Deck 5: A: States of Consciousness

Question 1

Because the mind and consciousness are fundamentally first-person phenomena,the basic challenge of understanding the brain and behavior is to use __________ studies.

A) intuitive
B) subjective
C) objective
D) parapsychology

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following statements does NOT describe the sweat lodge ceremony of the Sioux Indians?

A) It is meant to cleanse the body and mind.
B) It is performed in a dark coal-heated chamber.
C) It often brings about an altered state of consciousness.
D) It often causes a sensory overload that can lead to cataplexy.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Psychologists identify marked changes in both the quality and pattern of mental functioning as

A) preconsciousness.
B) simulated information processing.
C) altered states of consciousness.
D) sensory enhancement.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

An important feature of many altered states of consciousness (ASCs)is

A) a clarity of waking consciousness.
B) heightened self-awareness.
C) cataplexy.
D) amnesia for the period of time that one is in this state.

Question 5

During which ritual do several men sit in total darkness inside a small chamber heated by coals and chant rhythmically?

A) Sioux sweat lodge ceremony
B) Hindu mystics yoga practices
C) ceremonies of the Whirling Dervishes of Turkey
D) nightlong ritual of the Maori Tohunga in New Zealand

Question 6

We cannot know the first-person experience of

A) lower animals, like bats or cats.
B) primates other than humans.
C) other humans.
D) any of these organisms.

Question 7

The low levels of awareness associated with strokes and other forms of brain damage are examples of

A) preconsciousness.
B) altered states of consciousness.
C) sensory gating.
D) simulated states of consciousness.

Question 8

A nun spending an entire week in silent prayer and contemplation,three businesswomen having wine at a wine bar,and an actor consulting a hypnotist to reduce stage fright are all

A) experiencing the third-person experience.
B) experiencing different states of consciousness.
C) exhibiting unconscious drives for success.
D) exhibiting narcissistic personalities.

Question 9

Long-distance running,listening to music,sleep,and daydreaming are just some of the everyday ways to produce

A) preconsciousness.
B) altered states of consciousness.
C) sensory enhancement.
D) simulated information processing.

Question 10

Regarding altered states of consciousness (ASC),which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) During an altered state of consciousness, there are distinct shifts in our memories, time sense, emotions, and suggestibility.
B) "Highway hypnotism" on long drives is an example of an altered state.
C) Most people do not know when they have experienced an altered state of consciousness.
D) Heightened self-awareness is an important feature of many ASCs.

Question 11

Consciousness consists of all of the following EXCEPT

A) sensations and perceptions.
B) altered states (ASCs).
C) memories and feelings.
D) artificial intelligence (AI).

Question 12

To be conscious means

A) that one is awake.
B) that one is aware.
C) that one is completely alert.
D) none of these.

Question 13

Which of the following consists of all the sensations,perceptions,memories,and feelings you are aware of at any instant?

A) alertness
B) personality
C) consciousness
D) intelligence

Question 14

Regarding the first-person experience,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) We can learn a lot about humans and other animals through an objective, third-person point of view.
B) We cannot directly know the first-person experience of animals.
C) We cannot know the first-person experience of other persons.
D) The difficulty of knowing other minds is why introspection replaced behaviorism early in psychology's history.

Question 15

Regarding altered states of consciousness (ASCs),which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) An unconscious person will die without constant care.
B) Recently, scientists have been able to explain specifically how consciousness occurs.
C) Most people do know when they have experienced an altered state of consciousness.
D) It is possible to identify various states of consciousness and to explore the role they play in our lives.

Question 16

We spend most of our lives in a state of consciousnes that is organized,meaningful,and clear and is referred to as

A) a state of ASCs.
B) waking consciousness.
C) an altered state of consciousness.
D) microsleeps.

Question 17

When a person is in a state of clear,organized alertness and perceives times,places,and events as real,meaningful,and familiar,he or she is said to be

A) in waking consciousness.
B) experiencing a state similar to non-REM.
C) experiencing sensory overload.
D) in an altered state of consciousness.

Question 18

One thing that cocaine,"highway hypnosis," high fever,and meditation all have in common is that they produce

A) hypnagogic images.
B) relaxation.
C) euphoria.
D) ASCs.

Question 19

The difficulty of knowing other minds is why the technique of introspection was replaced with more objective measures by the early

A) psychoanalysts.
B) behaviorists.
C) humanists.
D) structuralists.

Question 20

During an altered state of consciousness,changes occur in the quality of mental activity as well as in which other aspect of mental activity?

A) assimilation
B) length
C) pattern
D) sensory gating

Question 21

Rapid physical changes during puberty have what effect on the adolescent's need for sleep?

A) increases the adolescent's need for sleep
B) slightly decreases the adolescent's need for sleep
C) significantly decreases the sdolescent's need for sleep
D) has no effect on the adolescent's need for sleep

Question 22

Regarding teenagers and sleep,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Rapid physical changes during puberty decrease the adolescent's need for sleep.
B) The quality of sleep time tends to decrease during the teen years.
C) Excessive daytime sleepiness is a common problem in adolescents.
D) The quantity of sleep time tends to decrease during the teen years.

Question 23

After prolonged sleep deprivation,a person getting his or her first night of sleep will

A) have difficulty sleeping.
B) feel compelled to replace lost sleep by sleeping late for several days.
C) find that most symptoms are reversed by a single night's sleep.
D) still feel badly for at least five days until the effect of sleep loss wears off.

Question 24

Regarding sleep,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) A good sleep helps people to remember what they learned the day before.
B) Some people can learn very complex tasks while asleep, such as learning a foreign language.
C) You are more likely to awaken if you hear your own name spoken instead of another name.
D) Humans will spend approximately 25 years of their life asleep.

Question 25

Sleep loss can cause all of the following EXCEPT for

A) slurred speech and inability to name common objects.
B) decreased pain sensitivity.
C) inability to concentrate or remember clearly.
D) trembling hands, irritability, and staring.

Question 26

Regarding altered states of consciousness,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Cultural conditioning affects what altered states we seek and attain.
B) The meanings given to altered states have included signs of madness, spirit possession, and life-enhancing breakthroughs.
C) Very few cultures or religions recognize and accept alterations of consciousness.
D) Some people seek various altered states of pleasure, while others see altered states of consciousness as pathways to enlightenment.

Question 27

Regarding people who have experienced extreme sleep deprivation,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Randy Gardner at age 17 holds the official Guinness Book record for sleep deprivation.
B) After Randy Gardner went 264 hours without sleep, he needed three days of sleep to get over this 11-day sleep loss.
C) Sleep deprivation competitions are no longer recognized by the Guinness Book due to possible health risks.
D) With few exceptions, most people after four or more days of sleep loss would show hypersomnia, slurred speech, and increased pain sensitivity.

Question 28

Most symptoms of sleep deprivation

A) are reversed by a single night's rest.
B) require a long period of bed rest for recovery.
C) are irreversible.
D) can be prevented by consuming caffeine.

Question 29

A rare disease that prevents sleep

A) often causes the person to develop manic-depression.
B) usually occurs in two-week intervals.
C) usually occurs in combination with Alzheimer's disease.
D) always ends with stupor, coma, and death.

Question 30

What do the Yoga practices of Hindu mystics,the dances of the Whirling Dervishes of Turkey,and the sweat lodge ceremony of the Sioux Indians all have in common?

A) They are used as a rite of passage for the young men in each culture.
B) They are all meant to cleanse the mind and body and bring about altered awareness and personal revelation.
C) They are all considered illegal practices in most Western cultures.
D) They have all of these in common.

Question 31

Because 15-year-old Lisa stays up late texting her friends and then gets up early for school,she tends to be very sleepy in class,a condition common to teenagers known as

A) insomnia.
B) narcolepsy.
C) hypersomnia.
D) hypnopompic conditioning.

Question 32

Sleep is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT for

A) being an innate biological rhythm.
B) being necessary for life in humans.
C) giving way temporarily in times of great danger.
D) being a total loss of consciousness.

Question 33

Which of the following could you learn to do in your sleep?

A) math
B) foreign language
C) touch a switch on cue
D) dream analysis

Question 34

Dolphins are able to sleep without drowning because they

A) have gills, like fish do.
B) have a special opening that allows air in but not water.
C) sleep on just one side of their brain at a time.
D) inflate their bodies before sleep, which maintains them floating upright so they can breathe without taking in any water.

Question 35

Each of us will spend approximately how many years of life asleep?

A) five
B) 15
C) 20
D) 25

Question 36

After even a few hours of sleep loss,most people experience excessive daytime sleepiness known as

A) hypersomnia.
B) somnambulism.
C) insomnia.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 37

Being prevented from getting desired or needed amounts of sleep is known as

A) hypersomnia.
B) insomnia.
C) sleep deprivation.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 38

Regarding sleep,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Humans are unable to respond to environmental cues when asleep since sleep involves a complete loss of consciousness.
B) Not all animals sleep.
C) Dolphins are able to voluntarily breathe air and sleep without drowning by sleeping on just one side of the brain at a time.
D) Sleep is an innate biological rhythm.

Question 39

Regarding the state of sleep in humans,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) We are totally unresponsive while asleep.
B) We can perform very simple tasks while asleep.
C) We cannot learn complex skills while asleep.
D) We can respond to familiar sounds and words, such as our names, while asleep.

Question 40

Any repeating cycle of biological activity,such as sleep and waking cycles or changes in body temperature,is known as a(n)

A) ASC.
B) biological rhythm.
C) condensation.
D) REM rebound.

Question 41

Many automobile accidents are thought to occur during momentary shifts in brain activity called

A) REM sleep.
B) non-REM sleep.
C) microsleep.
D) sleep spindles.

Question 42

You are studying for a string of five finals in a row,and you haven't slept in the last two days.You will probably

A) have trouble paying attention and have drooping eyelids.
B) have trouble doing interesting and complex mental tasks.
C) have increased pain tolerance.
D) exhibit all of these characteristics.

Question 43

A momentary shift in brain wave activity to the pattern normally recorded during sleep is called

A) REM sleep.
B) NREM sleep.
C) microsleep.
D) waking sleep.

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT a common reaction to a sleep loss of two days?

A) trouble doing interesting and complex mental tasks.
B) trouble doing simple or boring routines
C) increased pain sensitivity
D) more susceptible to microsleeps

Question 45

Regarding sleep loss and microsleeps,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) If a task is monotonous, no amount of sleep loss is safe from the occurrence of microsleeps.
B) A hundred thousand automobile crashses every year are caused by sleepiness.
C) Even if your eyes are open, you can fall asleep for a few seconds.
D) Lower animals, such as dogs, cats, and rats do not experience microsleep, only humans do.

Question 46

Prolonged sleep loss can cause a major disruption of mental and emotional functioning characterized by hallucinations,delusions,and confusion called temporary

A) sleep apnea.
B) chronic insomnia.
C) sleep deprivation psychosis.
D) narcolepsy.

Question 47

Regarding the repair/restorative theory of sleep,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Sleep helps keep the body and brain healthy by regulating its temperature and immune system.
B) Lowering body and brain activity and metabolism during sleep may help conserve energy and lengthen life.
C) If you lose just one hour of sleep a night, it can affect your mood, memory, ability to pay attention, and even your health.
D) Biologically, sleep is considered a luxury, not a necessity.

Question 48

You are struggling to stay awake while driving and realize that you may have "dozed off" for a few seconds.This shift in your brain activity is called

A) a sleep spindle.
B) a microsleep.
C) somnambulism.
D) a sensory deprivation.

Question 49

Microsleep would most likely occur

A) during Stage 3 sleep.
B) just before one awakens in the morning.
C) during sensory restriction treatment.
D) due to sleep deprivation.

Question 50

Lowering body and brain activity and metabolism during sleep may help conserve energy and lengthen life,according to the __________ theory of sleep.

A) activation-synthesis
B) repair/restorative
C) sensory gating
D) neurocognitive

Question 51

During the teen years,the quality and quantity of sleep time tends to

A) increase.
B) decrease.
C) become more stable.
D) show no change from childhood.

Question 52

Regarding the function of sleep and the effects of sleep loss,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Sleep helps keep the brain healthy by regulating its temperature, conserving energy, and aiding brain development and repair.
B) Most people who have not slept for a day or two can still do interesting or complex mental tasks.
C) Brief shifts in brain activity to the pattern normally recorded during sleep are called sleep apneas.
D) Coffee can help sleepiness, but if one is struggling to stay awake while driving, it is best to stop and take a short nap.

Question 53

Under pressure to meet a deadline,a truck driver has just gone three days without sleep.In the last twelve hours,he has begun to experience sensations of movement in stationary objects.He apparently has

A) damaged the retinas of his eyes due to eye strain.
B) undergone a change in muscle tension affection his kinesthetic sense.
C) reached the first stages of sleep-deprivation psychosis.
D) upset the vestibular system through excessive exposure to road vibration.

Question 54

One's natural sleep need

A) changes with one's mood and physical activity.
B) is indicated when one can wake without an alarm clock and feel rested.
C) is really nine hours for all adults.
D) is really six hours for all adults.

Question 55

If you suffered a couple of days of sleep deprivation,which of the following would most likely occur?

A) hallucinations and delusions
B) loss of ability to pay attention and perform simple routine tasks
C) loss of ability to do interesting and complex mental tasks
D) decreased pain sensitivity

Question 56

With extended periods of sleep deprivation (more than 60 hours),one would expect

A) irreversible psychological damage.
B) to experience hallucination, delusions, and disorientation.
C) difficulty in getting to sleep.
D) minor but lasting changes in mood and personality.

Question 57

According to the repair/restorative theory,sleep does all of the following EXCEPT

A) regulating the immune system.
B) regulating body temperature.
C) increasing metabolism.
D) aiding in the development and repair of brain.

Question 58

If you are sleeping fewer hours than your natural sleep need,then you

A) are at risk for developing chronic sleep deprivation psychosis.
B) have trained yourself to be a short sleeper.
C) are building a sleep debt.
D) most likely have chronic insomnia that needs to be treated.

Question 59

Concerning temporary sleep deprivation psychosis,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Going without sleep for even 24 hours can lead to temporary sleep-deprivation psychosis.
B) If you go without sleep for 32 hours, it usually only takes one good night of sleep (8 to 14 hours) to erase the effects.
C) Hallucinations and delusions rarely appear before 60 hours of wakefulness.
D) Temporary sleep-deprivation psychosis involves a temporary loss of contact with reality.

Question 60

The symptoms of a temporary sleep-deprivation psychosis include

A) sudden, irresistible, daytime sleep attacks.
B) hallucinations, delusions, and disorientation.
C) episodes of sleep walking and sleep talking.
D) narcolepsy and/or cataplexy.

Question 61

How many hours of sleep do adults over the age of 50 average?

A) four
B) six
C) eight
D) ten

Question 62

Throughout the lifespan,total sleep time

A) decreases as we get older.
B) increases as we get older.
C) decreases then increases after age 50
D) remains the same throughout life.

Question 63

If external time markers,such as clocks or light and darkness,are removed,the human sleep-wake cycle will

A) become slightly shorter.
B) become slightly longer.
C) remain exactly the same.
D) be unpredictable.

Question 64

Which of the following is an external marker that helps us set up 24-hour sleep rhythms?

A) hunger
B) physical activity
C) light and darkness
D) lunar patterns

Question 65

Which of the following best describes the stability of sleep cycles?

A) They are innate so they cannot be modified.
B) They are innate but can be modified somewhat.
C) They are entirely learned, but once set are difficult to modify.
D) They are entirely learned and therefore easily modified.

Question 66

Regarding sleep patterns,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Short sleepers average five hours or less of sleep per night, while long sleepers sleep nine hours or more.
B) A few rare individuals can get by on an hour or two of sleep a night and feel perfectly fine.
C) Infants spend up to 20 hours a day sleeping, usually in two- to four-hour cycles.
D) Those over the age of 50 average about nine hours of sleep a night.

Question 67

When you were in high school,you used to sleep 14 hours per night on the weekends.If you did this every night,you would be appropriately called a(n)

A) lucid sleeper
B) insomniac.
C) short sleeper.
D) long sleeper.

Question 68

Our sleep rhythms tend to follow an exact 24-hour day because

A) the time of peak activity is invariant from person to person.
B) they are tied to external time markers like light and dark.
C) they have adapted to technological improvements made in the last century.
D) everyone needs at least eight hours of sleep every night.

Question 69

When a person is shut off from the world,such that he or she cannot even tell what time it is by light or dark for several days,this person's sleep-waking cycle will

A) stay exactly as it was since this cycle is innate and cannot be modified.
B) shorten to an average of about 20 hours.
C) lengthen to almost 25 hours.
D) become completely disrupted.

Question 70

Making the sleep-waking cycles shorter is not recommended because sleep

A) cycles cannot be altered by external factors.
B) is an innate biological rhythm.
C) is set by a number of unchanging external markers.
D) must match a three to one ratio of time awake and time asleep.

Question 71

For a newborn infant,one could expect total sleep time each day to approach

A) 24 hours.
B) 20 hours.
C) 12 hours.
D) eight hours.

Question 72

Midafternoon sleepiness

A) is a natural part of the sleep cycle.
B) should not occur after infancy.
C) is only common among the elderly.
D) indicates that the person is getting poor quality of sleep at night.

Question 73

The rhythms of sleep and waking

A) coincide with cycles of the moon.
B) are considerably shorter than 24 hours.
C) are a little over 24 hours long.
D) average around 36 hours.

Question 74

The ordering and duration of daily sleep and waking periods are known as

A) meridian rhythms.
B) sleep patterns.
C) REM cycles.
D) sleep stages.

Question 75

Compared to young adults,adults over 50 get

A) more sleep.
B) less sleep.
C) about the same amount of sleep.
D) a consistent average of eight hours of sleep per night rather than six or seven hours.

Question 76

Sleep is sometimes referred to as "a gentle tyrant" because

A) it is an innate biological rhythm that can be modified only slightly.
B) sleep patterns are innate and cannot be changed.
C) sleep patterns vary from culture to culture.
D) one requires more and more sleep as they age.

Question 77

A middle-aged man tells his physician that he has always slept nine to ten hours a night and wonders if something is wrong with him.He should be

A) urged to reduce his sleep time to six hours, which is normal for adults.
B) urged to reduce his sleep time to eight hours, which is normal for adults.
C) assured that this sleep pattern is within acceptable, normal limits.
D) given medication to improve the quality of his sleep and thus reduce the amount of time he spends in sleep.

Question 78

Taking a midafternoon nap

A) is indicative of a person with hypersomnia.
B) are not really restful.
C) can help people in occupations that require long periods of alertness.
D) are only beneficial to the very young and the very old.

Question 79

How many hours of sleep do the majority of adults get per night?

A) five hours
B) seven to eight hours
C) ten hours
D) twelve hours

Question 80

Infants sleep

A) in six to eight-hour blocks of time.
B) 12 hours a day.
C) in two to four-hour blocks of time.
D) in totally irregular patterns.