Deck 5: B: States of Consciousness

Question 1

The most effective treatments for sleep apnea include all of the following EXCEPT

A) weight loss.
B) the use of stimulant drugs.
C) the use of a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mask.
D) surgery for breathing obstructions.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Some researchers believe that SIDS or crib death may be caused by the sleep disorder known as

A) REM rebound.
B) somnambulism.
C) narcolepsy.
D) sleep apnea.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

If parents have a premature baby who has respiratory problems and vomits often,they should

A) have the infant sleeping with the parents.
B) place the baby on its back.
C) prop the baby up on a small pillow.
D) ask a pediatrician for guidance regarding the sleeping position for this baby.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Regarding SIDS,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) SIDS babies seem to have a weak arousal reflex that prevents them from changing positions and resuming breathing after an episode of apnea.
B) A special monitor for SIDS may be used that sounds an alarm when a baby's pulse or breathing becomes weak.
C) The occurrence of SIDS is associated with adult narcolepsy.
D) SIDS is the leading cause of death of infants between one month and one year of age..

Question 5

Which of the following is believed to prevent SIDS babies from changing positions and resuming breathing after an episode of apnea?

A) weak arousal reflex
B) an absence of delta waves
C) an absence of REM sleep
D) lack of adequate motor control

Question 6

A premature baby who breathes mainly through an open mouth and who engages in snoring,breath-holding,or frequent night awakenings should be monitored to prevent

A) narcolepsy.
B) insomnia.
C) pneumonia.
D) SIDS.

Question 7

Jorge and Sietta's three-month-old baby is very small and has a high-pitched cry.The baby has been showing signs of a cold and cough,has been breathing through his mouth,and has been waking up frequently during the night.Jorge and Sietta's baby should be monitored to prevent

A) narcolepsy.
B) night terrors.
C) cataplexy.
D) SIDS.

Question 8

Regarding SIDS and infant suffocation,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) A risk factor for SIDS includes a baby's bed that contains soft objects, like comforters and pillows.
B) SIDS rarely occurs after an infant is one year old.
C) The safest position for most infants is sleeping on their stomach.
D) Many infant suffocation deaths can be attributed to overlaying.

Question 9

A considerable proportion of infant suffocation deaths have occurred when a sleeping adult rolls on top of an infant,a condition referred to as

A) overlaying.
B) clustering.
C) SIDS.
D) cocooning.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a danger signal for SIDS?

A) Infant snores and holds its breath.
B) The baby is premature and has a shrill, high-pitched cry.
C) The baby is placed on its back to sleep.
D) Baby remains passive when its face rolls into a pillow or blanket.

Question 11

Victims of sleep apnea

A) often develop narcolepsy with episodes of cataplexy.
B) can experience brain damage in the long-term due to oxygen deprivation.
C) are often treated using stimulus control and sleep restriction training.
D) inherit a recessive gene that causes this breathing disorder.

Question 12

Nat is a middle-aged man who stops breathing in his sleep,awakens slightly to gulp in air,then goes back to sleep.This cycle is repeated throughout the night.Nat is suffering from

A) narcolepsy.
B) sleep apnea.
C) somnambulism.
D) REM behavior disorder.

Question 13

A teenager gives birth to a premature infant.This infant snores and holds its breath while it sleeps.The infant also tends to remain passive when its face rolls into a pillow or blanket with the mother having to quickly move the infant's face away from the object.His mother should be warned that her infant is at risk for

A) SIDS.
B) night terrors.
C) somnambulism.
D) narcolepsy.

Question 14

Regarding sleep apnea,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Sleep apnea victims are extremely sleepy during the day due to the hundreds of apnea episodes that occur during the night.
B) Sleep apnea may occur because the brain stop sending signals to the diaphragm to maintain breathing.
C) Sleep apnea may be caused by the blockage of the upper air passages.
D) Sleep apnea is often treated using stimulus control and sleep restriction techniques.

Question 15

The use of a continuous positive airway presure (CPAP)mask is an effective treatment for

A) sleep apnea.
B) narcolepsy.
C) cataplexy.
D) somnambulism.

Question 16

Jimmy is about to eat supper when suddenly he has an irresistible,sudden attack of sleepiness,which is accompanied by several minutes of muscle paralysis.When Jimmy awakens,he finds that he has fallen face first into his large plate of spaghetti.Jimmy's "nap attack" is characteristic of which sleep disorder?

A) insomnia
B) narcolepsy
C) sleep apnea
D) night terrors

Question 17

Ashley seems to fall asleep in the middle of a conversation.She has even suffered one of these sleep attacks while standing.She is likely to suffer from the sleep disturbance referred to as

A) hypersomnia.
B) insomnia.
C) narcolepsy.
D) somnambulism.

Question 18

In order to prevent SIDS,healthy babies should be

A) placed face down to sleep.
B) placed on their backs to sleep.
C) propped up on a small pillow to sleep.
D) covered with a down comforter to prevent developing a chill while sleeping.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a danger signal for SIDS?

A) The baby breathes through its mouth and has frequent awakenings.
B) The baby is 14 months old.
C) The baby's bed contains soft objects, like comforters and pillows.
D) The baby is placed on its stomach to sleep.

Question 20

Which of the following sleep disturbances may occur because the brain stop sending signals to the diaphragm to maintain breathing or because there is blockage in the upper air passages?

A) sleep apnea
B) narcolepsy
C) cataplexy
D) somnambulism

Question 21

Josh tells his roommate that he does not dream.His roommate,who is a psychology major should tell Josh that

A) if he does not dream, he will go "crazy."
B) most people dream four or five times a night.
C) dreams occur in such a "flash" that he was not aware of the dreams.
D) all of these statements are true.

Question 22

Subjects deprived of REM sleep

A) attempted to dream less frequently after several nights.
B) showed a REM rebound effect when allowed to sleep normally.
C) showed no signs of distress during the day.
D) did not dream for two or three nights.

Question 23

Regarding dreaming,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) All people dream, but not all people remember their dreams.
B) The first REM dream lasts about 10 minutes.
C) The last dream of the night averages about 60 minutes and may run as long as 90 minutes.
D) REM sleep was discovered in 1952.

Question 24

Which sleep researcher awakened volunteers each time they entered REM sleep and discovered the effect known as REM rebound?.

A) Stephen LaBerge
B) Ernest Hartmann
C) William Dement
D) Robert McCarley

Question 25

Regarding the length of most REM dreams,which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Most REM dreams occur in an instantaneous flash, but are perceived as lasting a long time.
B) The first REM dream lasts about 30 minutes.
C) The last dream of the night only averages about ten minutes in length.
D) REM sleep was discovered in 1952.

Question 26

The fact that people have a need for REM sleep is suggested by

A) REM rebound.
B) REM tolerance.
C) a person going "crazy" if deprived of REM sleep.
D) a person exhibiting somnambulism when deprived of REM sleep.

Question 27

A patient is prescribed a medication and is told that the only side-effect is that the medication suppresses REM sleep.After finishing the medication,what might the patient expect in terms of a sleep change?

A) REM rebound
B) narcolepsy
C) sleeptalking
D) REM behavior disorder

Question 28

Concerning dreaming,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Dreams are usually spaced about 90 minutes apart.
B) Your first dream of the night occurs in a flash, lasting a few seconds.
C) Most people dream four to five times a night.
D) Your last dream of the night lasts an average of 30 minutes, but may run as long as 50 minutes.

Question 29

Regarding narcolepsy,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Maintaining a high level of emotional excitement, such as laughing, tends to prevent the occurrence of narcoleptic episodes.
B) People with narcolepsy tend to fall directly into REM sleep.
C) There is no known cure for narcolepsy, but a drug named sodium oxybate reduces the frequency and intensity of the attacks.
D) The hereditary basis for narcolepsy has been confirmed by the breeding of several generations of narcoleptic dogs.

Question 30

Which of the following best describes how people dream?

A) People experience two 15-minute dream episodes per night.
B) People dream about four or five times a night, with dreams spaced 90 minutes apart.
C) People have more dreams during NREM sleep than during REM sleep.
D) People dream only during the third cycle of sleep before they awaken in the morning.

Question 31

The sleep researcher William Dement awakened volunteers each time they entered REM sleep.Which of the following wa NOT one of Dement's findings?

A) By the fifth night, many of the volunteers had to be awakened 20 to 30 times to prevent REM sleep.
B) During their waking hours, the volunteers, who were deprived of REM sleep, complained of memory lapses, poor concentration, and anxiety.
C) When volunteers were finally allowed to sleep undisturbed, they exhibited extra amounts of dream sleep.
D) After being REM sleep deprived, the volunteers exhibited more instances of sleep terrors and/or somnambulism.

Question 32

A sudden temporary paralysis of the muscles leading to complete body collapse describes

A) sleep apnea.
B) insomnia.
C) hypersomnia.
D) cataplexy.

Question 33

Regarding narcolepsy,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Emotional excitement, especially laughter, commonly triggers narcolepsy.
B) Many victims of narcolepsy also suffer from cataplexy.
C) People with narcolepsy tend to fall directly into Stage 4 NREM sleep.
D) Narcolepsy is rare, but runs in families, which suggests that it is hereditary.

Question 34

The occurrence of extra rapid eye movement sleep following REM sleep deprivation is known as

A) somnambulism.
B) REM behavior disorder.
C) REM rebound.
D) sleep drunkenness.

Question 35

The drug sodium oxybate is used to treat which rare,hereditary sleep disorder?

A) sleep apnea
B) narcolepsy
C) somnambulism
D) REM behavior disorder

Question 36

Alcoholics may have terrible nightmares for a while after they stop drinking because of

A) narcolepsy.
B) sleep apnea.
C) the drug enhanced sleep effect.
D) the REM rebound effect.

Question 37

The sleep attacks and paralysis of individuals with narcolepsy appear to occur when

A) a person is experiencing hypnopompic hallucinations.
B) a person is experiencing microsleeps.
C) REM sleep intrudes into the waking state.
D) NREM stage 4 sleep intrudes into the waking state.

Question 38

Although Dement's studies disproved this myth,it was once thought that people deprived of REM sleep were

A) more likely to become addicted to drugs.
B) more likely to develop mental illness.
C) not getting enough exercise, rest, or proper nutrition.
D) characterized by all of these.

Question 39

Many individuals with narcolepsy also suffer from a sudden temporary paralysis of the muscles called

A) sleep apnea.
B) somnambulism.
C) hypersomnia.
D) cataplexy.

Question 40

Which of the following best describes the effect of alcohol on sleep?

A) It has no significant impact on the quality or quantity of sleep.
B) It increases the quantity and quality of sleep by increasing all stages of sleep.
C) It decreases the quality of sleep by reducing REM sleep.
D) It increases REM sleep but decreases the deeper stages of sleep.

Question 41

Which dream theorist believed that dreams are based on wish fulfillment with these unconscious desires and conflicts being disguised as dream symbols?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) William Domhoff
C) Ernest Hartmann
D) Stephen LaBerge

Question 42

In Rhonda's dream,she was picking up sea shells on a beach.Rhonda's therapist interprets this dream as meaning that Rhonda is feeling a strong need to be protected and sheltered.This therapist's interpretation would be considered which type of content?

A) NREM
B) lucid
C) manifest
D) latent

Question 43

Rhonda remembers that she had a dream last night about walking on a beach and picking up shells,while the sun was bright and warm.These remembered parts of the dream are known as the __________content.

A) NREM
B) REM
C) manifest
D) latent

Question 44

Thomas' therapist interprets Thomas' dream about going to a party in a costume and mask to mean that Thomas is hiding his true self from the world out of fear that he will be rejected.The therapist's interpretation of the mask and costume would be considered which type of content?

A) NREM
B) lucid
C) manifest
D) latent

Question 45

According to Freud's landmark book,The Interpretation of Dreams,dreams are very often a means of

A) wish fulfillment.
B) recording and solving daytime problems.
C) telling oneself about feelings that need to be "re-owned."
D) categorizing one's experience.

Question 46

The psychodynamic theory of dreaming was developed by

A) Hobson and McCarley.
B) Sigmund Freud.
C) William Domhoff.
D) James Braid

Question 47

One of Freud's key proposals was that dreams express unconscious desires and conflicts as

A) the ideal self.
B) the superego.
C) disguised dream symbols.
D) a psychosexual fixation.

Question 48

The hidden,symbolic meaning is called the __________content.

A) manifest
B) latent
C) lucid
D) actualized

Question 49

Freud's dream theory is based on the assumption that the true meaning of a dream is found in its __________ content.

A) latent
B) manifest
C) REM
D) lucid

Question 50

Margo dreams of stealing her friend's wedding ring and placing it on her hand.According to Freud's theory,Margo's dream probably represents

A) her desire to own "pretty" and expensive things.
B) her plan to steal her friend's jewelry in the future.
C) her sexual attraction to her friend's husband.
D) a carryover from ordinary waking events.

Question 51

Regarding research on sleep and dream deprivation,which of the following was NOT one of the findings?

A) Missing any sleep stage can cause a rebound for that stage.
B) If deprived of REM sleep, people will dream extra amounts if allowed to sleep undisturbed.
C) Daytime disturbances are related to the total amount of sleep lost, not to the type of sleep lost.
D) People who are deprived of REM sleep are at a greater risk of developing a mental illness.

Question 52

Freud considered the distinction between manifest content and latent content essential for

A) developing a healthy personality.
B) understanding dreams.
C) the development of the id, ego, and superego.
D) reaching self-actualization.

Question 53

Marta has recently divorced her husband of 15 years after he moved out to be with his much younger girlfriend.During the past two weeks,Marta has dreamed that she was a young princess being pursued by many suitors.According to Freud's psychodynamic theory,Marta's dream would be considered

A) an expression of her ideal self.
B) wish fulfillment.
C) a synthesis of random neurological activations.
D) a striving for self-actualization.

Question 54

The obvious and visible aspects of a dream comprise its

A) manifest content.
B) lucid content.
C) conscious core.
D) latent content.

Question 55

Freud's psychodynamic dream theory was based on the assumption that

A) dreams are a continuation of the events in our daily lives.
B) a person can learn to take control of their dreams through lucid dreaming.
C) the content of dreams has symbolic meaning.
D) dreams are nothing more than random neural impulses.

Question 56

The experiments on sleep and dream deprivation showed that when there was a deprivation of a sleep or dream stage,a rebound effect would occur

A) only for REM sleep.
B) only for NREM sleep.
C) for any NREM or REM sleep stage.
D) for none of the sleep or dream stages.

Question 57

Psychodynamic theories of dreaming emphasize

A) internal conflicts and unconscious forces.
B) how random activity in lower brain centers results in the manufacture of relatively bizarre dreams by higher brain centers.
C) that dreams reflect everyday waking thoughts and emotions.
D) the detached part of the dreamer's awareness that silently observes events.

Question 58

Which theory of dreaming emphasizes that dreams are based on wish fulfillment with these unconscious desires and conflicts being disguised as dream symbols?

A) activation-synthesis
B) neurocognitive
C) psychodynamic
D) humanistic

Question 59

According to Freud,an expression of one's unconscious desires is called

A) the ideal self.
B) wish fulfillment.
C) the superego.
D) libidinal energy.

Question 60

Thomas dreams that he goes to a party.When he gets to the party,he is the only person in a costume and mask,and no one seems to notice.Using Freud's dream theory,dreaming about wearing a mask and costume to the party represents which content of the dream?

A) NREM
B) lucid
C) manifest
D) latent

Question 61

The neurocognitive dream theory emphasizes

A) the importance of internal conflicts and unconscious forces.
B) how random activity in lower brain centers results in the manufacture of relatively bizarre dreams by higher brain centers.
C) that dreams reflect everyday waking thoughts and emotions.
D) the detached part of the dreamer's awareness that silently observes events.

Question 62

The neurocognitive dream theory was developed by

A) William Domhoff.
B) Stephen LaBerge.
C) Fritz Perls.
D) Hobson and McCarley.

Question 63

The activation-synthesis hypothesis was developed by

A) Ernest Hartmann.
B) William Domhoff .
C) Stephen LaBerge.
D) Hobson and McCarley.

Question 64

Regarding Freud's theory of dreams,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Freud proved that each dream has a single unambiguous meaning found in its lucid content.
B) Freud believed that dreams reflect a person's current wishes and conerns but in a symbolized form.
C) Freud realized that some dreams are trivial "day residues" or carryovers from ordinary waking events.
D) Freud's psychodynamic theory of dreaming emphasized internal conflicts and unconscious forces.

Question 65

Athletes tend to dream about he previous day's athletic activities,and teachers tend to dream about their classrooms.Both of these situations support the

A) psychodynamic theory of dreaming.
B) activation-synthesis hypothesis.
C) neurocognitive dream theory.
D) Gestalt dream theory.

Question 66

Although each dream theory has strengths and weaknesses,studies of dream content have shown a continuity between dreams and waking thought,which supports the

A) psychodynamic theory of dreaming.
B) neurocognitive dream theory.
C) activation-synthesis hypothesis.
D) Gestalt dream theory.

Question 67

A lonely person may dream of romance,and a student who is angry with a teacher might dream of embarrassing the teacher in class.According to the neurocognitive theory,these dreams

A) reflect ordinary waking concerns.
B) should be probed for deeper symbolic meanings.
C) are the synthesis of random neural firings.
D) are prophetic expressions of the future.

Question 68

Current research on dream content indicates that

A) the setting of most dreams is strange and unfamiliar.
B) in most dreams, the dreamer interacts with friends, enemies, parents, or employers.
C) most dreams involve the actions of flying, floating, and/or falling.
D) about 80 percent of dreams have sexual content.

Question 69

According to Hobson and McCarley,dreams are more primitive and more bizarre than daytime thoughts because

A) dreaming provides an outlet for repressed thoughts and unfulfilled wishes.
B) the frontal areas of the cortex, which control higher mental abilities, are mostly shut down during REM sleep.
C) the id part of the personality is expressed more strongly during sleep.
D) of lucid dreaming.

Question 70

Which dream theory states that many brain areas that are active when we are awake remain active during dreaming with dreams being a conscious expression of the REM sleep processes that sort and store daily experiences?

A) Gestalt dream theory
B) psychodynamic theory of dreaming
C) humanistic theory of dreaming
D) neurocognitive dream theory

Question 71

According to which dream theory does the cortex of the brain combine random brain activity into stories and visual images that form your dreams?

A) psychodynamic dream theory
B) Gestalt theory of dreaming
C) activation-synthesis hypothesis
D) neurocognitive theory

Question 72

According to which theory of dreaming would a dream of a journey represent death or a dream about horseback riding or dancing represent sexual intercourse?

A) activation-synthesis
B) Gestalt
C) psychodynamic
D) humanistic

Question 73

At the center of the activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming is the need to

A) give expression to unfulfilled wishes.
B) provide an outlet for repressed thoughts.
C) provide explanations for physiological activity.
D) exhibit socially acceptable behavior.

Question 74

Disguised dream symbols are to psychodynamic dream theory as sensory and motor messages are to

A) Ernest Hartmann's theory of dreams.
B) the activation-synthesis hypothesis.
C) Fritz Perls' methods of dream interpretation.
D) the neurocognitive dream theory.

Question 75

Which theory of dreaming would explain that if neurons were activated telling the brain that the body is running but the brain receives no feedback from the motionless legs,then a chase dream drama would be created by the brain?

A) psychodynamic theory
B) neurocognitive dream theory
C) activation-synthesis hypothesis
D) Gestalt dream hypothesis

Question 76

Regarding the current research on dream content,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) The favorite dream setting is a familiar room in a house.
B) About half of all dreams have sexual elements.
C) The occurrence of bizarre dreams lends some support to the activation-synthesis hypothesis.
D) Dreams of flying, floating, and falling occur more frequently than dreams involving running, sitting, and talking.

Question 77

Dreams are a conscious expression of the REM sleep processes that sort and store daily experiences,according to

A) Fritz Perls.
B) Sigmund Freud.
C) William Domhoff.
D) James Braid.

Question 78

The activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming emphasizes

A) internal conflicts and unconscious forces.
B) how random activity in lower brain centers results in the manufacture of relatively bizarre dreams by higher brain centers.
C) that dreams reflect everyday waking thoughts and emotions.
D) the detached part of the dreamer's awareness that silently observes events.

Question 79

Concerning the activation-synthesis hypothesis,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) The activation-synthesis hypothesis was developed by William Domhoff.
B) Since dreams are created from memories and past experiences, the activation- synthesis hypothesis does not rule out the idea that dreams have some meaning.
C) The activation-synthesis hypothesis helps explain why bizarre images are more common in dreams than they are in daytime fantasies.
D) According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, during REM sleep several lower brain centers are "turned on" in a more or less random fashion.

Question 80

According to which dream theorist(s)are the messages from activated brain cells blocked from reaching the body with the brain having to search through stored memories to interpret these messages and,in so doing,creating dream content?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) William Domhoff
C) Fritz Perls
D) Hobson and McCarley