Deck 11: Personality

Question 1

Dr. Montgomery, a personality theorist, seeks to identify the key dimensions necessary to predict behavior. Dr. Montgomery endorses the _____ perspective on personality.

A)social-cognitive
B)trait
C)psychoanalytic
D)biological

Answer 1

trait

Question 2

In round numbers, genetic factors account for about _____% of the variation among individuals in sense of humor.

A)10-30
B)20-40
C)30-50
D)50-70

Answer 2

30-50

Question 3

The distinct patterns of emotional reactions and behaviors seen at a young age make up one's:

A)character.
B)disposition.
C)temperament.
D)personality.

Answer 3

temperament.

Question 4

Which approach to personality takes the most optimistic view of human nature by suggesting that humans are essentially good?

A)social-cognitive
B)psychoanalytic
C)humanistic
D)trait

Question 5

According to the humanistic perspective, personality reflects:

A)mechanisms of conditioning and learning.
B)an individual's choices and strivings for personal growth.
C)genetic and physiological mechanisms.
D)internal, unconscious forces and conflicts.

Question 6

The term "psychoanalysis" refers to the psychological theory and system of treatment devised by:

A)Sigmund Freud.
B)Abraham Maslow.
C)Gordon Allport.
D)Alfred Adler.

Question 7

The _____ perspective on personality examines how the environment shapes personality through classical and operant conditioning, as well as through observational learning.

A)behavioral
B)biological
C)trait
D)humanistic

Question 8

Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between personality and character?

A)Personality is one aspect of character.
B)Personality and character are different.
C)Personality and character are identical.
D)Personality and character are opposites.

Question 9

Dr. Conway states that his research investigates the consistent, enduring characteristics that distinguish one person from another. Dr. Conway's research is MOST likely in the area of:

A)motivation.
B)developmental psychology.
C)personality.
D)social psychology.

Question 10

Of the personality theories mentioned in the textbook, which two perspectives place the greatest emphasis on environmental influences on personality?

A)the psychoanalytic and humanistic perspectives
B)the humanistic and social-cognitive perspectives
C)the behavioral and trait perspectives
D)the behavioral and social-cognitive perspectives

Question 11

Freud's levels of consciousness do NOT include the:

A)unconscious.
B)subconscious.
C)preconscious.
D)conscious.

Question 12

Which statement BEST captures the relationship between temperament and personality?

A)Temperament and personality are the same thing.
B)Temperament and personality are unrelated.
C)Temperament is one element of personality.
D)Personality is one aspect of temperament.

Question 13

Baby Rebecca is easygoing and curious. She adapts quickly to changes. These characteristics are part of Rebecca's _____. They will ultimately contribute to part of her adult _____.

A)personality; temperament
B)character; personality
C)temperament; personality
D)temperament; character

Question 14

_____ refers to the unique set of core characteristics that influence the way an individual feels, thinks, and acts.

A)Personality
B)Temperament
C)Disposition
D)Character

Question 15

Dr. Plater believes that one's personality is really just a collection of behaviors that have been conditioned, reinforced, or learned through observation. Dr. Plater endorses the _____ perspective on personality.

A)biological
B)trait
C)behavioral
D)humanistic

Question 16

Baby Celeste is busy, active, and sleeps fitfully; her sister, by contrast, was calm and placid as a baby. This vignette illustrates differences in:

A)temperament.
B)character.
C)personality.
D)disposition.

Question 17

The notion that behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces and conflicts is at the core of the _____ approach to personality.

A)behavioral
B)biological
C)psychoanalytic
D)humanistic

Question 18

Dr. Ainsworth believes that one's personality largely reflects internal conflicts and unconscious forces. Dr. Ainsworth appears to take a _____ perspective on personality.

A)social-cognitive
B)trait
C)psychoanalytic
D)biological

Question 19

Both the _____ and the _____ theories of personality have been criticized for relying on concepts that are difficult to define operationally.

A)psychoanalytic; behavioral
B)psychoanalytic; humanistic
C)behavioral; humanistic
D)behavioral; biological

Question 20

Both the _____ and the _____ theories of personality have been criticized for their narrow focus.

A)psychoanalytic; humanistic
B)social-cognitive; humanistic
C)behavioral; humanistic
D)behavioral; social-cognitive

Question 21

What do the id and superego have in common?

A)They both reflect society's rules and constraints.
B)They are both unrealistic.
C)They are both motivated by primitive drives.
D)Absolutely nothing: they are direct opposites.

Question 22

Which choice correctly pairs one of Freud's personality structures with a key word or phrase?

A)id - pleasure principle
B)ego - conscience
C)superego - reality principle
D)ego - psychic energy

Question 23

Which sequence BEST reflects the order in which Freud's personality structures develop during infancy and childhood, from first to last?

A)superego > ego > id
B)id > superego > ego
C)id > ego > superego
D)superego > id > ego

Question 24

Freud's preconscious mind is MOST similar to _____ memory.

A)sensory
B)working
C)long-term
D)implicit

Question 25

Which component of the personality uses defense mechanisms and why?

A)The id uses defense mechanisms to express its impulses.
B)The superego uses defense mechanisms to help the id express its impulses.
C)The superego uses defense mechanisms to help the individual conform to society.
D)The ego uses defense mechanisms to prevent excessive anxiety.

Question 26

Liz has become more responsive to her partner's advances since she noticed an attractive woman moved in next door. Liz is using a defense mechanism called:

A)projection.
B)displacement.
C)sublimation.
D)identification.

Question 27

In Freud's model of the mind, the _____ consists of a pool of primal psychic energy.

A)subconscious
B)id
C)ego
D)superego

Question 28

______ is probably the best-known of Freud's defense mechanisms.

A)Repression
B)Denial
C)Rationalization
D)Projection

Question 29

The study of defense mechanisms is associated not only with Sigmund Freud but also with:

A)Bertha Pappenheim.
B)Alfred Adler.
C)Karen Horney.
D)Anna Freud.

Question 30

What one calls one's "conscience" in everyday life corresponds to the _____ in Freud's model of the mind.

A)id
B)subconscious
C)ego
D)superego

Question 31

In order to protect herself from experiencing anxiety, Nancy is attributing her own unacceptable aggressive impulses to another individual. Nancy is using a:

A)self-actualization principle.
B)fixation process.
C)defense mechanism.
D)psychoanalytic strategy.

Question 32

In Freud's model of the mind, the _____ acts as a mediator or negotiator.

A)id
B)ego
C)preconscious
D)superego

Question 33

In Freud's view, the _____ mind contains material that is virtually impossible to retrieve, whereas the _____ mind contains material that is outside awareness, but that can be retrieved fairly easily.

A)subconscious; preconscious
B)unconscious; preconscious
C)unconscious; subconscious
D)preconscious; unconscious

Question 34

The superego starts developing around _____ years of age.

A)1 or 2
B)2 or 3
C)3 or 4
D)5 or 6

Question 35

Freud used dream analysis and hypnosis to gain access to the _____ mind.

A)unconscious
B)preconscious
C)subconscious
D)conscious

Question 36

Shauntel tells people that her coworker Clarice dislikes her; if she were honest, though, Shauntel would realize that it is actually she who dislikes Clarice. Shauntel is using a defense mechanism known as:

A)projection.
B)displacement.
C)sublimation.
D)identification.

Question 37

In the defense mechanism of _____, unacceptable feelings or impulses are pushed back into the unconscious.

A)displacement
B)denial
C)rationalization
D)repression

Question 38

Which sequence BEST reflects the extent to which Freud's personality structures operate consciously, from LEAST conscious to MOST conscious?

A)ego > id > superego
B)superego > ego > id
C)ego > superego > id
D)id > superego > ego

Question 39

With respect to Freud's model of the mind, pleasure is to reality as _____ is to _____.

A)ego; id
B)id; superego
C)id; ego
D)superego; ego

Question 40

To avoid experiencing anxiety, Logan is attributing his own unacceptable aggressive impulses to another individual. Logan is using a defense mechanism called:

A)displacement.
B)projection.
C)sublimation.
D)identification.

Question 41

The final psychosexual stage in Freud's developmental sequence is the _____ stage.

A)oral
B)genital
C)anal
D)phallic

Question 42

Which sequence indicates the order of the first three stages in Freud's theory of psychosexual development, from first to last?

A)oral > phallic > anal
B)anal > oral > phallic
C)anal > phallic > oral
D)oral > anal > phallic

Question 43

People use the defense mechanism of _____ when they model their actions or feelings on those of individuals they admire.

A)sublimation
B)projection
C)displacement
D)identification

Question 44

In Freud's theory, developmental concerns that persist into adulthood and continue to influence personality are called:

A)defense mechanisms.
B)erogenous complexes.
C)fixations.
D)conflicts.

Question 45

Davina is a "neat freak." She can't stand to be late for anything. Other people have to do things "just right" for her to be happy. A psychoanalytic theorist might suggest that Davina is fixated at the _____ stage of development.

A)anal
B)genital
C)oral
D)phallic

Question 46

In Freud's theory of psychosexual development, mature adult sexuality develops during the:

A)latency period.
B)genital stage.
C)phallic stage.
D)oral stage.

Question 47

Unable to accept his desire for other young men, 15-year-old Juan pours himself into his studies. Juan's case illustrates the defense mechanism of:

A)projection.
B)displacement.
C)sublimation.
D)identification.

Question 48

Young children resolve the Oedipus and Electra conflicts by wanting to be as much like the same-sex parent as possible through a process called:

A)identification.
B)projection.
C)displacement.
D)sublimation.

Question 49

Which defense mechanism is correctly matched with its definition?

A)displacement - an unacceptable feeling is redirected from a threatening individual to a less threatening one.
B)sublimation - unacceptable impulses are attributed to another person
C)projection - reasonable excuses are made for unacceptable impulses or situations
D)rationalization - unacceptable feelings or situations are not recognized

Question 50

Which stage of psychosexual development is correctly matched with its age range?

A)oral - 3-6 years
B)phallic - 0-1½ years
C)anal - 1½-3 years
D)genital - 6-12 years

Question 51

According to Freud, during which stage of psychosexual development must the developing child negotiate the Oedipal conflict?

A)oral
B)genital
C)anal
D)phallic

Question 52

With respect to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, Oedipus complex is to Electra complex as _____ is to _____.

A)anal stage; phallic stage
B)girl; boy
C)phallic stage; anal stage
D)boy; girl

Question 53

With respect to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, anal is to toilet training as _____ is to _____.

A)oral; masturbation
B)phallic; weaning
C)phallic; masturbation
D)genital; weaning

Question 54

Baby Jordyn will be 2 in a few weeks. Her mother has instituted a strict toilet-training schedule. Jordyn is placed on the "potty" seat at regular intervals, and is forced to remain there until she has had a bowel movement. Jordyn is immediately punished when she has an "accident." Her mother's rigid toilet training procedures may result in Jordyn having a _____ at the ____ stage of psychosexual development.

A)complex; anal
B)complex; genital
C)fixation; anal
D)fixation; genital

Question 55

With respect to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, weaning is to toilet training as _____ is to _____.

A)oral; anal
B)oral; phallic
C)anal; oral
D)phallic; anal

Question 56

Which stage of psychosexual development is correctly matched with its key conflict?

A)oral - weaning
B)anal - masturbation
C)phallic - mature sexuality
D)genital - toilet training

Question 57

In Freud's theory of psychosexual development, the genitals are the erogenous zone during:

A)the phallic stage.
B)the genital stage.
C)both the phallic stage and the genital stage.
D)both the oral stage and the genital stage.

Question 58

According to the textbook, the MOST adaptive defense mechanism is _____, whereas the LEAST adaptive is _____.

A)sublimation; displacement
B)sublimation; denial
C)projection; denial
D)denial; sublimation

Question 59

Stephanie smokes cigarettes and tends to overeat; Saul is rigid, organized, and stingy; Shirley is flirtatious, promiscuous, and seems to have little regard for "the rules." Which choice correctly matches each individual with the psychosexual stage at which he or she is fixated?

A)Stephanie - phallic; Saul - anal; Shirley - oral
B)Stephanie - oral; Saul - anal; Shirley - phallic
C)Stephanie - anal; Saul - oral; Shirley - phallic
D)Stephanie - oral; Saul - genital; Shirley - anal

Question 60

Young girls experience the _____ complex during the ____ stage of psychosexual development.

A)Electra; genital
B)Electra; phallic
C)Oedipus; genital
D)Oedipus; phallic

Question 61

_____ suggested that people move toward others, away from others, or against others to deal with _____.

A)Alfred Adler; basic anxiety
B)Alfred Adler; feelings of inferiority
C)Karen Horney; basic anxiety
D)Karen Horney; feelings of inferiority

Question 62

Which statement is MOST accurate with respect to the empirical evaluation of Freud's theory?

A)A substantial body of research supports Freud's theory.
B)There is relatively little published research examining Freud's theory.
C)Extensive empirical research yields a mixed picture regarding Freud's theory.
D)Research has consistently failed to support Freud's theory.

Question 63

In research examining the relationship between birth order and personality, family size is often a(n) _____ variable.

A)experimental
B)dependent
C)confounding
D)independent

Question 64

Which psychologist is MOST likely to have said, "Penis envy is really power envy"?

A)Karl Jung
B)Karen Horney
C)Abraham Maslow
D)Alfred Adler

Question 65

The neo-Freudian psychologist Alfred Adler argued that humans are conscious and intentional, striving for growth and improvement. Adler can therefore be seen as a precursor to the _____ perspective on personality.

A)humanistic
B)social-cognitive
C)behavioral
D)psychoanalytic

Question 66

Freud based much of his theory on:

A)naturalistic observation.
B)case studies.
C)large-scale surveys.
D)controlled experiments.

Question 67

One of the first psychologists to theorize about the potential effects of birth order was:

A)Karl Jung.
B)Alfred Adler.
C)Sigmund Freud.
D)Karen Horney.

Question 68

Psychosexual development slows during the _____, which lasts from ages _____.

A)latency period; 3 to 6
B)latency period; 6 to 12
C)phallic stage; 3 to 6
D)phallic stage; 6 to 12

Question 69

Animus is to _____ as anima is to _____.

A)masculine; feminine
B)personal; collective
C)feminine; masculine
D)collective; personal

Question 70

Jung suggested that the questing hero figure prominent in many legends, stories, epic poems, and so forth represents a(n) _____, a symbolic representation of a universal experience.

A)anima
B)mandala
C)animus
D)archetype

Question 71

Which statement best contrasts the phallic stage and the genital stage?

A)The genitals are the erogenous zone in the genital stage, but not in the phallic stage.
B)Relationships are the focus of the genital stage, but not the phallic stage.
C)Relationships are the focus of the phallic stage, but not the genital stage.
D)The genital stage occurs much earlier in development than does the phallic stage.

Question 72

Warner alternates between needy dependency and False machismo. He is vain and considers himself a real "ladies' man." However, he spends a fair amount of time masturbating while watching pornographic video clips. Warner may be fixated at Freud's ____ stage of psychosexual development.

A)oral
B)anal
C)phallic
D)genital

Question 73

Humans constantly strive to grow and improve themselves, a motivation Adler termed the striving for:

A)actualization.
B)transcendence.
C)superiority.
D)understanding.

Question 74

Which choice correctly matches a neo-Freudian theorist with his or her key concept?

A)Adler - basic anxiety
B)Horney - inferiority complex
C)Jung - collective unconscious
D)Horney - archetype

Question 75

In positing the collective unconscious, Jung may be seen as pursuing a goal similar to that of contemporary evolutionary psychologists. Why?

A)He was attempting to explain phenomena that are universal across cultures.
B)He was attempting to suggest how consciousness aids our adaptation to our environment.
C)He was attempting to specify the physiological bases of thought and behavior.
D)He was attempting to describe the influence of an individual's culture on her thought and behavior.

Question 76

Which of these is NOT among a neo-Freudian psychologist?

A)Carl Jung
B)Raymond Cattell
C)Karen Horney
D)Alfred Adler

Question 77

According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, young children "discover" masturbation during the ______ stage.

A)oral
B)anal
C)phallic
D)genital

Question 78

The humanistic perspective on personality may be considered a reaction against the _____ perspective.

A)social-cognitive
B)trait
C)biological
D)psychoanalytic

Question 79

Critics of psychoanalytic theory contend that Freud paid too little attention to:

A)the role of the unconscious mind.
B)childhood experiences.
C)people's capacity for change.
D)sexuality.

Question 80

Individual is to analytic as _____ is to _____.

A)Horney; Jung
B)Jung; Adler
C)Adler; Horney
D)Adler; Jung