Deck 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

Question 1

Which of the following people synthesized an organic compound, acetic acid, from inorganic substances that had been prepared directly from pure elements?

A)Stanley Miller
B)Jakob Berzelius
C)Friedrich Wohler
D)Hermann Kolbe
E)August Kekulé

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following people used this apparatus to study formation of organic compounds?

A)Stanley Miller
B)Jakob Berzelius
C)Friedrich Wohler
D)Hermann Kolbe
E)August Kekulé

Answer 2

A

Question 3

One of the following people set up a closed system to mimic Earth's early atmosphere and discharged electrical sparks through it. A variety of organic compounds common in organisms were formed. Who did this?

A)Stanley Miller
B)Jakob Berzelius
C)Friedrich Wohler
D)Hermann Kolbe
E)August Kekulé

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Organic chemistry is a science based on the study of

A)functional groups.
B)vital forces interacting with matter.
C)carbon compounds.
D)water and its interaction with other kinds of molecules.
E)inorganic compounds.

Question 5

The two molecules shown in Figure 4.1 are best described as

A)optical isomers.
B)radioactive isotopes.
C)structural isomers.
D)nonradioactive isotopes.
E)geometric isomers.

Question 6

How many structural isomers are possible for a substance having the molecular formula C₄H₁₀?

A)1
B)2
C)4
D)3
E)11

Question 7

Which of the following people's synthesis of this compound from inorganic starting materials provided evidence against vitalism?

A)Stanley Miller
B)Jakob Berzelius
C)Friedrich Wohler
D)Hermann Kolbe
E)August Kekulé

Question 8

Which of the following people's synthesis of this compound from inorganic starting materials provided evidence against vitalism?

A)Stanley Miller
B)Jakob Berzelius
C)Friedrich Wohler
D)Hermann Kolbe
E)August Kekulé

Question 9

How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)8

Question 10

One of the following people was the first to suggest that organic compounds, those found in living organisms, were distinctly different from inorganic compounds found in the nonliving world. Though this suggestion is now known to be incorrect, it stimulated important research into organic compounds. Who suggested this?

A)Stanley Miller
B)Jakob Berzelius
C)Friedrich Wohler
D)Hermann Kolbe
E)August Kekulé

Question 11

The two molecules shown in Figure 4.3 are best described as

A)enantiomers.
B)radioactive isotopes.
C)structural isomers.
D)nonisotopic isomers.
E)geometric isomers.

Question 12

Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?

A)The majority of their bonds are polar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.
B)The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.
C)They are hydrophilic.
D)They exhibit considerable molecular complexity and diversity.
E)They are lighter than water.

Question 13

Which of the following statements best describes the carbon atoms present in all organic molecules?

A)They were incorporated into organic molecules by plants.
B)They were processed into sugars through photosynthesis.
C)They are ultimately derived from carbon dioxide.
D)Only A and C are correct.
E)A, B, and C are correct.

Question 14

Shown here in Figure 4.2 are the structures of glucose and fructose. These two molecules differ in the

A)number of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
B)types of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
C)arrangement of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
D)number of oxygen atoms joined to carbon atoms by double covalent bonds.
E)answers A, B, and C

Question 15

The experimental approach taken in current biological investigations presumes that

A)simple organic compounds can be synthesized in the laboratory from inorganic precursors, but complex organic compounds like carbohydrates and proteins can only be synthesized by living organisms.
B)a life force ultimately controls the activities of living organisms and this life force cannot be studied by physical or chemical methods.
C)although a life force, or vitalism, exists in living organisms, this life force cannot be studied by physical or chemical methods.
D)living organisms are composed of the same elements present in nonliving things, plus a few special trace elements found only in living organisms or their products.
E)living organisms can be understood in terms of the same physical and chemical laws that can be used to explain all natural phenomena.

Question 16

Early 19th-century scientists believed that living organisms differed from nonliving things as a result of possessing a "life force" that could create organic molecules from inorganic matter. The term given to this belief is

A)organic synthesis.
B)vitalism.
C)mechanism.
D)organic evolution.
E)inorganic synthesis.

Question 17

Which of the following statements correctly describes geometric isomers?

A)They have variations in arrangement around a double bond.
B)They have an asymmetric carbon that makes them mirror images.
C)They have the same chemical properties.
D)They have different molecular formulas.
E)Their atoms and bonds are arranged in different sequences.

Question 18

Shown here in Figure 4.2 are the structures of glucose and fructose. These two molecules are

A)geometric isotopes.
B)enantiomers.
C)geometric isomers.
D)structural isomers.
E)nonisotopic isomers.

Question 19

A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s)with other atoms?

A)ionic
B)hydrogen
C)covalent
D)A and B only
E)A, B, and C

Question 20

Which of the following people was the first to synthesize an organic compound, urea, from inorganic starting materials?

A)Stanley Miller
B)Jakob Berzelius
C)Friedrich Wohler
D)Hermann Kolbe
E)August Kekulé

Question 21

Which is the best description of a carbonyl group?

A)an oxygen joined to a carbon by a single covalent bond
B)a nitrogen and two hydrogens joined to a carbon by covalent bonds
C)a carbon joined to two hydrogens by single covalent bonds
D)a sulfur and a hydrogen joined to a carbon by covalent bonds
E)a carbon atom joined to an oxygen by a double covalent bond

Question 22

Which of the following contains nitrogen in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen?

A)an alcohol such as ethanol
B)a monosaccharide such as glucose
C)a steroid such as testosterone
D)an amino acid such as glycine
E)a hydrocarbon such as benzene

Question 23

Research indicates that Albuterol, a drug used to relax bronchial muscles, improving airflow and thus offering relief from asthma, consists only of one enantiomer, the R-form. Why is it important for this drug to consist of only one enantiomeric form, rather than a mixture of enantiomers?

A)Different enantiomers may have different or opposite physiological effects.
B)It is impossible to synthesize mixtures of enantiomers.
C)It is much less expensive to synthesize one enantiomer at a time.
D)Albuterol is an example of a compound for which only one enantiomer exists.
E)Only the R-form of Albuterol has been studied; until more information is available, physicians prefer to use the pure R-form.

Question 24

The following questions refer to the structures shown in Figure 4.5.
A.


B.


C.


D.


E.



-In which of the structures are the atoms bonded by ionic bonds?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)C, D, and E only
E)none of the structures

Question 25

Which functional groups can act as acids?

A)amine and sulfhydryl
B)carbonyl and carboxyl
C)carboxyl and phosphate
D)hydroxyl and aldehyde
E)ketone and amino

Question 26

Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?

A)ketone and aldehyde
B)carbonyl and carboxyl
C)carboxyl and amino
D)phosphate and sulfhydryl
E)hydroxyl and aldehyde

Question 27

Three or four of the pairs of structures shown below depict enantiomers (enantiomeric forms)of the same molecule. Which pair, if any, are NOT enantiomers of a single molecule? If each of the pairs depicts enantiomers, choose answer F.

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
F)Both illustrations in each of the other answer choices depict enantiomers of the same molecule.

Question 28

Three or four of the following illustrations depict different structural isomers of the organic compound with molecular formula C₆H₁₄. For clarity, only the carbon skeletons are shown; hydrogen atoms that would be attached to the carbons have been omitted. Which one, if any, is NOT a structural isomer of this compound?

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)Each of the illustrations in the other answer choices depicts a structural isomer of the compound with molecular formula C₆H₁₄.

Question 29

Research indicates that Ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixture of two enantiomers; that is, molecules that

A)have identical three-dimensional shapes.
B)are mirror images of one another.
C)lack an asymmetric carbon.
D)differ in the location of their double bonds.
E)differ in their electrical charge.

Question 30

A carbon skeleton is covalently bonded to both an amino group and a carboxyl group. When placed in water it

A)would function only as an acid because of the carboxyl group.
B)would function only as a base because of the amino group.
C)would function as neither an acid nor a base.
D)would function as both an acid and a base.
E)is impossible to determine how it would function.

Question 31

The following questions refer to the structures shown in Figure 4.5.
A.


B.


C.


D.


E.



-Which of the structures is an impossible covalently bonded molecule?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 32

Thalidomide and L-dopa, shown below, are examples of pharmaceutical drugs that occur as enantiomers, or molecules that

A)have identical three-dimensional shapes.
B)are mirror images of one another.
C)lack an asymmetric carbon.
D)differ in the location of their double bonds.
E)differ in their electrical charge.

Question 33

Which of the pairs of molecular structures shown below depict enantiomers (enantiomeric forms)of the same molecule?

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Question 34

Which of the following is a False statement concerning amino groups?

A)They are basic in pH.
B)They are found in amino acids.
C)They contain nitrogen.
D)They are nonpolar.
E)They are components of urea.

Question 35

Amino acids are acids because they always possess which functional group?

A)amino
B)carbonyl
C)carboxyl
D)sulfhydryl
E)aldehyde

Question 36

Figure 4.4
What is the name of the functional group shown in Figure 4.4?

A)carbonyl
B)ketone
C)aldehyde
D)carboxyl
E)hydroxyl

Question 37

A chemist wishes to make an organic molecule less acidic. Which of the following functional groups should be added to the molecule in order to do so?

A)carboxyl
B)sulfhydryl
C)hydroxyl
D)amino
E)phosphate

Question 38

Which of the pairs of molecular structures shown below do NOT depict enantiomers (enantiomeric forms)of the same molecule?

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Question 39

The following questions refer to the structures shown in Figure 4.5.
A.


B.


C.


D.


E.



-Which of the structures contain(s)a carboxyl functional group?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)C and E
E)none of the structures

Question 40

A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. Which of the following statements is True concerning this compound?

A)It lacks an asymmetric carbon, and it is probably a fat or lipid.
B)It should dissolve in water.
C)It should dissolve in a nonpolar solvent.
D)It won't form hydrogen bonds with water.
E)It is hydrophobic.

Question 41

The following questions refer to the molecules shown in Figure 4.7.

Which molecule can increase the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution and is therefore an organic acid?

Question 42

The following questions refer to the functional groups shown in Figure 4.6.

Which is a basic functional group that can accept H+ and become positively charged?

Question 43

The following questions refer to the molecules shown in Figure 4.7.

Which molecule contains a carboxyl group?

Question 44

The following questions refer to the molecules shown in Figure 4.7.

Which molecule is an alcohol?

Question 45

The following questions refer to the functional groups shown in Figure 4.6.

Which is an acidic functional group that can dissociate and release H+ into a solution?

Question 46

The following questions refer to the molecules shown in Figure 4.8.

Which molecule contains a sulfhydryl functional group?

Question 47

The following questions refer to the functional groups shown in Figure 4.6.

Which is a functional group that helps stabilize proteins by forming covalent cross-links within or between protein molecules?

Question 48

The following questions refer to the molecules shown in Figure 4.8.

Which molecule is an organic phosphate?

Question 49

The following questions refer to the functional groups shown in Figure 4.6.

Which is an amino functional group?

Question 50

The following questions refer to the functional groups shown in Figure 4.6.

Which is a carbonyl functional group?

Question 51

The following questions refer to the molecules shown in Figure 4.8.

Which molecule can function as a base?

Question 52

The following questions refer to the molecules shown in Figure 4.7.

Which molecule has a carbonyl functional group in the form of a ketone?

Question 53

The following questions refer to the molecules shown in Figure 4.7.

Which molecule is water soluble because it has a hydroxyl functional group?

Question 54

The following questions refer to the molecules shown in Figure 4.8.

Which molecule functions to transfer energy between organic molecules?

Question 55

The following questions refer to the molecules shown in Figure 4.7.
A.


B.


C.


D.


E.



-Which molecules contain a carbonyl group?

A)A and B
B)B and C
C)C and D
D)D and E
E)E and A

Question 56

The following questions refer to the molecules shown in Figure 4.7.

Which molecule has a carbonyl functional group in the form of an aldehyde?

Question 57

The following questions refer to the molecules shown in Figure 4.8.

Which molecule is a thiol?

Question 58

The following questions refer to the molecules shown in Figure 4.8.

Which molecule contains an amino functional group, but is not an amino acid?

Question 59

The following questions refer to the functional groups shown in Figure 4.6.

Which is a carboxyl functional group?

Question 60

The following questions refer to the functional groups shown in Figure 4.6.

Which is a hydroxyl functional group?

Question 61

The following questions refer to the molecules shown in Figure 4.8.
A.


B.


C.


D.


E.



-Which of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond in its carbon skeleton?

A)C?H?
B)C?H?
C)CH?
D)C?H?
E)C?H?

Question 62

The following questions refer to the molecules shown in Figure 4.8.
A.


B.


C.


D.


E.



-Organic chemistry is currently defined as

A)the study of compounds made only by living cells.
B)the study of carbon compounds.
C)the study of vital forces.
D)the study of natural (as opposed to synthetic)compounds.
E)the study of hydrocarbons.

Question 63

Which action could produce a carbonyl group?

A)the replacement of the OH of a carboxyl group with hydrogen
B)the addition of a thiol to a hydroxyl
C)the addition of a hydroxyl to a phosphate
D)the replacement of the nitrogen of an amine with oxygen
E)the addition of a sulfhydryl to a carboxyl

Question 64

Which functional group is not present in this molecule?

A)carboxyl
B)sulfhydryl
C)hydroxyl
D)amino

Question 65

Choose the term that correctly describes the relationship between these two sugar molecules:

A)structural isomers
B)geometric isomers
C)enantiomers
D)isotopes

Question 66

The following questions refer to the molecules shown in Figure 4.8.
A.


B.


C.


D.


E.



-Testosterone and estradiol are male and female sex hormones, respectively, in many vertebrates. In what way(s)do these molecules differ from each other?

A)Testosterone and estradiol are structural isomers but have the same molecular formula.
B)Testosterone and estradiol are geometric isomers but have the same molecular formula.
C)Testosterone and estradiol have different functional groups attached to the same carbon skeleton.
D)Testosterone and estradiol have distinctly different chemical structures, with one including four fused rings of carbon atoms, while the other has three rings.
E)Testosterone and estradiol are enantiomers of the same organic molecule.

Question 67

The following questions refer to the molecules shown in Figure 4.8.
A.


B.


C.


D.


E.



-Testosterone and estradiol are

A)nucleic acids.
B)carbohydrates.
C)proteins.
D)phospholipids.
E)steroids.

Question 68

Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base?

A)hydroxyl
B)carbonyl
C)carboxyl
D)amino
E)phosphate