Deck 3: Early Theories: the Foundation of Modern Leadership

Question 1

The results of the trait approach to leadership indicate that:

A)traits should not be used in leadership
B)leadership cannot be studied outside of the situation or context
C)some traits are excellent predictors of leadership effectiveness
D)traits are unreliable and invalid measures

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Studies conducted at _____ are among the best-known behavioral approaches to leadership.

A)Harvard University
B)Ohio State University
C)The Center for Creative Leadership
D)The military

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Ragu makes sure that his work unit knows what is expected,schedules the work and sets deadlines,and assigns people to different tasks.Ragu is:

A)being autocratic
B)initiating structure
C)preventing his employees from being independent
D)a manager but not a leader

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In the early work on leader behavior,Lewin and his associates relied on which of the following three leadership behaviors?

A)charismatic,participative,directive
B)accommodating,conflicting,compromising
C)democratic,autocratic,laissez-faire
D)structuring,consideration,instrumental

Question 5

Which one of the following is one of the benefits of the behavior approach to leadership?

A)behaviors are more broadly defined than traits
B)behaviors are stable and predictable
C)behaviors can be measured and changed
D)behaviors are more interesting than traits

Question 6

The major shortcoming of Lewin's early research on leader behavior was:

A)it was not clear which behavior was most effective
B)the behaviors were difficult to define clearly
C)the researchers could not measure the leader behaviors consistently
D)only task behavior was shown to improve performance

Question 7

The two primary leadership behaviors that are still in use are:

A)laissez-faire and charismatic motivation
B)autocratic and democratic
C)visionary and practical
D)consideration and initiation of structure

Question 8

The belief that leaders are born rather than made is part of which approach to leadership?

A)scientific
B)contingency
C)case study
D)trait

Question 9

In the nineteenth century, the study of leadership relied on:

A)rigorous scientific studies
B)intuition and description
C)observation of the situation
D)the trait approach to understand leaders

Question 10

Terry is a manager who believes in treating employees as equals,is friendly and approachable,and puts the work group's ideas into operation.Terry is using which leadership behavior?

A)people management
B)consideration
C)motivation
D)conflict resolution

Question 11

Which of the following factors contributed to the development of the behavior approach to leadership?

A)the need to find leaders during World War II
B)the development of personality testing
C)the use of behavioral surveys to measure traits
D)access to military leaders

Question 12

The ________ is one of the primary measures of leader behavior.

A)Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire
B)Behaviorally Anchored Scale
C)Leader Behavior Scale
D)Least Preferred Co-worker

Question 13

The modern scientific study of leadership can be divided into three eras.These are:

A)trait,behavior,contingency
B)charismatic,visionary,exemplary
C)case studies,research,theory building
D)personality,event-based,complex analysis

Question 14

Philosophers such as Thomas Carlyle,William James,and Galton believed that:

A)followers are not important
B)leaders and managers are different people
C)innate qualities shape behavior and personality
D)leaders are the result of their trait and their environment

Question 15

Which of the following factors helped in the development of the trait approach to leadership?

A)the need to find leaders during World War II
B)the development of personality testing
C)the use of behavioral surveys to measure traits
D)access to military leaders

Question 16

Based on the early behavior research conducted by Lewin and his associates,managers who provide information but little guidance to their followers are likely to have:

A)the best level of performance
B)frustrated and disorganized groups
C)highly empowered followers who can make their own decisions
D)relaxed and cohesive groups

Question 17

The results of the trait approach to leadership have established that:

A)leaders are born not made
B)followers and leaders have different personality traits
C)few,if any traits define leaders
D)being sociable and intelligent is a requirement for leadership

Question 18

The behavior approach to leadership has several advantages.They include all but one of the following:

A)behaviors can be observed more objectively than traits
B)behaviors can be measured more precisely than traits
C)behaviors can be taught,whereas traits are innate
D)behaviors are richer and more complex than traits

Question 19

Which of the following is not one of the traits typically associated with leadership?

A)sociability
B)thoughtfulness
C)sense of humor
D)originality

Question 20

The trait approach to leadership suggests that:

A)leaders have special innate qualities
B)leadership traits are clearly visible
C)traits are based on social class
D)traits cannot be measured

Question 21

A high LPC leader draws self-esteem from:

A)power.
B)getting along with people.
C)managing conflict.
D)accomplishing tasks well.

Question 22

When asked to evaluate a coworker she does not like working with,Tatiana has a very negative view of that person.She describes him as incompetent,cold,and untrustworthy.Based on this description,Tatiana is most likely:

A)a low LPC
B)a harsh person
C)a high LPC
D)a middle LPC

Question 23

According to Fiedler,the least influential element of the leadership situation is_________.

A)leader-member relation
B)task structure
C)follower maturity
D)position power

Question 24

The first researcher to implement the contingency approach and develop a leadership theory based on the approach was:

A)Stogdill
B)Fiedler
C)House
D)Vroom

Question 25

According to Fiedler,__________ is the most important factor in any leadership situation.

A)leader-member relations
B)task structure
C)follower maturity
D)position power

Question 26

Nader is the manager of a group of highly cohesive individuals whose primary job is to reconcile the budgets from other divisions.Based on Fiedler's classification,Nader faces which kind of situation?

A)Typical corporate management
B)High situational control
C)High managerial power
D)Mid-level control

Question 27

According to the Contingency Model,_________ will be effective in high and low situational control,while _________ will be effective in moderate situational control.

A)task-motivated;relationship-motivated
B)relationship-motivated;task-motivated
C)middle LPC;low LPC
D)high LPC;middle LPC

Question 28

Misha has been effective because he is able to use different behaviors in different situations to motivate his followers and accomplish the tasks.Misha is relying on which leadership approach?

A)behavior approach
B)contingency approach
C)change approach
D)individual approach

Question 29

According to Fiedler,there are several factors that describe the leadership situation.Which of the following is not part of situation?

A)leader-member relations
B)task structure
C)follower maturity
D)position power

Question 30

When asked to evaluate a coworker she does not like working with,Nilanjan describes the person in generally positive terms,judging them to be loyal,sincere,and warm.Based on this description,Nilanjan is most likely:

A)a low LPC
B)a kind person
C)a high LPC
D)a middle LPC

Question 31

When Paul's group fails,he tends to be harsh in judging his subordinates and tends to blame and punish them.Paul is most likely:

A)a low LPC
B)a harsh leader
C)a high LPC
D)a middle LPC

Question 32

____________ is another term used to describe middle LPC individuals.

A)Highly conforming
B)Task-oriented
C)Relationship-oriented
D)Socio-independent

Question 33

The LPC stands for:

A)Leader Personality Construct.
B)Leader Personal Contingency.
C)Least Preferred Coworker.
D)Lower Performance Conditions.

Question 34

According to Fiedler,the second most important factor in any leadership situation is _________.

A)leader-member relations
B)task structure
C)follower maturity
D)position power

Question 35

Fiedler considers the LPC to be a _________ that people _________.

A)stable characteristic;cannot change
B)behavior;can learn to change
C)skill;can be trained to do
D)value;learn early in life

Question 36

A low LPC leader draws self-esteem from:

A)power.
B)getting along with people.
C)managing conflict.
D)accomplishing tasks well.

Question 37

The contingency approach to understanding leadership started:

A)in the 1960s
B)during the scientific revolution
C)during World War II
D)when the trait approach failed to yield results

Question 38

According to the Contingency Model:

A)if the leader's style matches the situation,the leader will be effective.
B)if followers respect the leader,the leader will be effective.
C)when the leader has power,he/she will be more effective.
D)if the leader is trained and experienced,the group will be most effective.

Question 39

The primary assumption of the contingency approach to leadership is:

A)leadership depends on culture
B)what works depends on the situation
C)behavior of leaders is contingent on their personality
D)leadership effectiveness is contingent on the role of followers

Question 40

If you are most concerned about employee satisfaction and loyalty you should demonstrate_________ :

A)authority
B)laissez-faire
C)initiation structure
D)consideration

Question 41

Which of the following is not one of the practical implications of the Contingency Model for managers?

A)Leaders must understand their style and the situation.
B)Leaders should focus on changing the situation.
C)Leaders can compensate for task ambiguity by getting more training.
D)Leaders can learn to change their style to fit different situations.

Question 42

According to the Contingency Model,task-motivated leaders will be most effective in which type of situation?

A)high-control
B)moderate control
C)low control
D)all situations

Question 43

Which of the following is not one of the several contingency factors in the Normative Decision Model?

A)Leader information
B)Goal congruence
C)Goal conflict
D)Employee conflict

Question 44

Which of the following is not one of decision styles used in the Normative Decision Model?

A)Autocratic
B)Individual
C)Consultative
D)Group

Question 45

Anwar is a task-motivated leader who is in a high situational control environment.Based on Fiedler's Contingency Model,he is likely to:

A)be tense,overbearing,and over controlling.
B)be confident,considerate,and focused on removing obstacles.
C)be considerate,open to suggestions and concerned with resolving conflicts.
D)be directive,serious,and with little concern for others.

Question 46

When there is no quality requirement and employee commitment is not needed,the most appropriate leader decision style is:

A)autocratic
B)individual
C)consultative
D)group

Question 47

According to group dynamics research that is the basis for the Normative Decision Model:

A)groups make better decisions.
B)well trained groups make faster decisions than individuals.
C)leaders get better results when they rely on groups.
D)participation in decision-making leads to commitment.

Question 48

The two weaknesses of the Normative Decision Making are:

A)poorly define decision styles and poor application.
B)it is too complex and it assumes leader can easily change styles.
C)it has weak theoretical bases and the decision styles are poorly defined.
D)a simplistic view of leadership and low validity of measures.

Question 49

When the employees' commitment is essential,they generally agree with the goals of the organization,and the leader does not have enough information,the most appropriate decision style is:

A)autocratic
B)consultative
C)delegation
D)individual

Question 50

John has just come back from a leadership training based on Fiedler's Contingency Model.He has very much enjoyed the training and is planning to implement what he has learned.Which one of the following is John likely to do?

A)He will focus on gaining more experience in the job that he is doing so that he can increase his sense of control.
B)He will make sure that he has the power he needs to implement his decisions.
C)He will focus on understanding and changing his leadership situation when he is out of match.
D)He will empower his employees any chance he gets and include them in decision-making.

Question 51

Which of the following principles is the basis for the Normative Decision Model?

A)Empowerment is always effective.
B)Western employees expect to participate in decision making.
C)Groups are wasteful and inefficient.
D)Employee motivation results from the leader removing obstacles.

Question 52

Your company is planning to use Fiedler's Contingency Model to train its leaders and managers.Based on the assumptions and finding of the theory,what will be the focus of the training?

A)Teaching leaders the different decision styles they need to be effective in different situations.
B)Getting leaders to be more sensitive to the needs of their followers so they can use them as resources when needed.
C)Train leaders to remove obstacles on their followers' path.
D)Helping leader to be aware of their style and understand the situations they face.

Question 53

Sally is a relationship-motivated leader who is in a moderate situational control environment.Based on Fiedler's Contingency Model,she is likely to:

A)be tense,overbearing,and over controlling.
B)be confident,considerate,and focused on removing obstacles.
C)be considerate,open to suggestions and concerned with resolving conflicts.
D)be directive,serious,and with little concern for others.

Question 54

In the _________ decision style,the leader makes the decision alone,with or without information from the group.

A)autocratic
B)individual
C)consultative
D)group

Question 55

In the __________ decision style,the leader asks for information and ideas from the group members either individually or as group.

A)autocratic
B)individual
C)consultative
D)group

Question 56

Hiro is leading a group of volunteers that is facing considerable difficulty.The members do not get along,they are doing a task with no structure that no one quite knows how to do. All of Hiro's efforts at building cohesion have been wasted and he is frustrated and has decided to leave his followers to fend for themselves.Based on this description,Hiro is most likely:

A)a consultative leader
B)a socio-independent leader
C)a relationship-oriented leader
D)a leader with task skills

Question 57

According to the Contingency Model,relationship-motivated leaders will be most effective in which type of situation?

A)high-control
B)moderate control
C)low control
D)all situations

Question 58

According to the Normative Decision Model,leaders should adjust their decision style depending on __________ and _____________.

A)their personal style;the situation
B)the followers' maturity;goals of the organization
C)the need for a quality decision;likelihood that employee will accept the decision
D)the complexity of the task the group is doing;the degree to which the group agrees with the leader

Question 59

In the _________ decision style,the leader exchanges ideas with followers who are equal partners in the decision process.

A)autocratic
B)individual
C)consultative
D)group

Question 60

Jade is new at her managerial position and does not have a lot of technical expertise.The quality of her team's work is very important to the organization and the commitment of her employees is essential.Based on the Normative Decision Model,Jade should use __________ as her primary decision style.

A)autocratic
B)individual
C)consultative
D)group

Question 61

Carlos has decided to implement the principles of the Normative Decision Model to managing his team.In order to be successful,he must do all of the following,except:

A)allow his followers to participate in all decisions.
B)understand the situation and the decision style options.
C)pay attention to followers' needs.
D)be aware of the followers' level of commitment.

Question 62

Suzanna would like to improve her leadership effectiveness using Path-Goal theories of leadership.She should:

A)identify her in-group and out-group and how followers get in each group.
B)make sure that she has enough power.
C)understand her followers' need for autonomy and their perception of the task.
D)make sure she is comfortable with a variety of decision styles.

Question 63

Path-Goal Theory makes a unique contribution to leadership theory by:

A)including follower's perception of the task.
B)assuming that leaders can't change their behavior.
C)presenting the concept of in-group.
D)by including culture in leadership.

Question 64

According the Path-Goal Theory,the leader must motivate followers by:

A)strengthening the links among effort,performance,and outcomes
B)encouraging them to do their best
C)encouraging employee centered goals
D)being both a supportive and a task-oriented leader who focuses on followers

Question 65

Having a clear task that provides direct feedback to the follower serves as a substitute for ___________.

A)leader consideration behaviors
B)organizational policies
C)leader structuring behaviors
D)leader's lack of power

Question 66

The substitutes for leadership model has increasing applications to many organizations as they:

A)implement the use teams.
B)select leaders with certain traits.
C)teach leaders to be both considerate and provide structure.
D)move to other cultures.

Question 67

The Alpha team is located in a building that is far apart from the rest of the organization,including the team's manager who is located over 100 miles away.The physical distance between the manager and followers acts as a __________ for leader ___________.

A)substitute;consideration
B)neutralizer;consideration
C)neutralizer;responsibility
D)substitute;lack of power

Question 68

Employees are not likely to need their leader to provide structuring behavior if:

A)they have information about the task through other means
B)if they do not get along with the leader
C)if the leader does not have enough power
D)if the leader is not located in the same place as the employees

Question 69

A cohesive team can act as ________ for the leader's _________ behavior.

A)neutralizer;conflict resolution
B)substitute;structuring
C)substitute;team building
D)neutralizer;consideration

Question 70

An earlier version of the Leader-Member Exchange (LMX)model was called:

A)the Leader-Member Relationship model
B)the vertical dyad linkage model
C)the transactional leadership model
D)the exchange relations model

Question 71

In Path-Goal Theory,____________ and ___________ determine which leadership behavior should be used.

A)power/leader-follower relationships
B)nature of the task/follower characteristics
C)effort/performance
D)group factors/organizational factors

Question 72

Which of the following is not one of the categories of factors that reduce the impact of leadership?

A)Follower characteristics
B)Task characteristics
C)Organizational characteristics
D)Leader characteristics

Question 73

An implication of the leadership substitutes model for leadership training is to:

A)train the leader to empower followers.
B)teach the leader to change situations.
C)focus the leader on acquiring power.
D)help the leader manage relationships with followers.

Question 74

The Path-Goal Theory suggests that the role of the leader is to clear paths for followers allowing them to:

A)fulfill their needs and reach goals
B)function without their leader when necessary
C)build a cohesive team
D)have time to address interpersonal conflicts

Question 75

According to Leader-Member Exchange (LMX)model,followers who are ___________ will have the leader's trust and be expected to perform and grow.

A)more intelligent
B)in the in-group
C)from the same culture
D)who ingratiate themselves with the leader

Question 76

Which motivation theory is one of the concepts included in Path-Goal Theory?

A)Maslow's need hierarchy
B)Goal setting
C)Expectancy theory
D)ARG theory

Question 77

The major weakness of the Path-Goal Theory is:

A)not enough research
B)poor measures of leaders behavior
C)unreliable hypotheses
D)inability to measure motivation

Question 78

The Leader-Member Exchange (LMX)model of leadership is based on the premise that:

A)leadership is a relationship between leaders and each follower
B)leadership is an exchange process
C)leaders and followers must develop a relationship
D)leadership is a group phenomenon

Question 79

Attributional theories focus on explaining:

A)how we interpret the cause of behavior.
B)how we attribute power to others.
C)how we identify other people's attributes.
D)the attributes of leaders.

Question 80

Ravi would like to use the substitute for leadership concepts to improve his leadership effectiveness.Which of the following should he focus on?

A)Increase the distance between himself and his followers.
B)Decrease his power.
C)Put in place rigid organizational policies.
D)Increase his team's cohesion.