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Deck 31: Fungi
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Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
At which location should one find the lowest concentration of fungal enzymes, assuming that the enzymes do not diffuse far from their source, and that no other fungi are present in this habitat?
Figure 31.1
At which location should one find the lowest concentration of fungal enzymes, assuming that the enzymes do not diffuse far from their source, and that no other fungi are present in this habitat?
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Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
What is the most probable location of the oldest portion of this mycelium?
Figure 31.1
What is the most probable location of the oldest portion of this mycelium?
Question
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
At which location is the mycelium currently absorbing the most nutrients per unit surface area, per unit time?
Figure 31.1
At which location is the mycelium currently absorbing the most nutrients per unit surface area, per unit time?
Question
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
Which location is nearest to basidiocarps?
Figure 31.1
Which location is nearest to basidiocarps?
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Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
If the fungus that produced the fairy ring can also produce arbuscules, then which of the following is most likely to be buried at location "C"?
A)septic tank
B)tree stump
C)deceased animal
D)fire pit
E)cement-capped well
Figure 31.1
If the fungus that produced the fairy ring can also produce arbuscules, then which of the following is most likely to be buried at location "C"?
A)septic tank
B)tree stump
C)deceased animal
D)fire pit
E)cement-capped well
Question
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
In which of these human mycoses should one expect to find a growth pattern most similar to that of the mycelium that produced the fairy ring?
A)skin mycoses
B)coccidiomycosis (lung infection)
C)systemic (blood-borne)Candida infection
D)Sporothrix infection of lymphatic vessels
E)Tinea tonsurans infection limited to interior of hair shafts
Figure 31.1
In which of these human mycoses should one expect to find a growth pattern most similar to that of the mycelium that produced the fairy ring?
A)skin mycoses
B)coccidiomycosis (lung infection)
C)systemic (blood-borne)Candida infection
D)Sporothrix infection of lymphatic vessels
E)Tinea tonsurans infection limited to interior of hair shafts
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Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
Assume now that all four locations are 0.5 m above the surface. On a breezy day with prevailing wings blowing from left to right, where should one expect to find the highest concentration of free basidiospores in an air sample?
Figure 31.1
Assume now that all four locations are 0.5 m above the surface. On a breezy day with prevailing wings blowing from left to right, where should one expect to find the highest concentration of free basidiospores in an air sample?
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Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
Which term below refers to symbiotic relationships that involve fungi living between the cells in plant leaves?
A)pathogens
B)endosymbioses
C)endophytes
D)lichens
E)mycorrhizae
Figure 31.1
Which term below refers to symbiotic relationships that involve fungi living between the cells in plant leaves?
A)pathogens
B)endosymbioses
C)endophytes
D)lichens
E)mycorrhizae
Question
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and
A)mosses.
B)cyanobacteria.
C)green algae.
D)either A or B
E)either B or C
Figure 31.1
Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and
A)mosses.
B)cyanobacteria.
C)green algae.
D)either A or B
E)either B or C
Question
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens?
A)Fungal cells are enclosed within algal cells.
B)Lichen cells are enclosed within fungal cells.
C)Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae.
D)The fungi grow on rocks and trees and are covered by algae.
E)Algal cells and fungal cells mix together without any apparent structure.
Figure 31.1
Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens?
A)Fungal cells are enclosed within algal cells.
B)Lichen cells are enclosed within fungal cells.
C)Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae.
D)The fungi grow on rocks and trees and are covered by algae.
E)Algal cells and fungal cells mix together without any apparent structure.
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Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
If haustoria from the fungal partner were to appear within the photosynthetic partner of a lichen, and if the growth rate of the photosynthetic partner consequently slowed substantially, then this would support the claim that
A)algae and cyanobacteria are autotrophic.
B)lichens are not purely mutualistic relationships.
C)algae require maximal contact with the fungal partner in order to grow at optimal rates.
D)fungi get all of the nutrition they need via the "leakiness" of photosynthetic partners.
E)soredia are asexual reproductive structures combining both the fungal and photosynthetic partners.
Figure 31.1
If haustoria from the fungal partner were to appear within the photosynthetic partner of a lichen, and if the growth rate of the photosynthetic partner consequently slowed substantially, then this would support the claim that
A)algae and cyanobacteria are autotrophic.
B)lichens are not purely mutualistic relationships.
C)algae require maximal contact with the fungal partner in order to grow at optimal rates.
D)fungi get all of the nutrition they need via the "leakiness" of photosynthetic partners.
E)soredia are asexual reproductive structures combining both the fungal and photosynthetic partners.
Question
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
Both fungus-derived antibiotics and hallucinogens used by humans probably evolved in fungi as a means to
A)reduce competition for nutrients.
B)help humanity survive.
C)promote their ingestion of foodstuffs.
D)eliminate other fungi.
E)discourage animal predators.
Figure 31.1
Both fungus-derived antibiotics and hallucinogens used by humans probably evolved in fungi as a means to
A)reduce competition for nutrients.
B)help humanity survive.
C)promote their ingestion of foodstuffs.
D)eliminate other fungi.
E)discourage animal predators.
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Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
Mycorrhizae are to the roots of vascular plants as endophytes are to vascular plants'
A)leaf mesophyll.
B)stem apical meristems.
C)root apical merisems
D)xylem.
E)waxy cuticle.
Figure 31.1
Mycorrhizae are to the roots of vascular plants as endophytes are to vascular plants'
A)leaf mesophyll.
B)stem apical meristems.
C)root apical merisems
D)xylem.
E)waxy cuticle.
Question
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
If Penicillium typically secretes penicillin without disturbing the lichen relationship in which it is engaged, then what must have been True about its partner?
A)It should have lacked peptidoglycan in its cell wall.
B)It was probably a red alga.
C)It was probably a member of the domain Bacteria.
D)It was probably a heterotrophic prokaryote.
E)It was probably infected by bacteriophage.
Figure 31.1
If Penicillium typically secretes penicillin without disturbing the lichen relationship in which it is engaged, then what must have been True about its partner?
A)It should have lacked peptidoglycan in its cell wall.
B)It was probably a red alga.
C)It was probably a member of the domain Bacteria.
D)It was probably a heterotrophic prokaryote.
E)It was probably infected by bacteriophage.
Question
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
If all mycorrhizae were somehow disrupted, then which of the following would be True?
A)There would be fewer infectious diseases.
B)We wouldn't have any antibiotics.
C)There would be no mushrooms for pizza.
D)Most vascular plants would be stunted in their growth.
E)Cheeses like blue cheese or Roquefort would not exist.
Figure 31.1
If all mycorrhizae were somehow disrupted, then which of the following would be True?
A)There would be fewer infectious diseases.
B)We wouldn't have any antibiotics.
C)There would be no mushrooms for pizza.
D)Most vascular plants would be stunted in their growth.
E)Cheeses like blue cheese or Roquefort would not exist.
Question
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
In both lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner?
A)carbohydrates
B)fixed nitrogen
C)antibiotics
D)water and minerals
E)protection from harmful UV
Figure 31.1
In both lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner?
A)carbohydrates
B)fixed nitrogen
C)antibiotics
D)water and minerals
E)protection from harmful UV
Question
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, that inhibit the growth of bacteria, are known as
A)antibodies.
B)aflatoxins.
C)hallucinogens.
D)antigens.
E)antibiotics.
Figure 31.1
Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, that inhibit the growth of bacteria, are known as
A)antibodies.
B)aflatoxins.
C)hallucinogens.
D)antigens.
E)antibiotics.
Question
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
How are the vascular plants that are involved in mycorrhizae and the photosynthetic cells that are involved in lichens alike?
A)They provide organic nutrients to fungal partners.
B)They secrete acids that keep the fungal partner from growing too quickly.
C)They are in intimate associations with chytrids.
D)They are digested by fungal enzymes while still alive.
E)They contain endosymbiotic fungi.
Figure 31.1
How are the vascular plants that are involved in mycorrhizae and the photosynthetic cells that are involved in lichens alike?
A)They provide organic nutrients to fungal partners.
B)They secrete acids that keep the fungal partner from growing too quickly.
C)They are in intimate associations with chytrids.
D)They are digested by fungal enzymes while still alive.
E)They contain endosymbiotic fungi.
Question
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the
A)fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes.
B)fungicide isn't also harmful to insect pests.
C)lichens growing on the vines' branches are not harmed.
D)fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae.
E)sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue.
Figure 31.1
When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the
A)fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes.
B)fungicide isn't also harmful to insect pests.
C)lichens growing on the vines' branches are not harmed.
D)fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae.
E)sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue.
Question
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
Which of the following conditions is caused by a fungus that is accidentally consumed along with rye flour?
A)ergotism
B)athlete's foot
C)ringworm
D)candidiasis (Candida yeast infection)
E)coccidioidomycosis
Figure 31.1
Which of the following conditions is caused by a fungus that is accidentally consumed along with rye flour?
A)ergotism
B)athlete's foot
C)ringworm
D)candidiasis (Candida yeast infection)
E)coccidioidomycosis
Question
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
Lichens sometimes reproduce asexually using
A)coenocytic fungal hyphae located within photosynthetic cells.
B)the fruiting bodies of fungi.
C)flagellated, conjoined spores of both the fungus and alga.
D)specialized conidiophores.
E)small clusters of fungal hyphae surrounding photosynthetic cells.
Figure 31.1
Lichens sometimes reproduce asexually using
A)coenocytic fungal hyphae located within photosynthetic cells.
B)the fruiting bodies of fungi.
C)flagellated, conjoined spores of both the fungus and alga.
D)specialized conidiophores.
E)small clusters of fungal hyphae surrounding photosynthetic cells.
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Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
The symbiotic associations involving roots and soil fungi are considered
A)parasitic.
B)mutualistic.
C)commensal.
D)harmful to the plant partner.
E)the beginning stages of the formation of soil.
Figure 31.1
The symbiotic associations involving roots and soil fungi are considered
A)parasitic.
B)mutualistic.
C)commensal.
D)harmful to the plant partner.
E)the beginning stages of the formation of soil.
Question
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
Sexual reproduction has never been observed among the fungi that produce the blue-green marbling of blue cheeses. What is True of these fungi and others that do not have a sexual stage?
A)They are currently classified among the deuteromycetes.
B)They do not form heterokaryons.
C)Their spores are produced by mitosis.
D)Only A and B are correct.
E)A, B, and C are correct.
Figure 31.1
Sexual reproduction has never been observed among the fungi that produce the blue-green marbling of blue cheeses. What is True of these fungi and others that do not have a sexual stage?
A)They are currently classified among the deuteromycetes.
B)They do not form heterokaryons.
C)Their spores are produced by mitosis.
D)Only A and B are correct.
E)A, B, and C are correct.
Question
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
Orchid seeds are tiny, with virtually no endosperm and with miniscule cotyledons. If such seeds are deposited in a dark, moist environment then which of these represents the most likely means by which fungi might assist in seed germination, given what the seeds lack?
A)by transferring some chloroplasts to the embryo in each seed
B)by providing the seeds with water and minerals
C)by providing the embryos with some of the organic nutrients they have absorbed
D)by strengthening the seed coat that surrounds each seed
Figure 31.1
Orchid seeds are tiny, with virtually no endosperm and with miniscule cotyledons. If such seeds are deposited in a dark, moist environment then which of these represents the most likely means by which fungi might assist in seed germination, given what the seeds lack?
A)by transferring some chloroplasts to the embryo in each seed
B)by providing the seeds with water and minerals
C)by providing the embryos with some of the organic nutrients they have absorbed
D)by strengthening the seed coat that surrounds each seed
Question
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
A billionaire buys a sterile volcanic island that recently emerged from the sea. To speed the arrival of conditions necessary for plant growth, the billionaire might be advised to aerially sow what over the island?
A)basiodiospores
B)spores of ectomycorrhizae
C)soredia
D)yeasts
E)leaves (as food for fungus-farming ants)
Figure 31.1
A billionaire buys a sterile volcanic island that recently emerged from the sea. To speed the arrival of conditions necessary for plant growth, the billionaire might be advised to aerially sow what over the island?
A)basiodiospores
B)spores of ectomycorrhizae
C)soredia
D)yeasts
E)leaves (as food for fungus-farming ants)
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Deck 31: Fungi
1
The hydrolytic digestion of which of the following should produce monomers that are aminated (i.e., have an amine group attached)molecules of beta-glucose?
A)insect exoskeleton
B)plant cell walls
C)fungal cell walls
D)A and C only
E)A, B and C
A)insect exoskeleton
B)plant cell walls
C)fungal cell walls
D)A and C only
E)A, B and C
D
2
Please refer to the following information to answer the following questions.
Diploid nuclei of the ascomycete Neurospora crassa contain 14 chromosomes. A single diploid cell in an ascus will undergo one round of meiosis, followed in each of the daughter cells by one round of mitosis, producing a total of eight ascospores.
What is the ploidy of a single mature ascospore?
A)monoploid
B)diploid
C)triploid
D)tetraploid
E)polyploid
Diploid nuclei of the ascomycete Neurospora crassa contain 14 chromosomes. A single diploid cell in an ascus will undergo one round of meiosis, followed in each of the daughter cells by one round of mitosis, producing a total of eight ascospores.
What is the ploidy of a single mature ascospore?
A)monoploid
B)diploid
C)triploid
D)tetraploid
E)polyploid
A
3
What accounts most directly for the extremely fast growth of a fungal mycelium?
A)rapid distribution of synthesized proteins by cytoplasmic streaming
B)a long tubular body shape
C)the readily available nutrients from their ingestive mode of nutrition
D)a dikaryotic condition that supplies greater amounts of proteins and nutrients
A)rapid distribution of synthesized proteins by cytoplasmic streaming
B)a long tubular body shape
C)the readily available nutrients from their ingestive mode of nutrition
D)a dikaryotic condition that supplies greater amounts of proteins and nutrients
A
4
Which of the following do all fungi have in common?
A)meiosis in basidia
B)coenocytic hyphae
C)sexual life cycle
D)absorption of nutrients
E)symbioses with algae
A)meiosis in basidia
B)coenocytic hyphae
C)sexual life cycle
D)absorption of nutrients
E)symbioses with algae
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5
When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter?
A)fungal haustoria
B)soredia
C)fungal enzymes
D)increased oxygen levels
E)larger bacterial populations
A)fungal haustoria
B)soredia
C)fungal enzymes
D)increased oxygen levels
E)larger bacterial populations
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6
Which of the following is a characteristic of hyphate fungi (fungi featuring hyphae)?
A)They acquire their nutrients by phagocytosis.
B)Their body plan is a unicellular sphere.
C)Their cell walls consist mainly of cellulose microfibrils.
D)They are adapted for rapid directional growth to new food sources.
E)They reproduce asexually by a process known as budding.
A)They acquire their nutrients by phagocytosis.
B)Their body plan is a unicellular sphere.
C)Their cell walls consist mainly of cellulose microfibrils.
D)They are adapted for rapid directional growth to new food sources.
E)They reproduce asexually by a process known as budding.
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7
The functional significance of porous septa in certain fungal hyphae is most similar to that represented by which pair of structures in animal cells and plant cells, respectively?
A)desmosomes : tonoplasts
B)gap junctions : plasmodesmata
C)tight junctions : plastids
D)centrioles : plastids
E)flagella : central vacuoles
A)desmosomes : tonoplasts
B)gap junctions : plasmodesmata
C)tight junctions : plastids
D)centrioles : plastids
E)flagella : central vacuoles
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8
Consider two hyphae having equal dimensions: one from a septate species and the other from a coenocytic species. Compared with the septate species, the coenocytic species should have
A)fewer nuclei.
B)more pores.
C)less chitin.
D)less cytoplasm.
E)reduced cytoplasmic streaming.
A)fewer nuclei.
B)more pores.
C)less chitin.
D)less cytoplasm.
E)reduced cytoplasmic streaming.
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9
Both fungus-farming ants and their fungi can synthesize the same structural polysaccharide from the beta-glucose. What is this polysaccharide?
A)amylopectin
B)chitin
C)cellulose
D)lignin
E)glycogen
A)amylopectin
B)chitin
C)cellulose
D)lignin
E)glycogen
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10
Which of the following vary tremendously from each other in morphology and belong to several fungal phyla?
A)lichens
B)ascomycetes
C)club fungi
D)arbuscular mycorrhizae
E)ergot fungi
A)lichens
B)ascomycetes
C)club fungi
D)arbuscular mycorrhizae
E)ergot fungi
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11
The vegetative (nutritionally active)bodies of most fungi are
A)composed of hyphae.
B)referred to as a mycelium.
C)usually underground.
D)A and B only
E)A, B, and C
A)composed of hyphae.
B)referred to as a mycelium.
C)usually underground.
D)A and B only
E)A, B, and C
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12
What do fungi and arthropods have in common?
A)Both groups are commonly coenocytic.
B)The haploid state is dominant in both groups.
C)Both groups are predominantly heterotrophs that ingest their food.
D)The protective coats of both groups are made of chitin.
E)Both groups have cell walls.
A)Both groups are commonly coenocytic.
B)The haploid state is dominant in both groups.
C)Both groups are predominantly heterotrophs that ingest their food.
D)The protective coats of both groups are made of chitin.
E)Both groups have cell walls.
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13
If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms should benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal competitors have been removed?
A)plants
B)protists
C)prokaryotes
D)animals
E)mutualistic fungi
A)plants
B)protists
C)prokaryotes
D)animals
E)mutualistic fungi
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14
If all of their nuclei are equally active transcriptionally then, in terms of the gene products they can make, the cells of both dikaryotic and heterokaryotic fungi are essentially
A)haploid.
B)diploid.
C)alloploid.
D)completely homozygous.
E)completely hemizygous.
A)haploid.
B)diploid.
C)alloploid.
D)completely homozygous.
E)completely hemizygous.
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15
Which of the following terms is correctly associated with fungi in general?
A)sporophytes
B)make only sexually produced spores
C)ecologically important
D)polyphyletic
E)ingestive nutrition
A)sporophytes
B)make only sexually produced spores
C)ecologically important
D)polyphyletic
E)ingestive nutrition
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16
Which process occurs in fungi and has the opposite effect on a cell's chromosome number than does meiosis I?
A)mitosis
B)plasmogamy
C)crossing-over
D)binary fission
E)karyogamy
A)mitosis
B)plasmogamy
C)crossing-over
D)binary fission
E)karyogamy
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17
In septate fungi, what structures allow cytoplasmic streaming to distribute needed nutrients, synthesized compounds, and organelles throughout the hyphae?
A)multiple chitinous layers in cross walls
B)pores in cross walls
C)complex microtubular cytoskeletons
D)two nuclei
E)tight junctions that form in cross walls between cells
A)multiple chitinous layers in cross walls
B)pores in cross walls
C)complex microtubular cytoskeletons
D)two nuclei
E)tight junctions that form in cross walls between cells
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18
In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, which consequently
A)means that sexual reproduction can occur in specialized structures.
B)results in multiple diploid nuclei per cell.
C)allows fungi to reproduce asexually most of the time.
D)results in heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells.
E)is strong support for the claim that fungi are not truly eukaryotic.
A)means that sexual reproduction can occur in specialized structures.
B)results in multiple diploid nuclei per cell.
C)allows fungi to reproduce asexually most of the time.
D)results in heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells.
E)is strong support for the claim that fungi are not truly eukaryotic.
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19
What is the primary role of a mushroom's underground mycelium?
A)absorbing nutrients
B)anchoring
C)sexual reproduction
D)asexual reproduction
E)protection
A)absorbing nutrients
B)anchoring
C)sexual reproduction
D)asexual reproduction
E)protection
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20
Please refer to the following information to answer the following questions.
Diploid nuclei of the ascomycete Neurospora crassa contain 14 chromosomes. A single diploid cell in an ascus will undergo one round of meiosis, followed in each of the daughter cells by one round of mitosis, producing a total of eight ascospores.
If a single, diploid G₂ nucleus in an ascus contains 400 nanograms (ng)of DNA, then a single ascospore nucleus of this species should contain how much DNA (ng), carried on how many chromosomes?
A)100, 7
B)100, 14
C)200, 7
D)200, 14
E)400, 14
Diploid nuclei of the ascomycete Neurospora crassa contain 14 chromosomes. A single diploid cell in an ascus will undergo one round of meiosis, followed in each of the daughter cells by one round of mitosis, producing a total of eight ascospores.
If a single, diploid G₂ nucleus in an ascus contains 400 nanograms (ng)of DNA, then a single ascospore nucleus of this species should contain how much DNA (ng), carried on how many chromosomes?
A)100, 7
B)100, 14
C)200, 7
D)200, 14
E)400, 14
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21
Please refer to the following information to answer the following questions.
Diploid nuclei of the ascomycete Neurospora crassa contain 14 chromosomes. A single diploid cell in an ascus will undergo one round of meiosis, followed in each of the daughter cells by one round of mitosis, producing a total of eight ascospores.
Each of the eight ascospores present at the end of mitosis has the same chromosome number and DNA content (ng)as each of the four cells at the end of meiosis. What must have occurred in each spore between the round of meiosis and the round of mitosis?
A)double fertilization
B)crossing-over
C)nondisjunction
D)autopolyploidy
E)S phase
Diploid nuclei of the ascomycete Neurospora crassa contain 14 chromosomes. A single diploid cell in an ascus will undergo one round of meiosis, followed in each of the daughter cells by one round of mitosis, producing a total of eight ascospores.
Each of the eight ascospores present at the end of mitosis has the same chromosome number and DNA content (ng)as each of the four cells at the end of meiosis. What must have occurred in each spore between the round of meiosis and the round of mitosis?
A)double fertilization
B)crossing-over
C)nondisjunction
D)autopolyploidy
E)S phase
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22
A chemical secreted by a female Bombyx moth helps the male of the species locate her, at which time sexual reproduction may occur. This chemical is most similar in function to which chemicals used by sexually reproducing fungi?
A)chitin
B)enzymes
C)lysergic acids
D)aflatoxins
E)pheromones
A)chitin
B)enzymes
C)lysergic acids
D)aflatoxins
E)pheromones
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23
This phylum contains the mushrooms, shelf fungi, and puffballs:
A)Zygomycota
B)Ascomycota
C)Basidiomycota
D)Glomeromycota
E)Chytridiomycota
A)Zygomycota
B)Ascomycota
C)Basidiomycota
D)Glomeromycota
E)Chytridiomycota
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24
Which of the following statements is True of deuteromycetes?
A)They are the second of five fungal phyla to have evolved.
B)They represent the phylum in which all the fungal components of lichens are classified.
C)They are the group of fungi that have, at present, no known sexual stage.
D)They are the group that includes molds, yeasts, and lichens.
E)They include the imperfect fungi that lack hyphae.
A)They are the second of five fungal phyla to have evolved.
B)They represent the phylum in which all the fungal components of lichens are classified.
C)They are the group of fungi that have, at present, no known sexual stage.
D)They are the group that includes molds, yeasts, and lichens.
E)They include the imperfect fungi that lack hyphae.
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25
What are the sporangia of the bread mold Rhizopus?
A)asexual structures that produce haploid spores
B)asexual structures that produce diploid spores
C)sexual structures that produce haploid spores
D)sexual structures that produce diploid spores
E)vegetative structures with no role in reproduction
A)asexual structures that produce haploid spores
B)asexual structures that produce diploid spores
C)sexual structures that produce haploid spores
D)sexual structures that produce diploid spores
E)vegetative structures with no role in reproduction
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26
This phylum formerly included the members of the new phylum Glomeromycota:
A)Zygomycota
B)Ascomycota
C)Basidiomycota
D)Glomeromycota
E)Chytridiomycota
A)Zygomycota
B)Ascomycota
C)Basidiomycota
D)Glomeromycota
E)Chytridiomycota
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27
You have been given the assignment of locating living members of the phylum Glomeromycota. Where is the best place to look for these fungi?
A)between the toes of a person with "athlete's foot"
B)in stagnant freshwater ponds
C)the roots of vascular plants
D)growing on rocks and tree bark
E)the kidneys of mammals
A)between the toes of a person with "athlete's foot"
B)in stagnant freshwater ponds
C)the roots of vascular plants
D)growing on rocks and tree bark
E)the kidneys of mammals
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28
For mycelia described as heterokaryons or as being dikaryotic, which process has already occurred, and which process has not yet occurred?
A)germination, plasmogamy
B)karyogamy, germination
C)meiosis, mitosis
D)germination, mitosis
E)plasmogamy, genetic recombination
A)germination, plasmogamy
B)karyogamy, germination
C)meiosis, mitosis
D)germination, mitosis
E)plasmogamy, genetic recombination
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29
Asexual reproduction in yeasts occurs by budding. Due to unequal cytokinesis, the "bud" cell receives less cytoplasm than the parent cell. Which of the following should be True of the smaller cell until it reaches the size of the larger cell?
A)It should produce fewer fermentation products per unit time.
B)It should produce ribosomal RNA at a slower rate.
C)It should be transcriptionally less active.
D)It should have reduced motility.
E)It should have a smaller nucleus.
A)It should produce fewer fermentation products per unit time.
B)It should produce ribosomal RNA at a slower rate.
C)It should be transcriptionally less active.
D)It should have reduced motility.
E)It should have a smaller nucleus.
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30
Fossil fungi date back to the origin and early evolution of plants. What combination of environmental and morphological change is similar in the evolution of both fungi and plants?
A)presence of "coal forests" and change in mode of nutrition
B)periods of drought and presence of filamentous body shape
C)predominance in swamps and presence of cellulose in cell walls
D)colonization of land and loss of flagellated cells
E)continental drift and mode of spore dispersal
A)presence of "coal forests" and change in mode of nutrition
B)periods of drought and presence of filamentous body shape
C)predominance in swamps and presence of cellulose in cell walls
D)colonization of land and loss of flagellated cells
E)continental drift and mode of spore dispersal
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31
This phylum contains organisms that most closely resemble the common ancestor of fungi and animals:
A)Zygomycota
B)Ascomycota
C)Basidiomycota
D)Glomeromycota
E)Chytridiomycota
A)Zygomycota
B)Ascomycota
C)Basidiomycota
D)Glomeromycota
E)Chytridiomycota
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32
Zygosporangia are to zygomycetes as basidia are to
A)basal fungi.
B)chytrids.
C)sac fungi.
D)basidiospores.
E)club fungi.
A)basal fungi.
B)chytrids.
C)sac fungi.
D)basidiospores.
E)club fungi.
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33
Which of these structures are most likely to be a component of both chytrid zoospores and motile animal cells?
A)cilia
B)flagella
C)pseudopods
D)heterokaryons
E)haustoria
A)cilia
B)flagella
C)pseudopods
D)heterokaryons
E)haustoria
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34
A biologist is trying to classify a newly discovered fungus on the basis of the following characteristics: filamentous appearance, reproduction by asexual spores, no apparent sexual phase, and parasitism of woody plants. If asked for advice, to which group would you assign this new species?
A)Deuteromycota
B)Zygomycota
C)Ascomycota
D)Basidiomycota
E)Glomeromycota
A)Deuteromycota
B)Zygomycota
C)Ascomycota
D)Basidiomycota
E)Glomeromycota
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35
Members of this phylum form arbuscular mycorrhizae:
A)Zygomycota
B)Ascomycota
C)Basidiomycota
D)Glomeromycota
E)Chytridiomycota
A)Zygomycota
B)Ascomycota
C)Basidiomycota
D)Glomeromycota
E)Chytridiomycota
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36
The multicellular condition of animals and fungi seems to have arisen
A)due to common ancestry.
B)by convergent evolution.
C)by inheritance of acquired traits.
D)by natural means, and is a homology.
E)by serial endosymbioses.
A)due to common ancestry.
B)by convergent evolution.
C)by inheritance of acquired traits.
D)by natural means, and is a homology.
E)by serial endosymbioses.
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37
Which of the following characteristics is shared by both chytrids and other kinds of fungi?
A)presence of flagella
B)zoospores
C)autotrophic mode of nutrition
D)cell walls of cellulose
E)nucleotide sequences of several genes
A)presence of flagella
B)zoospores
C)autotrophic mode of nutrition
D)cell walls of cellulose
E)nucleotide sequences of several genes
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38
Fungal cells can reproduce asexually by undergoing mitosis followed by cytokinesis. Many fungi can also prepare to reproduce sexually by undergoing
A)cytokinesis followed by karyokinesis.
B)binary fission followed by cytokinesis.
C)plasmolysis followed by karyotyping.
D)plasmogamy followed by karyogamy.
E)sporogenesis followed by gametogenesis.
A)cytokinesis followed by karyokinesis.
B)binary fission followed by cytokinesis.
C)plasmolysis followed by karyotyping.
D)plasmogamy followed by karyogamy.
E)sporogenesis followed by gametogenesis.
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39
Which of the following is characterized by the lack of an observed sexual phase in its members' life cycle?
A)Glomeromycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Chytridiomycota
D)Deuteromycota
E)Zygomycota
A)Glomeromycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Chytridiomycota
D)Deuteromycota
E)Zygomycota
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40
Members of this phylum produce two kinds of haploid spores, one kind being asexually produced conidia:
A)Zygomycota
B)Ascomycota
C)Basidiomycota
D)Glomeromycota
E)Chytridiomycota
A)Zygomycota
B)Ascomycota
C)Basidiomycota
D)Glomeromycota
E)Chytridiomycota
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41
Among sac fungi, which of these correctly distinguishes ascospores from conidia?
A)ascospores are diploid, conidia are haploid
B)ascospores are produced only by meiosis, conidia are produced only by mitosis
C)ascospores have undergone genetic recombination during their production, conidia have not
D)ascospores are larger, conidia are smaller
E)ascospores will germinate into haploid hyphae, conidia will germinate into diploid hyphae
A)ascospores are diploid, conidia are haploid
B)ascospores are produced only by meiosis, conidia are produced only by mitosis
C)ascospores have undergone genetic recombination during their production, conidia have not
D)ascospores are larger, conidia are smaller
E)ascospores will germinate into haploid hyphae, conidia will germinate into diploid hyphae
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42
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
At which location should one find the lowest concentration of fungal enzymes, assuming that the enzymes do not diffuse far from their source, and that no other fungi are present in this habitat?
Figure 31.1
At which location should one find the lowest concentration of fungal enzymes, assuming that the enzymes do not diffuse far from their source, and that no other fungi are present in this habitat?
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43
A fungal spore germinates, giving rise to a mycelium that grows outward into the soil surrounding the site where the spore originally landed. Which of these accounts for the fungal movement, as described here?
A)karyogamy
B)mycelial flagella
C)alternation of generations
D)breezes distributing spores
E)cytoplasmic streaming in hyphae
A)karyogamy
B)mycelial flagella
C)alternation of generations
D)breezes distributing spores
E)cytoplasmic streaming in hyphae
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44
Mushrooms with gills have meiotically produced spores located in or on
A)asci.
B)conidiophores.
C)basidia.
D)soredia.
E)zygosporangia.
A)asci.
B)conidiophores.
C)basidia.
D)soredia.
E)zygosporangia.
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45
Which of these paired fungal structures are structurally and functionally most alike?
A)conidia and basidiocarps
B)sporangia and hyphae
C)soredia and gills
D)haustoria and arbuscules
E)zoospores and mycelia
A)conidia and basidiocarps
B)sporangia and hyphae
C)soredia and gills
D)haustoria and arbuscules
E)zoospores and mycelia
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46
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
What is the most probable location of the oldest portion of this mycelium?
Figure 31.1
What is the most probable location of the oldest portion of this mycelium?
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47
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
At which location is the mycelium currently absorbing the most nutrients per unit surface area, per unit time?
Figure 31.1
At which location is the mycelium currently absorbing the most nutrients per unit surface area, per unit time?
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48
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
Which location is nearest to basidiocarps?
Figure 31.1
Which location is nearest to basidiocarps?
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49
You are given an organism to identify. It has a fruiting body that contains many structures with eight haploid spores lined up in a row. What kind of a fungus is this?
A)zygomycete
B)ascomycete
C)deuteromycete
D)chytrid
E)basidiomycete
A)zygomycete
B)ascomycete
C)deuteromycete
D)chytrid
E)basidiomycete
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50
Which of these is a fungal structure that is usually associated with asexual reproduction?
A)zygosporangium
B)basidium
C)conidiophore
D)ascus
E)antheridium
A)zygosporangium
B)basidium
C)conidiophore
D)ascus
E)antheridium
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51
Which has the least affiliation with all of the others?
A)Glomeromycota
B)mycorrhizae
C)lichens
D)arbuscules
E)mutualistic fungi
A)Glomeromycota
B)mycorrhizae
C)lichens
D)arbuscules
E)mutualistic fungi
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52
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
If the fungus that produced the fairy ring can also produce arbuscules, then which of the following is most likely to be buried at location "C"?
A)septic tank
B)tree stump
C)deceased animal
D)fire pit
E)cement-capped well
Figure 31.1
If the fungus that produced the fairy ring can also produce arbuscules, then which of the following is most likely to be buried at location "C"?
A)septic tank
B)tree stump
C)deceased animal
D)fire pit
E)cement-capped well
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53
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
In which of these human mycoses should one expect to find a growth pattern most similar to that of the mycelium that produced the fairy ring?
A)skin mycoses
B)coccidiomycosis (lung infection)
C)systemic (blood-borne)Candida infection
D)Sporothrix infection of lymphatic vessels
E)Tinea tonsurans infection limited to interior of hair shafts
Figure 31.1
In which of these human mycoses should one expect to find a growth pattern most similar to that of the mycelium that produced the fairy ring?
A)skin mycoses
B)coccidiomycosis (lung infection)
C)systemic (blood-borne)Candida infection
D)Sporothrix infection of lymphatic vessels
E)Tinea tonsurans infection limited to interior of hair shafts
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54
Arrange the following from largest to smallest, assuming that they all come from the same fungus. 1. basidiocarp
2) basidium
3) basidiospore
4) mycelium
5) gill
A)4, 5, 1, 2, 3
B)5, 1, 4, 2, 3
C)5, 1, 4, 3, 2
D)5, 1, 3, 2, 4
E)4, 1, 5, 2, 3
2) basidium
3) basidiospore
4) mycelium
5) gill
A)4, 5, 1, 2, 3
B)5, 1, 4, 2, 3
C)5, 1, 4, 3, 2
D)5, 1, 3, 2, 4
E)4, 1, 5, 2, 3
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55
In what structures do both Penicillium and Aspergillus produce asexual spores?
A)asci
B)zygosporangia
C)rhizoids
D)gametangia
E)conidiophores
A)asci
B)zygosporangia
C)rhizoids
D)gametangia
E)conidiophores
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56
Arrange the following from largest to smallest: 1. ascospore
2) ascocarp
3) ascomycete
4) ascus
A)3 → 4 → 2 → 1
B)3 → 2 → 4 → 1
C)3 → 4 → 1 → 2
D)2 → 3 → 4 → 1
E)2 → 4 → 1 → 3
2) ascocarp
3) ascomycete
4) ascus
A)3 → 4 → 2 → 1
B)3 → 2 → 4 → 1
C)3 → 4 → 1 → 2
D)2 → 3 → 4 → 1
E)2 → 4 → 1 → 3
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57
In which phylum are mushrooms and toadstools classified?
A)Basidiomycota
B)Ascomycota
C)Deuteromycota
D)Zygomycota
E)Chytridiomycota
A)Basidiomycota
B)Ascomycota
C)Deuteromycota
D)Zygomycota
E)Chytridiomycota
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58
The ascomycetes get their name from which aspect of their life cycle?
A)vegetative growth form
B)asexual spore production
C)sexual structures
D)shape of the spore
E)type of vegetative mycelium
A)vegetative growth form
B)asexual spore production
C)sexual structures
D)shape of the spore
E)type of vegetative mycelium
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59
The gray-black, filamentous, haploid mycelium growing on bread is most likely what kind of organism?
A)chytrid
B)ascomycete
C)basidiomycete
D)deuteromycete
E)zygomycete
A)chytrid
B)ascomycete
C)basidiomycete
D)deuteromycete
E)zygomycete
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60
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
Assume now that all four locations are 0.5 m above the surface. On a breezy day with prevailing wings blowing from left to right, where should one expect to find the highest concentration of free basidiospores in an air sample?
Figure 31.1
Assume now that all four locations are 0.5 m above the surface. On a breezy day with prevailing wings blowing from left to right, where should one expect to find the highest concentration of free basidiospores in an air sample?
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61
The following questions are based on the description below.
Rose-picker's disease is caused by the yeast, Sporothrix schenkii. The yeast grows on the exteriors of rose-bush thorns. If a human gets pricked by such a thorn, the yeasts can be introduced under the skin. The yeasts then assume a hyphal morphology and grow along the interiors of lymphatic vessels until they reach a lymph node. This often results in the accumulation of pus in the lymph node, which subsequently ulcerates through the skin surface, and drains.
The answer to which of these questions would be of most assistance to one who is attempting to assign the genus Sporothrix to the correct fungal phylum?
A)Do these yeasts perform fermentation while growing on the rose-bush thorns, or do they wait until inside a human host?
B)Does S. schenkii rely on animal infection to complete some part of its life cycle, or is the infection merely opportunistic?
C)Are the hyphae in lymphatic vessels septate, or are they coenocytic?
D)Is S. schenkii best described as a decomposer, parasite, pathogen, or mutualist of humans?
E)Being a yeast, does S. schenkii perform the process of budding?
Rose-picker's disease is caused by the yeast, Sporothrix schenkii. The yeast grows on the exteriors of rose-bush thorns. If a human gets pricked by such a thorn, the yeasts can be introduced under the skin. The yeasts then assume a hyphal morphology and grow along the interiors of lymphatic vessels until they reach a lymph node. This often results in the accumulation of pus in the lymph node, which subsequently ulcerates through the skin surface, and drains.
The answer to which of these questions would be of most assistance to one who is attempting to assign the genus Sporothrix to the correct fungal phylum?
A)Do these yeasts perform fermentation while growing on the rose-bush thorns, or do they wait until inside a human host?
B)Does S. schenkii rely on animal infection to complete some part of its life cycle, or is the infection merely opportunistic?
C)Are the hyphae in lymphatic vessels septate, or are they coenocytic?
D)Is S. schenkii best described as a decomposer, parasite, pathogen, or mutualist of humans?
E)Being a yeast, does S. schenkii perform the process of budding?
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62
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
Which term below refers to symbiotic relationships that involve fungi living between the cells in plant leaves?
A)pathogens
B)endosymbioses
C)endophytes
D)lichens
E)mycorrhizae
Figure 31.1
Which term below refers to symbiotic relationships that involve fungi living between the cells in plant leaves?
A)pathogens
B)endosymbioses
C)endophytes
D)lichens
E)mycorrhizae
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63
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and
A)mosses.
B)cyanobacteria.
C)green algae.
D)either A or B
E)either B or C
Figure 31.1
Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and
A)mosses.
B)cyanobacteria.
C)green algae.
D)either A or B
E)either B or C
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64
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens?
A)Fungal cells are enclosed within algal cells.
B)Lichen cells are enclosed within fungal cells.
C)Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae.
D)The fungi grow on rocks and trees and are covered by algae.
E)Algal cells and fungal cells mix together without any apparent structure.
Figure 31.1
Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens?
A)Fungal cells are enclosed within algal cells.
B)Lichen cells are enclosed within fungal cells.
C)Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae.
D)The fungi grow on rocks and trees and are covered by algae.
E)Algal cells and fungal cells mix together without any apparent structure.
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65
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
If haustoria from the fungal partner were to appear within the photosynthetic partner of a lichen, and if the growth rate of the photosynthetic partner consequently slowed substantially, then this would support the claim that
A)algae and cyanobacteria are autotrophic.
B)lichens are not purely mutualistic relationships.
C)algae require maximal contact with the fungal partner in order to grow at optimal rates.
D)fungi get all of the nutrition they need via the "leakiness" of photosynthetic partners.
E)soredia are asexual reproductive structures combining both the fungal and photosynthetic partners.
Figure 31.1
If haustoria from the fungal partner were to appear within the photosynthetic partner of a lichen, and if the growth rate of the photosynthetic partner consequently slowed substantially, then this would support the claim that
A)algae and cyanobacteria are autotrophic.
B)lichens are not purely mutualistic relationships.
C)algae require maximal contact with the fungal partner in order to grow at optimal rates.
D)fungi get all of the nutrition they need via the "leakiness" of photosynthetic partners.
E)soredia are asexual reproductive structures combining both the fungal and photosynthetic partners.
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66
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
Both fungus-derived antibiotics and hallucinogens used by humans probably evolved in fungi as a means to
A)reduce competition for nutrients.
B)help humanity survive.
C)promote their ingestion of foodstuffs.
D)eliminate other fungi.
E)discourage animal predators.
Figure 31.1
Both fungus-derived antibiotics and hallucinogens used by humans probably evolved in fungi as a means to
A)reduce competition for nutrients.
B)help humanity survive.
C)promote their ingestion of foodstuffs.
D)eliminate other fungi.
E)discourage animal predators.
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67
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
Mycorrhizae are to the roots of vascular plants as endophytes are to vascular plants'
A)leaf mesophyll.
B)stem apical meristems.
C)root apical merisems
D)xylem.
E)waxy cuticle.
Figure 31.1
Mycorrhizae are to the roots of vascular plants as endophytes are to vascular plants'
A)leaf mesophyll.
B)stem apical meristems.
C)root apical merisems
D)xylem.
E)waxy cuticle.
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68
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
If Penicillium typically secretes penicillin without disturbing the lichen relationship in which it is engaged, then what must have been True about its partner?
A)It should have lacked peptidoglycan in its cell wall.
B)It was probably a red alga.
C)It was probably a member of the domain Bacteria.
D)It was probably a heterotrophic prokaryote.
E)It was probably infected by bacteriophage.
Figure 31.1
If Penicillium typically secretes penicillin without disturbing the lichen relationship in which it is engaged, then what must have been True about its partner?
A)It should have lacked peptidoglycan in its cell wall.
B)It was probably a red alga.
C)It was probably a member of the domain Bacteria.
D)It was probably a heterotrophic prokaryote.
E)It was probably infected by bacteriophage.
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69
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
If all mycorrhizae were somehow disrupted, then which of the following would be True?
A)There would be fewer infectious diseases.
B)We wouldn't have any antibiotics.
C)There would be no mushrooms for pizza.
D)Most vascular plants would be stunted in their growth.
E)Cheeses like blue cheese or Roquefort would not exist.
Figure 31.1
If all mycorrhizae were somehow disrupted, then which of the following would be True?
A)There would be fewer infectious diseases.
B)We wouldn't have any antibiotics.
C)There would be no mushrooms for pizza.
D)Most vascular plants would be stunted in their growth.
E)Cheeses like blue cheese or Roquefort would not exist.
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70
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
In both lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner?
A)carbohydrates
B)fixed nitrogen
C)antibiotics
D)water and minerals
E)protection from harmful UV
Figure 31.1
In both lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner?
A)carbohydrates
B)fixed nitrogen
C)antibiotics
D)water and minerals
E)protection from harmful UV
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71
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, that inhibit the growth of bacteria, are known as
A)antibodies.
B)aflatoxins.
C)hallucinogens.
D)antigens.
E)antibiotics.
Figure 31.1
Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, that inhibit the growth of bacteria, are known as
A)antibodies.
B)aflatoxins.
C)hallucinogens.
D)antigens.
E)antibiotics.
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72
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
How are the vascular plants that are involved in mycorrhizae and the photosynthetic cells that are involved in lichens alike?
A)They provide organic nutrients to fungal partners.
B)They secrete acids that keep the fungal partner from growing too quickly.
C)They are in intimate associations with chytrids.
D)They are digested by fungal enzymes while still alive.
E)They contain endosymbiotic fungi.
Figure 31.1
How are the vascular plants that are involved in mycorrhizae and the photosynthetic cells that are involved in lichens alike?
A)They provide organic nutrients to fungal partners.
B)They secrete acids that keep the fungal partner from growing too quickly.
C)They are in intimate associations with chytrids.
D)They are digested by fungal enzymes while still alive.
E)They contain endosymbiotic fungi.
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73
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the
A)fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes.
B)fungicide isn't also harmful to insect pests.
C)lichens growing on the vines' branches are not harmed.
D)fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae.
E)sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue.
Figure 31.1
When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the
A)fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes.
B)fungicide isn't also harmful to insect pests.
C)lichens growing on the vines' branches are not harmed.
D)fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae.
E)sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue.
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74
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
Which of the following conditions is caused by a fungus that is accidentally consumed along with rye flour?
A)ergotism
B)athlete's foot
C)ringworm
D)candidiasis (Candida yeast infection)
E)coccidioidomycosis
Figure 31.1
Which of the following conditions is caused by a fungus that is accidentally consumed along with rye flour?
A)ergotism
B)athlete's foot
C)ringworm
D)candidiasis (Candida yeast infection)
E)coccidioidomycosis
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75
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
Lichens sometimes reproduce asexually using
A)coenocytic fungal hyphae located within photosynthetic cells.
B)the fruiting bodies of fungi.
C)flagellated, conjoined spores of both the fungus and alga.
D)specialized conidiophores.
E)small clusters of fungal hyphae surrounding photosynthetic cells.
Figure 31.1
Lichens sometimes reproduce asexually using
A)coenocytic fungal hyphae located within photosynthetic cells.
B)the fruiting bodies of fungi.
C)flagellated, conjoined spores of both the fungus and alga.
D)specialized conidiophores.
E)small clusters of fungal hyphae surrounding photosynthetic cells.
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76
The following questions are based on the description below.
Rose-picker's disease is caused by the yeast, Sporothrix schenkii. The yeast grows on the exteriors of rose-bush thorns. If a human gets pricked by such a thorn, the yeasts can be introduced under the skin. The yeasts then assume a hyphal morphology and grow along the interiors of lymphatic vessels until they reach a lymph node. This often results in the accumulation of pus in the lymph node, which subsequently ulcerates through the skin surface, and drains.
Say S. schenkii had initially been classified as a deuteromycete. Asci were later discovered in the pus that oozed from an ulcerated lymph node, and the spores therein germinated, giving rise to S. schenkii yeasts. Which two of these are conclusions that make sense on the basis of this information?
1) S. schenkii produces asexual spores within lymph nodes.
2) S. schenkii should be reclassified.
3) S. schenkii continues to have no known sexual stage.
4) The hyphae growing in lymphatic vessels probably belonged to a different fungal species.
5) S. schenkii yeasts belonging to two different mating strains were introduced by the same thorn prick.
A)1 and 3
B)1 and 5
C)2 and 3
D)2 and 5
E)4 and 5
Rose-picker's disease is caused by the yeast, Sporothrix schenkii. The yeast grows on the exteriors of rose-bush thorns. If a human gets pricked by such a thorn, the yeasts can be introduced under the skin. The yeasts then assume a hyphal morphology and grow along the interiors of lymphatic vessels until they reach a lymph node. This often results in the accumulation of pus in the lymph node, which subsequently ulcerates through the skin surface, and drains.
Say S. schenkii had initially been classified as a deuteromycete. Asci were later discovered in the pus that oozed from an ulcerated lymph node, and the spores therein germinated, giving rise to S. schenkii yeasts. Which two of these are conclusions that make sense on the basis of this information?
1) S. schenkii produces asexual spores within lymph nodes.
2) S. schenkii should be reclassified.
3) S. schenkii continues to have no known sexual stage.
4) The hyphae growing in lymphatic vessels probably belonged to a different fungal species.
5) S. schenkii yeasts belonging to two different mating strains were introduced by the same thorn prick.
A)1 and 3
B)1 and 5
C)2 and 3
D)2 and 5
E)4 and 5
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77
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
The symbiotic associations involving roots and soil fungi are considered
A)parasitic.
B)mutualistic.
C)commensal.
D)harmful to the plant partner.
E)the beginning stages of the formation of soil.
Figure 31.1
The symbiotic associations involving roots and soil fungi are considered
A)parasitic.
B)mutualistic.
C)commensal.
D)harmful to the plant partner.
E)the beginning stages of the formation of soil.
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78
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
Sexual reproduction has never been observed among the fungi that produce the blue-green marbling of blue cheeses. What is True of these fungi and others that do not have a sexual stage?
A)They are currently classified among the deuteromycetes.
B)They do not form heterokaryons.
C)Their spores are produced by mitosis.
D)Only A and B are correct.
E)A, B, and C are correct.
Figure 31.1
Sexual reproduction has never been observed among the fungi that produce the blue-green marbling of blue cheeses. What is True of these fungi and others that do not have a sexual stage?
A)They are currently classified among the deuteromycetes.
B)They do not form heterokaryons.
C)Their spores are produced by mitosis.
D)Only A and B are correct.
E)A, B, and C are correct.
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79
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
Orchid seeds are tiny, with virtually no endosperm and with miniscule cotyledons. If such seeds are deposited in a dark, moist environment then which of these represents the most likely means by which fungi might assist in seed germination, given what the seeds lack?
A)by transferring some chloroplasts to the embryo in each seed
B)by providing the seeds with water and minerals
C)by providing the embryos with some of the organic nutrients they have absorbed
D)by strengthening the seed coat that surrounds each seed
Figure 31.1
Orchid seeds are tiny, with virtually no endosperm and with miniscule cotyledons. If such seeds are deposited in a dark, moist environment then which of these represents the most likely means by which fungi might assist in seed germination, given what the seeds lack?
A)by transferring some chloroplasts to the embryo in each seed
B)by providing the seeds with water and minerals
C)by providing the embryos with some of the organic nutrients they have absorbed
D)by strengthening the seed coat that surrounds each seed
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80
Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Figure 31.1
A billionaire buys a sterile volcanic island that recently emerged from the sea. To speed the arrival of conditions necessary for plant growth, the billionaire might be advised to aerially sow what over the island?
A)basiodiospores
B)spores of ectomycorrhizae
C)soredia
D)yeasts
E)leaves (as food for fungus-farming ants)
Figure 31.1
A billionaire buys a sterile volcanic island that recently emerged from the sea. To speed the arrival of conditions necessary for plant growth, the billionaire might be advised to aerially sow what over the island?
A)basiodiospores
B)spores of ectomycorrhizae
C)soredia
D)yeasts
E)leaves (as food for fungus-farming ants)
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