Deck 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

Question 1

Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis?

A)Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis reactions break down polymers.
B)Macromolecular synthesis occurs through the removal of water and digestion occurs through the addition of water.
C)Dehydration reactions can occur only after hydrolysis.
D)Hydrolysis creates monomers, and dehydration reactions break down polymers.
E)A and B are correct.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Figure 5.1
Which of the following descriptors is True of the molecule shown in Figure 5.1?

A)hexose
B)fructose
C)glucose
D)A and B only
E)A and C only

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which of the following is True of both starch and cellulose?

A)They are both polymers of glucose.
B)They are geometric isomers of each other.
C)They can both be digested by humans.
D)They are both used for energy storage in plants.
E)They are both structural components of the plant cell wall.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A)The number of alpha glucose 1-4 linkages in cellulose
(B)The number of alpha glucose 1-4 linkages in starch

A)Item (A)is greater than item (B).
B)Item (A)is less than item (B).
C)Item (A)is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B).
D)Item (A)may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B).

Question 5

Which of the following is not a polymer?

A)glucose
B)starch
C)cellulose
D)chitin
E)DNA

Question 6

The molecular formula for glucose is C₆H₁₂O₆. What would be the molecular formula for a molecule made by linking three glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?

A)C₁₈H₃₆O₁₈
B)C₁₈H₃₀O₁₅
C)C₆H₁₀O₅
D)C₁₈H₁₀O₁5
E)C₃H₆O₃

Question 7

Lactose, a sugar in milk, is composed of one glucose molecule joined by a glycosidic linkage to one galactose molecule. How is lactose classified?

A)as a pentose
B)as a hexose
C)as a monosaccharide
D)as a disaccharide
E)as a polysaccharide

Question 8

The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are the α form. Which of the following could amylase break down?

A)glycogen
B)cellulose
C)chitin
D)A and B only
E)A, B, and C

Question 9

A molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is probably a

A)carbohydrate.
B)lipid.
C)monosaccharide
D)A and B only.
E)A, B, and C.

Question 10

Figure 5.1
If 2 molecules of the general type shown in Figure 5.1 were linked together, carbon 1 of one molecule to carbon 4 of the other, the single molecule that would result would be

A)maltose.
B)fructose.
C)glucose.
D)galactose.
E)sucrose.

Question 11

For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A)The number of cis double bonds in saturated fatty acids
(B)The number of cis double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids

A)Item (A)is greater than item (B).
B)Item (A)is less than item (B).
C)Item (A)is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B).
D)Item (A)may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B).

Question 12

For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A)The probability that amino acids with nonpolar side chains are hydrophobic.
(B)The probability that amino acids with side chains containing a carboxyl group are hydrophobic.

A)Item (A)is greater than item (B).
B)Item (A)is less than item (B).
C)Item (A)is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B).
D)Item (A)may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B).

Question 13

On food packages, to what does the term "insoluble fiber" refer?

A)cellulose
B)polypeptides
C)starch
D)amylopectin
E)chitin

Question 14

Which of the following polymers contain nitrogen?

A)starch
B)glycogen
C)cellulose
D)chitin
E)amylopectin

Question 15

What is the chemical mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers?

A)phosphodiester linkages
B)hydrolysis
C)dehydration reactions
D)ionic bonding of monomers
E)the formation of disulfide bridges between monomers

Question 16

How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 11 monomers long?

A)12
B)11
C)10
D)9
E)8

Question 17

All of the following are polysaccharides except

A)glycogen
B)starch
C)chitin
D)cellulose
E)amylopectin

Question 18

Which of the following is True of cellulose?

A)It is a polymer composed of sucrose monomers.
B)It is a storage polysaccharide for energy in plant cells.
C)It is a storage polysaccharide for energy in animal cells.
D)It is a major structural component of plant cell walls.
E)It is a major structural component of animal cell plasma membranes.

Question 19

For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A)The probability of finding chitin in fungal cell walls
(B)The probability of finding chitin in arthropod exoskeletons

A)Item (A)is greater than item (B).
B)Item (A)is less than item (B).
C)Item (A)is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B).
D)Item (A)may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B).

Question 20

For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship.
(A)The number of purines in the DNA strand 5'-AAGAGGAGAAA-3'
(B)The number of pyrimidines in the DNA strand 5'-AAGAGGAGAAA-3'

A)Item (A)is greater than item (B).
B)Item (A)is less than item (B).
C)Item (A)is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B).
D)Item (A)may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B).

Question 21

Figure 5.3
The molecule shown in Figure 5.3 is a

A)polysaccharide.
B)polypeptide.
C)saturated fatty acid.
D)triacylglycerol.
E)unsaturated fatty acid.

Question 22

Polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins are similar in that they

A)are synthesized from monomers by the process of hydrolysis.
B)are synthesized from monomers by dehydration reactions.
C)are synthesized as a result of peptide bond formation between monomers.
D)are decomposed into their subunits by dehydration reactions.
E)all contain nitrogen in their monomer building blocks.

Question 23

Figure 5.3
Which of the following statements is True regarding the molecule illustrated in Figure 5.3?

A)It is a saturated fatty acid.
B)A diet rich in this molecule may contribute to atherosclerosis.
C)Molecules of this type are usually liquid at room temperature.
D)A and B only
E)A, B and C

Question 24

Why are human sex hormones considered to be lipids?

A)They are essential components of cell membranes.
B)They are steroids, which are not soluble in water.
C)They are made of fatty acids.
D)They are hydrophilic compounds.
E)They contribute to atherosclerosis.

Question 25

The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires

A)the release of a water molecule.
B)the release of a carbon dioxide molecule.
C)the addition of a nitrogen atom.
D)the addition of a water molecule.
E)both B and C

Question 26

The hydrogenation of vegetable oil results in which of the following?

A)saturated fats and unsaturated fats with trans double bonds
B)an increased contribution to artherosclerosis
C)the oil (fat)being a solid at room temperature
D)A and C only
E)A, B, and C

Question 27

Which of the following is True regarding saturated fatty acids?

A)They are the predominant fatty acid in corn oil.
B)They have double bonds between carbon atoms of the fatty acids.
C)They are the principal molecules in lard and butter.
D)They are usually liquid at room temperature.
E)They are usually produced by plants.

Question 28

There are 20 different amino acids. What makes one amino acid different from another?

A)different carboxyl groups attached to an alpha (α)carbon
B)different amino groups attached to an alpha (α)carbon
C)different side chains (R groups)attached to an alpha (α)carbon
D)different alpha (α)carbons
E)different asymmetric carbons

Question 29

All of the following statements concerning saturated fats are True except

A)They are more common in animals than in plants.
B)They have multiple double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids.
C)They generally solidify at room temperature.
D)They contain more hydrogen than saturated fats having the same number of carbon atoms.
E)They are one of several factors that contribute to atherosclerosis.

Question 30

The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires which of the following?

A)removal of a water molecule
B)addition of a water molecule
C)formation of an ionic bond
D)formation of a hydrogen bond
E)both A and C

Question 31

Dehydration reactions are used in forming which of the following compounds?

A)triacylglycerides
B)polysaccharides
C)proteins
D)A and C only
E)A, B, and C

Question 32

Figure 5.4
What is the structure shown in Figure 5.4?

A)starch molecule
B)protein molecule
C)steroid molecule
D)cellulose molecule
E)phospholipid molecule

Question 33

Large organic molecules are usually assembled by polymerization of a few kinds of simple subunits. Which of the following is an exception to this statement?

A)a steroid
B)cellulose
C)DNA
D)an enzyme
E)a contractile protein

Question 34

Figure 5.5
Which of the following statements is/are True regarding the chemical reaction illustrated in Figure 5.5?

A)It is a hydrolysis reaction.
B)It results in a peptide bond.
C)It joins two fatty acids together.
D)A and B only
E)A, B, and C

Question 35

A molecule with the formula C₁₈H₃₆O₂ is probably a

A)carbohydrate.
B)fatty acid.
C)protein.
D)nucleic acid.
E)hydrocarbon.

Question 36

All of the following contain amino acids except

A)hemoglobin.
B)cholesterol.
C)antibodies.
D)enzymes.
E)insulin.

Question 37

What is a triacylglycerol?

A)a protein with tertiary structure
B)a lipid made with three fatty acids and glycerol
C)a lipid that makes up much of the plasma membrane
D)a molecule formed from three alcohols by dehydration reactions
E)a carbohydrate with three sugars joined together by glycosidic linkages

Question 38

Figure 5.2
Which of the following statements is True regarding the molecule illustrated in Figure 5.2?

A)It is a saturated fatty acid.
B)A diet rich in this molecule may contribute to atherosclerosis.
C)Molecules of this type are usually liquid at room temperature.
D)A and B only
E)A, B and C

Question 39

Humans can digest starch but not cellulose because

A)the monomer of starch is glucose, while the monomer of cellulose is galactose.
B)humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the beta (β)glycosidic linkages of starch but not the alpha (α)glycosidic linkages of cellulose.
C)humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the alpha (α)glycosidic linkages of starch but not the beta (β)glycosidic linkages of cellulose.
D)humans harbor starch-digesting bacteria in the digestive tract.
E)the monomer of starch is glucose, while the monomer of cellulose is maltose.

Question 40

Which of the following statements is False for the class of biological molecules known as lipids?

A)They are soluble in water.
B)They are an important constituent of cell membranes.
C)They contain more energy than proteins and carbohydrates.
D)They are not True polymers.
E)They contain waxes and steroids.

Question 41

How many different kinds of polypeptides, each composed of 12 amino acids, could be synthesized using the 20 common amino acids?

A)412
B)1220
C)125
D)20
E)2012

Question 42

The α helix and the β pleated sheet are both common polypeptide forms found in which level of protein structure?

A)primary
B)secondary
C)tertiary
D)quaternary
E)all of the above

Question 43

Which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein?

A)peptide bonds
B)hydrogen bonds
C)disulfide bonds
D)phosphodiester bonds
E)A, B, and C

Question 44

Refer to Figure 5.6 to answer the following questions.

Figure 5.6
Which bond is closest to the carboxyl end of the molecule?

Question 45

What method did Frederick Sanger use to elucidate the structure of insulin?

A)X-ray crystallography
B)bioinformatics
C)analysis of amino acid sequence of small fragments
D)NMR spectroscopy
E)high-speed centrifugation

Question 46

Figure 5.7
Figure 5.7 best illustrates the

A)secondary structure of a polypeptide.
B)tertiary structure of a polypeptide.
C)quaternary structure of a protein.
D)double helix structure of DNA.
E)primary structure of a polysaccharide.

Question 47

Which type of interaction stabilizes the alpha (α)helix and the beta (β)pleated sheet structures of proteins?

A)hydrophobic interactions
B)nonpolar covalent bonds
C)ionic bonds
D)hydrogen bonds
E)peptide bonds

Question 48

Figure 5.7
The structure depicted in Figure 5.7 shows the

A)1-4 linkage of the α glucose monomers of starch.
B)1-4 linkage of the β glucose monomers of cellulose.
C)double helical structure of a DNA molecule.
D)α helix secondary structure of a polypeptide.
E)β pleated sheet secondary structure of a polypeptide.

Question 49

Refer to Figure 5.6 to answer the following questions.

Figure 5.6
Which bond is a peptide bond?

Question 50

Altering which of the following levels of structural organization could change the function of a protein?

A)primary
B)secondary
C)tertiary
D)quaternary
E)all of the above

Question 51

The R group or side chain of the amino acid serine is -CH₂-OH. The R group or side chain of the amino acid alanine is -CH₃. Where would you expect to find these amino acids in a globular protein in aqueous solution?

A)Serine would be in the interior, and alanine would be on the exterior of the globular protein.
B)Alanine would be in the interior, and serine would be on the exterior of the globular protein.
C)Both serine and alanine would be in the interior of the globular protein.
D)Both serine and alanine would be on the exterior of the globular protein.
E)Both serine and alanine would be in the interior and on the exterior of the globular protein.

Question 52

Upon chemical analysis, a particular polypeptide was found to contain 100 amino acids. How many peptide bonds are present in this protein?

A)101
B)100
C)99
D)98
E)97

Question 53

A strong covalent bond between amino acids that functions in maintaining a polypeptide's specific three-dimensional shape is a (an)

A)ionic bond.
B)hydrophobic interaction.
C)van der Waals interaction.
D)disulfide bond.
E)hydrogen bond.

Question 54

The tertiary structure of a protein is the

A)bonding together of several polypeptide chains by weak bonds.
B)order in which amino acids are joined in a polypeptide chain.
C)unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide.
D)organization of a polypeptide chain into an α helix or β pleated sheet.
E)overall protein structure resulting from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits.

Question 55

What would be an unexpected consequence of changing one amino acid in a protein consisting of 325 amino acids?

A)The primary structure of the protein would be changed.
B)The tertiary structure of the protein might be changed.
C)The biological activity or function of the protein might be altered.
D)Only A and C are correct.
E)A, B, and C are correct.

Question 56

At which level of protein structure are interactions between the side chains (R groups)most important?

A)primary
B)secondary
C)tertiary
D)quaternary
E)all of the above

Question 57

Refer to Figure 5.6 to answer the following questions.

Figure 5.6
Which bond is closest to the N-terminus of the molecule?

Question 58

Misfolding of polypeptides is a serious problem in cells. Which of the following diseases are associated with an accumulation of misfolded proteins?

A)Alzheimer's
B)Parkinson's
C)diabetes
D)A and B only
E)A, B, and C

Question 59

What maintains the secondary structure of a protein?

A)peptide bonds
B)hydrogen bonds
C)disulfide bonds
D)ionic bonds
E)phosphodiester bonds

Question 60

Refer to Figure 5.6 to answer the following questions.

Figure 5.6
At which bond would water need to be added to achieve hydrolysis of the peptide, back to its component amino acid?

Question 61

A new organism is discovered in the forests of Costa Rica. Scientists there determine that the polypeptide sequence of hemoglobin from the new organism has 72 amino acid differences from humans, 65 differences from a gibbon, 49 differences from a rat, and 5 differences from a frog. These data suggest that the new organism

A)is more closely related to humans than to frogs.
B)is more closely related to frogs than to humans.
C)may have evolved from gibbons but not rats.
D)is more closely related to humans than to rats.
E)may have evolved from rats but not from humans and gibbons.

Question 62

Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides?

A)a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group
B)a nitrogenous base and a pentose sugar
C)a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar
D)a phosphate group and an adenine or uracil
E)a pentose sugar and a purine or pyrimidine

Question 63

What is the structural feature that allows DNA to replicate?

A)sugar-phosphate backbone
B)complementary pairing of the nitrogenous bases
C)disulfide bonding (bridging)of the two helixes
D)twisting of the molecule to form an α helix
E)three-component structure of the nucleotides

Question 64

Which of the following best describes the flow of information in eukaryotic cells?

A)DNA → RNA → proteins
B)RNA → proteins → DNA
C)proteins → DNA → RNA
D)RNA → DNA → proteins
E)DNA → proteins → RNA

Question 65

In the double helix structure of nucleic acids, cytosine hydrogen bonds to

A)deoxyribose.
B)ribose.
C)adenine.
D)thymine.
E)guanine.

Question 66

The function of each protein is a consequence of its specific shape. What is the term used for a change in a protein's three-dimensional shape or conformation due to disruption of hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, or ionic bonds?

A)hydrolysis
B)stabilization
C)destabilization
D)renaturation
E)denaturation

Question 67

Which of the following are nitrogenous bases of the pyrimidine type?

A)guanine and adenine
B)cytosine and uracil
C)thymine and guanine
D)ribose and deoxyribose
E)adenine and thymine

Question 68

Which of the following is an example of hydrolysis?

A)the reaction of two monosaccharides, forming a disaccharide with the release of water
B)the synthesis of two amino acids, forming a peptide with the release of water
C)the reaction of a fat, forming glycerol and fatty acids with the release of water
D)the reaction of a fat, forming glycerol and fatty acids with the utilization of water
E)the synthesis of a nucleotide from a phosphate, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base with the production of a molecule of water

Question 69

If a DNA sample were composed of 10% thymine, what would be the percentage of guanine?

A)10
B)20
C)40
D)80
E)impossible to tell from the information given

Question 70

Which of the following statements best summarizes the structural differences between DNA and RNA?

A)RNA is a protein, whereas DNA is a nucleic acid.
B)DNA is a protein, whereas RNA is a nucleic acid.
C)DNA nucleotides contain a different sugar than RNA nucleotides.
D)RNA is a double helix, but DNA is single-stranded.
E)A and D are correct.

Question 71

What is the term used for a protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins?

A)tertiary protein
B)chaperonin
C)enzyme protein
D)renaturing protein
E)denaturing protein

Question 72

The difference between the sugar in DNA and the sugar in RNA is that the sugar in DNA

A)is a six-carbon sugar and the sugar in RNA is a five-carbon sugar.
B)can form a double-stranded molecule.
C)has a six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms.
D)can attach to a phosphate.
E)contains one less oxygen atom.

Question 73

Which of the following statements about the 5' end of a polynucleotide strand of DNA is correct?

A)The 5' end has a hydroxyl group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose.
B)The 5' end has a phosphate group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose.
C)The 5' end has thymine attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose.
D)The 5' end has a carboxyl group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose.
E)The 5' end is the fifth position on one of the nitrogenous bases.

Question 74

Which of the following uses the amino acid sequences of polypeptides to predict a protein's three-dimensional structure?

A)X-ray crystallography
B)bioinformatics
C)analysis of amino acid sequence of small fragments
D)NMR spectroscopy
E)high-speed centrifugation

Question 75

A double-stranded DNA molecule contains a total of 120 purines and 120 pyrimidines. This DNA molecule could be composed of

A)120 adenine and 120 uracil molecules.
B)120 thymine and 120 adenine molecules.
C)120 cytosine and 120 thymine molecules.
D)240 adenine and 240 cytosine molecules.
E)240 guanine and 240 thymine molecules.

Question 76

If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence of bases 5'ATTGCA3', the other complementary strand would have the sequence

A)5'TAACGT3'.
B)3'TAACGT5'.
C)5'UAACGU3'.
D)3'UAACGU5'.
E)5'UGCAAU3'.

Question 77

Roger Kornberg used this method for elucidating the structure of RNA polymerase.

A)X-ray crystallography
B)bioinformatics
C)analysis of amino acid sequence of small fragments
D)NMR spectroscopy
E)high-speed centrifugation

Question 78

Of the following functions, the major purpose of RNA is to

A)transmit genetic information to offspring.
B)function in the synthesis of protein.
C)make a copy of itself, thus ensuring genetic continuity.
D)act as a pattern or blueprint to form DNA.
E)form the genes of higher organisms.

Question 79

Which of the following are nitrogenous bases of the purine type?

A)cytosine and guanine
B)guanine and adenine
C)adenine and thymine
D)thymine and uracil
E)uracil and cytosine

Question 80

DNAase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would first happen to DNA molecules treated with DNAase?

A)The two strands of the double helix would separate.
B)The phosphodiester bonds between deoxyribose sugars would be broken.
C)The purines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars.
D)The pyrimidines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars.
E)All bases would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars.