Deck 3: C: Human Development

Question 1

In which level of moral development is moral reasoning directed by self-chosen ethical principles that tend to be general,comprehensive,or universal?

A) preoperational
B) preconventional
C) conventional
D) postconventional

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Jorge does not cheat on tests or copy other students' work because he does not want to be suspended from school and receive a zero on his test or other schoolwork.If Jorge uses this type of moral reasoning in most situations,one could say that Jorge is exhibiting which level of moral development?

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) postformal

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A human resources employee at a large corporation is told by his supervisor to hire the supervisor's unqualified relative for a job.Even though he may get fired,this human resources employee chooses instead to hire a qualified applicant because he believes this is the "right thing" to do based on his own ethical standards.Which level of moral reasoning guided this employee's decision?

A) postformal
B) preconventional
C) conventional
D) postconventional

Answer 3

D

Question 4

According to Kohlberg,the preconventional level is based on

A) a desire to win approval and self-chosen principles.
B) authority and self-chosen principles.
C) authority and a desire to win approval.
D) self-interest and avoiding punishment.

Question 5

Moral choices are determined by the direct consequences of one's actions in which level of moral development?

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) unconventional
D) postconventional

Question 6

Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg held that we learn moral values through

A) reinforcement and punishment.
B) thinking and reasoning.
C) the resolution of the psychosocial dilemmas of adolescence.
D) the identification with one's same-sex parent.

Question 7

In the moral dilemma in your textbook that involved the druggist and the man who could not afford the medicine for his sick wife,which of the following responses would demonstrate the conventional level?

A) People would think he was dishonest and a "thief."
B) Even if he steals the drug, his wife will probably die before he gets out of jail.
C) His wife may be ill, but if he steals the drug he may get caught and go to jail.
D) He should steal the drug and admit to it.

Question 8

An exchange of favors,a reward,or the avoidance of punishment would be examples of the direct consequences that would guide one's choices if the person were exhibiting which level of moral development?

A) preconventional
B) postconventional
C) conventional
D) relational exchange

Question 9

A politician campaigning on a law-and-order platform is appealing to people at what level of moral development?

A) preconventional
B) postconventional
C) conventional
D) nonconformist

Question 10

In the moral dilemma in your textbook that involved the druggist and the man who could not afford the medicine for his sick wife,which of the following responses would demonstrate the conventional level?

A) Although his wife needs the drug, the law says that stealing is wrong.
B) Even if he steals the drug, his wife will probably die before he gets out of jail.
C) He cannot steal the drug because he might get caught and go to jail.
D) He should steal the drug to save his wife and then go "turn himself in" to the police.

Question 11

In the moral dilemma in your textbook that involved the druggist and the man who could not afford the medicine for his sick wife,which of the following responses would demonstrate the postconventional level of moral development?

A) People would think he was dishonest.
B) The druggist may be wrong, but the law says stealing is wrong.
C) His wife may be ill, but if he steals the drug, he may get caught.
D) He should steal the drug but admit to it and turn himself into the police.

Question 12

Patti does not speed on the highway because she is afraid of getting another ticket and losing her license and her insurance.If Patti uses this type of moral reasoning in most situations,one could say that Patti is exhibiting which level of moral development?

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) postformal

Question 13

Lawrence Kohlberg is known for his research in the area of __________ development.

A) language
B) physical
C) moral
D) motor

Question 14

To categorize people's level of moral development using Kohlberg's approach,a psychologist would

A) observe their behavior in situations in which conflicts occur between personal needs and those of others.
B) pose situations involving moral dilemmas to them and study the reasons they give for the actions they recommend.
C) ask them to classify behaviors as legal, illegal, moral, and immoral.
D) ask them to rank values that involve specific ways of reaching their own goals from most important to least important.

Question 15

Moral reasoning is based on a desire to please others or to follow accepted authority,rules,and values in which level of moral development?

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) unconventional
D) postconventional

Question 16

Which of the following psychologists is known for developing a theory of moral development?

A) Lev Vygotsky
B) Erik Erikson
C) Lawrence Kohlberg
D) Harry Harlow

Question 17

Kohlberg identified the three levels of moral development as the

A) preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.
B) preconditional, conditional, and unconditional.
C) self-orientation, authority-orientation, and social-orientation.
D) premoral, conventional, and postethical.

Question 18

Kohlberg studied moral development by

A) having subjects keep a daily journal of their actions.
B) evaluating criminal and delinquent person's court records.
C) posing moral dilemmas to children of different ages.
D) having subjects perform various legal or illegal behaviors.

Question 19

Although Scott does not like to do lawn work,he cares for his lawn because "what would people think if he let his yard grow up." When using this line of reasoning,Scott is exhibiting which level of moral development?

A) preoperational
B) preconventional
C) conventional
D) postconventional

Question 20

In the moral dilemma in your textbook that involved the druggist and the man who could not afford the medicine for his sick wife,which of the following responses would demonstrate the preconventional level?

A) Even if he steals the drug, his wife will probably die before he gets out of jail.
B) The druggist may be wrong, but the law says stealing is wrong.
C) People would think he was dishonest.
D) He should steal the drug but admit to it.

Question 21

According to Kohlberg,what percent of the population is estimated to reach the postconventional level of morality?

A) 20
B) 30
C) 50
D) 75

Question 22

Regarding moral development,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Studies have found significant differences between men and women in overall moral reasoning abilities.
B) Both men and women may use caring and justice to make moral decisions.
C) Whether a person bases their decisions on caring or justice depends on the situation they face.
D) Our best moral choices combine justice and caring, reason and emotion, which may be what is meant by wisdom.

Question 23

According to Carol Gilligan,a woman's concern with what pleases or helps others would be placed at which level in Kohlberg's system of moral development?

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) postformal

Question 24

The preconventional level of moral development is most characteristic of

A) adults.
B) adolescents.
C) young children and delinquents.
D) young adults.

Question 25

Regarding her research on moral development,Carol Gilligan believes that male psychologists have,for the most part,defined moral maturity in terms of

A) justice and autonomy.
B) caring and relationships.
C) power and physical dominance.
D) a mixture of common sense and logistics.

Question 26

Using a story such as "The Porcupine and the Moles," Gilligan was able to demonstrate that

A) Kohlberg's moral classification system is concerned mainly with the ethics of justice.
B) boys tend to use ethics involving care and responsibility to solve the problem in the story.
C) girls tend to choose a solution based on justice to solve the problem in the story.
D) all of these statements were true.

Question 27

Gilligan's claim that boys lag behind girls in achieving caring

A) has generally been supported by research.
B) applies to conventional level children only.
C) has generally not been supported by research.
D) occurs only in real life situations and not when interpreting stories in research studies.

Question 28

Notable events,such as graduating from high school,getting married,having a child,or the death of a parent are best described as

A) moral dilemmas.
B) developmental tasks.
C) psychosocial dilemmas.
D) developmental milestones.

Question 29

Which of the following theorists pointed out that Kohlberg's system is concerned mainly with justice and that women when faced with real-life dilemmas tend to use an ethic of caring?

A) Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
B) Margaret Washburn
C) Anna Freud
D) Carol Gilligan

Question 30

When presented with "The Porcupine and the Moles" story,the boys in Gilligan's study tended to use an ethic of

A) justice.
B) caring.
C) common sense.
D) divergency.

Question 31

Carol Gilligan deserves credit for identifying a second major way in which moral choices are made,which involves the ethic of

A) justice.
B) caring.
C) common sense.
D) autonomy.

Question 32

Conventional,group-oriented morals are typical of

A) delinquents.
B) young children.
C) older children and most adults.
D) only 20 percent of the adult population.

Question 33

A recent report found that a significant number of men in first-year college think unwanted sexual aggression is acceptable.These men are exhibiting which level of moral development regarding their acceptance of unwanted sexual aggression?

A) preformal
B) preconventional
C) conventional
D) postconventional

Question 34

Most older children and adults exhibit moral reasoning at which level of moral development?

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) postformal

Question 35

At each life stage,which of the following must be mastered for optimal development?

A) developmental initiatives
B) developmental tasks
C) personality crises
D) personality skills

Question 36

Regarding Kohlberg's moral development levels,which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A) The rate of advancement through Kohlberg's moral development levels is relatively constant for every individual.
B) Almost everyone reaches the postconventional level.
C) Young children and delinquents most frequently show moral reasoning at the preconventional level.
D) All of these statements are true.

Question 37

Regarding research on moral development,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Carol Gilligan believed that male psychologists have defined moral maturity in terms of justice and autonomy.
B) From Kohlberg's perspective, a woman's concern with relationships would be considered a strength rather than a weakness in reaching postconventional morality.
C) Carol Gilligan identified caring as a major element of moral development and believed that males may lag behind in achieving it.
D) Several studies have found little or no difference in men's and women's overall moral reasoning abilities.

Question 38

When presented with "The Porcupine and the Moles" story,the girls in Gilligan's study tended to use an ethic of

A) justice.
B) caring.
C) common sense.
D) autonomy.

Question 39

A nurse and her husband come upon an accident late at night.While her husband stays with the accident victims and calls for help,the nurse breaks the window on the door of a nearby drugstore to get the supplies she needs to help these victims before the ambulance gets there.When the police arrive,she tells them what she did and offers to pay for the window and supplies.Which level of moral development is the nurse exhibiting?

A) postconventional
B) preconventional
C) conventional
D) postformal

Question 40

Every life is marked by a number of notable events,markers,or turning points in personal development known as

A) moral dilemmas.
B) developmental tasks.
C) psychosocial dilemmas.
D) developmental milestones.

Question 41

If her parents encourage little Tanya to ask questions,to use her imagination,and give her the freedom to choose activities,according to Erikson,they are encouraging Tanya to develop

A) industry.
B) identity.
C) generativity.
D) initiative.

Question 42

Because she does not want to "spoil" her new baby,Theresa feeds and takes care of her baby's physical needs when she thinks the baby needs the care,not when the baby cries to indicate his needs.If Theresa continues caring for the baby in this way,the baby is likely to develop

A) trust.
B) mistrust.
C) autonomy.
D) shame and doubt.

Question 43

Erikson termed the conflicts one experiences between personal impulses and the social world

A) developmental milestones.
B) psychosocial dilemmas.
C) moral dilemmas.
D) developmental tasks.

Question 44

We face a specific psychosocial dilemma at each stage of life,according to

A) Jean Piaget.
B) Lawrence Kohlberg.
C) Erik Erikson.
D) Sigmund Freud.

Question 45

Two-year-old Marcus wants to dress,eat,and walk without his mother's assistance.Erikson would say that the child is operating at the stage of

A) initiative versus guilt.
B) industry versus inferiority.
C) trust versus mistrust.
D) autonomy versus shame and doubt.

Question 46

Erikson believes that the major developmental task facing a child in the second stage of development is

A) developing trust.
B) mastering psychomotor skills.
C) developing a sense of autonomy.
D) learning a sense of industry.

Question 47

It is important for parents to allow toddlers to do things for themselves since overprotecting them or ridiculing their efforts may cause toddlers to lack confidence their abilities and become overly dependent on their parents.These conflicts are part of Erikson's psychosocial stage known as

A) initiative versus guilt.
B) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
C) industry versus inferiority.
D) generativity versus stagnation.

Question 48

Jayden is a neonate.As she begins her journey through the life span,the first psychosocial dilemma she will face,according to Erikson,will be

A) independence versus dependence.
B) initiative versus guilt.
C) trust versus mistrust.
D) attachment versus confusion.

Question 49

Erikson felt that each stage of development was distinguished by a(n)

A) need for approval.
B) psychosocial dilemma.
C) sexual conflict.
D) attachment dilemma.

Question 50

According to Erikson,the major conflict in the first year of life is that between

A) trust versus mistrust.
B) initiative versus guilt.
C) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
D) relatedness versus isolation.

Question 51

Initiative is fostered by

A) giving a child the freedom to play, to use imagination, and to choose activities.
B) a child's experience with toilet training.
C) acquiring a stable and consistent identity.
D) learning a sense of industry.

Question 52

A toddler who is learning to use the toilet and sometimes feels bad when he or she has "accidents" is in which of Erikson's stages?

A) identity versus role confusion
B) initiative versus guilt
C) autonomy versus shame and doubt
D) industry versus inferiority

Question 53

According to Erikson,between one and three years of age,the primary developmental crisis is autonomy versus

A) shame and doubt.
B) mistrust.
C) guilt.
D) feelings of inferiority.

Question 54

Little Billy is constantly climbing,exploring,and trying to do things for himself.His parents try to restrict this exploring and also tend to ridicule his efforts when he makes a mess.According to Erikson,the actions of Billy's parents may cause Billy to feel

A) shame and doubt.
B) guilt.
C) mistrust.
D) inferiority.

Question 55

Skills that must be mastered or personal changes that must be made for optimal development,such as learning to read,adjusting to sexual maturity,or establishing a vocation are best described as

A) developmental milestones.
B) psychosocial dilemmas.
C) moral dilemmas.
D) developmental tasks.

Question 56

Maggie always feeds and cares for her newborn infant whenever he shows signs of hunger or discomfort.By providing her infant with this predictable care,Erikson would say that Maggie's infant will

A) develop trust.
B) become spoiled.
C) develop a mistrust his own abilities.
D) become overstimulated by so much attention.

Question 57

According to Erikson,the development of mistrust as an infant may lead to the development of

A) a physical dependence on others.
B) the tendency to try to please others.
C) a lack of initative.
D) insecurity and an inability to relate to others.

Question 58

Infants who receive inadequate or unpredictable care or have parents who are cold,indifferent,or rejecting tend to develop

A) shame and doubt.
B) guilt.
C) mistrust.
D) inferiority.

Question 59

Which of the following proposed the eight stages of psychosocial development?

A) Jean Piaget
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Erik Erikson
D) Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 60

Which of the following develops from the same conditions that help babies become securely attached to their parents?

A) autonomy
B) trust
C) intimacy
D) integrity

Question 61

Elaine and Jeffery have been married for five years.Elaine spends her time taking care of their two-year-old son,while Jeffery spends his time watching television or going out "with the guys." She and Jeffery do not share any common interests,and they seldom talk to each other except about their son.Erikson would say that Elaine is experiencing

A) mistrust.
B) isolation.
C) inferiority.
D) despair.

Question 62

Joel and Janae are a young married couple who not only care deeply for each other but also consider each other their best friend.Erikson would say that Joel and Janae are exhibiting

A) generativity.
B) intimacy.
C) integrity.
D) dependency.

Question 63

Regarding the psychosocial dilemma of intimacy versus isolation,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) About 75 percent of college-age men and women rank a good marriage and family life as their primary adult goal.
B) Marriage or sexual involvement is one guarantee that intimacy will prevail.
C) Failure to establish intimacy with others leads to a deep sense of isolation.
D) Failure to establish intimacy often sets the stage for later difficulties.

Question 64

Pretend play is an important component of which of Erikson's psychosocial dilemmas?

A) trust versus mistrust
B) autonomy versus shame and doubt
C) initiative versus guilt
D) industry versus inferiority

Question 65

College students in their 20s who are developing life-long friendships are in which psychosocial stage?

A) industry versus inferiority
B) generativity versus stagnation
C) integrity versus despair
D) intimacy versus isolation

Question 66

According to Erikson,a person entering adolescence can expect the major developmental task to center around the need to

A) develop trust in others.
B) achieve intimacy with another.
C) acquire personal autonomy.
D) develop a unified sense of self.

Question 67

Conflicts involving intimacy,generativity,and integrity are characteristic of

A) infancy.
B) childhood.
C) adolescence.
D) adulthood.

Question 68

A failure to develop a consistent identity results in

A) isolation.
B) inferiority.
C) role confusion.
D) stagnation.

Question 69

According to Erikson,if a child fails to learn the skills valued by society,such as reading and math,or if their efforts to perform these skills are considered inadequate,they may develop feelings of

A) shame and doubt.
B) despair.
C) stagnation.
D) inferiority.

Question 70

By intimacy,Erikson means the ability to

A) develop relationships with others and share experiences with them.
B) have satisfying sexual relationships with another person.
C) understand one's self and others.
D) guide others and the world through productive work.

Question 71

According to Erikson,the major task during young adulthood is successful achievement of

A) a unified sense of self.
B) meaningful relationships with others.
C) personal and civic responsibility.
D) a stable identity and personality structure.

Question 72

Jeb is finishing high school,and he does not know whether he wants to go to college or get a job.Rather than explore the options,he chooses to stay home during the summer and watch television.Erikson would say that Jeb is exhibiting

A) shame and doubt.
B) despair.
C) role confusion.
D) stagnation.

Question 73

A child who is just starting school and trying to develop learning skills is in Erikson's stage called

A) initiative versus guilt.
B) industry versus inferiority.
C) generativity versus stagnation.
D) integrity versus despair.

Question 74

According to Erikson,the conflict of middle adulthood in which self-interest is countered by an interest in guiding the next generation is known as

A) generativity versus stagnation.
B) integrity versus despair.
C) identity versus role confusion.
D) autonomy versus shame and doubt.

Question 75

For the first time,teachers,peers,and adults outside the home become important in shaping attitudes toward oneself in Erikson's stage of

A) trust versus mistrust.
B) initiative versus guilt.
C) industry versus inferiority.
D) integrity versus despair.

Question 76

Talia is 17 years old and is dealing with her conflicting experiences as a student,friend,athlete,worker,daughter,and girlfriend.In the next few years,Talia must integrate these experiences into a unified sense of self.According to Erikson,Talia is experiencing which psychosocial dilemma?

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) initiative versus guilt
C) industry versus inferiority
D) identity versus role confusion

Question 77

When teenagers question "who they are" and "what they will become," they are experiencing which conflict?

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) initiative versus guilt
C) industry versus inferiority
D) identity versus role confusion

Question 78

Megan is four years old.Her parents tend to restrict her play by choosing activities for her.They also have told her that she asks too many questions.According to Erikson,Megan is likely to develop

A) role confusion.
B) guilt.
C) mistrust.
D) inferiority.

Question 79

Pedro is eight years old and is in elementary school.According to Erikson's theory,the major conflict for Pedro is

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
B) initiative versus guilt.
C) industry versus inferiority.
D) identity versus role confusion.

Question 80

According to Erikson,if children win praise for the productive activities valued by society,such as hard work,reading,and math,they will develop a sense of

A) initiative.
B) autonomy.
C) generativity.
D) industry.