _____.

A)conditioned taste aversion; CS
B)conditioned taste aversion; US
C)instinctive drift; CS
D)instinctive drift; US

Question 53

Which pair below incorrectly identifies a stimulus or response in Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study?

A)neutral stimulus - rat
B)CS - noise
C)US - rat
D)All of these are incorrect.

Question 54

The mere sight of a needle is enough to make Aimee wince, as if in pain. Even being in a hospital or clinic is enough to make her squirm, probably because these settings are associated with needles. This example BEST illustrates:

A)stimulus generalization.
B)stimulus discrimination.
C)negative reinforcement.
D)higher order conditioning.

Question 55

In a study cited in the textbook, Schedlowski asked participants to drink green, lavender-scented strawberry milk. Half the participants took an immunosuppressive drug along with the milk. The remainder took a placebo pill. Five days later, and then again 11 days later, all participants took a placebo pill with the milk. Both times, Schedlowski measured the immune responses of all participants. In this study, immunosuppressive drug-vs.-placebo is the _____ variable.

A)control
B)dependent
C)experimental
D)independent

Question 56

Carlotta consumed some poorly stored sushi on a hot day and became violently ill. Now Carlotta can't stand the sight of sushi. She has developed a:

A)phobia.
B)conditioned taste aversion.
C)conditioned taste sensitization.
D)conditioned taste association.

Question 57

Watson and Rayner are known for their study of:

A)cats in puzzle boxes.
B)Little Albert and conditioned fear.
C)children playing with a Bobo doll.
D)rats in Skinner boxes.

Question 58

In a study cited in the textbook, Schedlowski asked participants to drink green, lavender-scented strawberry milk. Half the participants took an immunosuppressive drug along with the milk. The remainder took a placebo pill. Five days later, and then again 11 days later, all participants took a placebo pill with the milk. Both times, Schedlowski measured the immune responses of all participants. In this study, the green milk is a(n) _____, whereas the immunosuppressive drug is a(n) ______.

A)CS; NS
B)CS; US
C)US; CS
D)US; NS

Question 59

Jonas is a veteran of the war in Iraq. He suffers from PTSD. Now, back home in a quiet California neighborhood, he jumps when he hears a firecracker or a car backfire. In the terminology of classical conditioning, these sounds are BEST thought of as _____ stimuli.

A)neutral
B)unconditioned
C)conditioned
D)associated

Question 60

The phenomenon of conditioned taste aversion may be applied to:

A)help save endangered animal species.
B)help patients on harsh immunosuppressive drug regimens.
C)both help save endangered animal species and help patients on harsh immunosuppressive drug regimens.
D)neither help save endangered animal species nor help patients on harsh immunosuppressive drug regimens.

Question 61

According to the textbook, sexual fetishes may be explained through classical conditioning. The object of the fetish-a certain type of clothing, for example-acts as a:

A)CS.
B)CR.
C)US.
D)UR.

Question 62

Based on the textbook's discussion, Skinner is known for the study of:

A)operant conditioning and shaping.
B)operant conditioning and modeling.
C)classical conditioning and fear.
D)classical conditioning and taste aversion.

Question 63

The process by which a stimulus increases the likelihood that the preceding behavior will be repeated is called:

A)reinforcement.
B)shaping.
C)conditioning.
D)association.

Question 64

Marina feels a rush of love and nostalgia at the scent of honeysuckle; the fragrance is similar to that of the perfume her mother wore when Marina was little. The perfume's fragrance is a(n) _____. The scent of honeysuckle elicits a similar response through the process of stimulus ____.

A)CS; discrimination
B)CS; generalization
C)US; discrimination
D)US; generalization

Question 65

Gorn (1982) showed participants pictures of different-colored pens. Some pen colors were paired with pleasant music; others were paired with unpleasant music. As a free gift, participants were more likely to choose the pen colors associated with pleasant music than the pen colors associated with unpleasant music. Which choice correctly identifies the CS and the CR, respectively, in this study?

A)pen color; liking for pen
B)pen color; liking for music
C)type of music; liking for music
D)type of music; liking for pen

Question 66

Thorndike's notion that successful responses are stamped in by experience may be seen as an early statement of Skinner's concept of:

A)observational learning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)successive approximation.
D)positive reinforcement.

Question 67

A popular athlete endorses an athletic shoe in a series of glossy magazine ads. In the application of conditioning to advertising, which statement is correct?

A)The athlete is a US; the shoe is a CS.
B)The athlete is a CS; readers' liking for the athlete is a CR.
C)The shoe is a US; the athlete is a CS
D)The shoe is a US; readers' positive response to the shoe is a UR.

Question 68

In Thorndike's puzzle box, the amount of time it took the cats to break free of the cage was a(n) _____ definition of learning.

A)experimental
B)operational
C)empirical
D)conceptual

Question 69

Perhaps the MOST influential early research on operant conditioning was conducted by:

A)Skinner.
B)Watson.
C)Pavlov.
D)Bandura.

Question 70

Conditioning principles have been applied successfully in advertising.In an effective advertisement, the product or service being promoted is usually a(n):

A)negative reinforcer.
B)positive reinforcer.
C)CS.
D)US.

Question 71

Recall the research methods described in an earlier chapter of the textbook.Which of the techniques does Watson and Rayner's Little Albert BEST exemplify?

A)naturalistic observation
B)case study
C)correlational method
D)experimental method

Question 72

_____ conditioning is a type of learning in which organisms associate actions with consequences.

A)Secondary
B)Operant
C)Social
D)Classical

Question 73

"Responses that lead to pleasurable consequences are more likely to be repeated." This is the law of:

A)consequences.
B)reward.
C)effect.
D)effort.

Question 74

Engineering the consequences of her daughter's behavior is a key element in Laureen's parenting strategy. As an example, Laura's daughter is allowed to select the evening movie if she completes her homework before dinner. Laura appears to echo _____ in emphasizing the importance of _____ conditioning in learning.

A)Pavlov; classical
B)Pavlov; operant
C)Skinner; classical
D)Skinner; operant

Question 75

Advertisers use enjoyable music, cute babies, attractive models, and funny spokespeople to create positive advertisements. The music, babies, and so on are BEST thought of as:

A)CSs.
B)neutral stimuli.
C)positive reinforcers.
D)USs.

Question 76

An actor is hired to appear in a series of commercials promoting a new laptop computer. The actor's last two movies, though, have failed at the box office. This means that the actor may NOT serve as the optimal _____ in the commercials.

A)negative reinforcer
B)positive reinforcer
C)CS
D)US

Question 77

The roots of operant conditioning may be traced to _____'s early studies of hungry cats learning to escape from cages.

A)Thorndike
B)Watson
C)Skinner
D)Pavlov

Question 78

Operant conditioning is associated with _____ and _____.

A)Pavlov; Skinner
B)Pavlov; Watson
C)Thorndike; Skinner
D)Thorndike; Watson

Question 79

Watson and Raynor (1925) found that Little Albert's conditioned fear was elicited not only by a rat but also by a number of similar objects. Little Albert's behavior illustrates stimulus:

A)generalization.
B)discrimination.
C)adaptation.
D)extinction.

Question 80

A Skinner box provides a highly controlled environment allowing researchers to study how animal behavior varies with alterations in the environment.In this situation, animal behavior is a(n) _____ variable.An alteration in the environment is a(n) _____ variable.

A)dependent; dependent
B)dependent; independent
C)independent; dependent
D)independent; independent