Deck 6: A: Conditioning and Learning

Question 1

Abstract "book learning" would be considered a form of

A) classical conditioning.
B) vicarious classical conditioning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) cognitive learning.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A reinforcement is any event that

A) is considered a pleasant experience by a majority of individuals.
B) increases the probability that a particular response will occur.
C) involves classical conditioning.
D) serves as a bribe that will entice the individual to repeat a response.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Forming a connection between the stimulus of a dog growling at you and the response of fear would be a type of __________learning.

A) insight
B) associative
C) vicarious
D) cognitive

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Learning is best defined as

A) any change in behavior.
B) a relatively permanent change in behavior due to past experience.
C) a relatively permanent change in behavior due to physical development.
D) any change in behavior caused by motivation.

Question 5

According to the authors of your textbook,the key to associative learning is

A) reinforcement.
B) cognition.
C) maturation.
D) practice.

Question 6

In the introduction to Chapter 6 in your textbook,Larry's story about how he developed a fear of rats was told.It seems that Larry learned to fear rats when he was a child as he observed his mother's extreme,irrational fear response upon seeing a rat.Larry developed his fear of rats through

A) classical conditioning.
B) vicarious classical conditioning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) insight learning.

Question 7

Any event that increases the probability that a response will occur again is referred to as a

A) motive.
B) consequence.
C) feedback stimulus.
D) reinforcement.

Question 8

Regarding learning,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Most human behavior is learned.
B) Learning is a relative permanent change in behavior due to experience.
C) Learning includes temporary changes as well as changes due to motivation and fatigue.
D) There are different types of learning, including associative learning and cognitive learning.

Question 9

If a girl gets stung by a bee,she may learn to associate pain with bees and to fear them.In this case,the discomfort she feels immediately after seeing the bee will serve to __________ her fear.

A) extinguish
B) reinforce
C) neutralize
D) vicariously condition

Question 10

Learning from written language is unique to humans and is a more complex form of

A) classical conditioning.
B) associative learning.
C) cognitive learning.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 11

Psychologists define learning as

A) a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
B) a temporary change in behavior due to one's motivational state.
C) behavioral changes as a result of maturation and development.
D) the modification and replacement of old behaviors and habits with socially acceptable behaviors.

Question 12

Which of the following occurs whenever a person or animal forms a simple connection among various stimuli and/or responses?

A) associative learning
B) insight learning
C) vicarious learning
D) cognitive learning

Question 13

Which of the following types of learning consists of understanding,knowing,anticipating,and making use of information-rich higher mental processes?

A) classical conditioning
B) respondent learning
C) cognitive learning
D) operant conditioning

Question 14

A student does a good job on the math problems,and the teacher awards her a sticker.This demonstrates the use of

A) extinction.
B) reinforcement.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) antecedents.

Question 15

Which of the following would be considered a response?

A) having a faster heartbeat
B) blinking
C) turning a doorknob
D) all of these

Question 16

Regarding associative and cognitive learning,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Learning from written language is considered a complex form of associative learning.
B) Some animals besides humans do engage in simpler forms of cognitive learning.
C) Learning does not necessarily occur when we repeat a response.
D) Reinforcement is the key to associative learning.

Question 17

A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience is the definition of

A) reinforcement.
B) introspection.
C) motivation.
D) learning.

Question 18

Learning includes changes in behavior as a result of

A) motivation.
B) maturation.
C) experience.
D) fatigue.

Question 19

Any identifiable behavior,which includes observable actions,such as blinking or turning a doorknob,or internal actions,such as having a faster heartbeat,is considered a(n)

A) reinforcer.
B) response.
C) antecedent.
D) motive.

Question 20

Often,the most effective method of helping people to overcome their irrational fears is through

A) classical conditioning.
B) abstract "book learning."
C) operant conditioning.
D) cognitive learning.

Question 21

The two types of associative learning are

A) classical conditioning and observational learning.
B) vicarious learning and cognitive learning.
C) classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
D) operant conditioning and cognitive learning.

Question 22

When three-year-old Ashley hears her father at the door,she runs to the front door to greet him and receives a hug from her father.This hug is considered a consequence that has what effect on Ashley's response of running to the door?

A) reinforces
B) classically conditions
C) vicariously conditions
D) extinguishes

Question 23

In classical conditioning,learning is evident when a

A) stimulus automatically elicits a consequence.
B) stimulus, which did not initially produce a response, now elicits that response.
C) spontaneously emitted response increases in frequency because of its consequences.
D) subject repeats an action he or she has observed another person perform.

Question 24

The blinking of your eye to a puff of air would be a good example of a(n)

A) antecedent.
B) reflex.
C) precursor.
D) secondary reinforcer.

Question 25

In which type of learning are reflex responses are associated with new stimuli?

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) cognitive learning
D) insight learning

Question 26

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are two types of __________ learning.

A) insight
B) associative
C) vicarious
D) cognitive

Question 27

An antecedent stimulus that does not produce a response is linked with a stimulus that does produce the response in a type of learning known as

A) classical conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) cognitive learning.
D) instrumental learning.

Question 28

Classical conditioning is based on

A) the consequences of making a response.
B) what happens before we respond.
C) punishments the organism receives.
D) the observation of another organism being reinforced for a response.

Question 29

When three-year-old Ashley hears a truck pull into the driveway,it means that Daddy is home.The sound of the truck would be a(n)

A) respondent stimulus.
B) consequence.
C) antecedent.
D) prologue.

Question 30

A puff of air will make your eye blink every time it hits your eye.If we sound a horn before each puff of air hits your eye several times,you will soon blink to the horn alone.Thus,blinking to the horn illustrates

A) an automatic, non-learned response.
B) learning by consequences.
C) classical conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 31

Events that occur just after a response are called

A) antecedents.
B) precursors.
C) stimuli.
D) consequences.

Question 32

In classical conditioning,the most important aspects for the learning to take place are the

A) antecedents.
B) consequences.
C) latent reflexes.
D) punishers.

Question 33

Which of the following is based on what happens before we respond and begins with a stimulus that reliably triggers a response?

A) observational learning
B) latent learning
C) operant conditioning
D) classical conditioning

Question 34

When she hears her father at the door,three-year-old Ashley runs to the front door,where she gets a hug from her father.This hug is considered a(n)

A) antecedent.
B) precursor.
C) responding stimulus.
D) consequence.

Question 35

Regarding antecedents,consequences,and associative learning,which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A) Antecedents occur after a response takes place.
B) Consequences are events that occur just before a response occurs.
C) Paying careful attention to the "before and after" of associative learning is a key to understanding it.
D) All of these statements are true.

Question 36

Events that occur just before a response are called

A) respondent stimuli.
B) consequences.
C) antecedents.
D) prologues.

Question 37

If your mouth waters each time you eat a cookie,you may learn to salivate when you merely see a cookie or a picture of cookie.Your mouth watering to the sight of a cookie illustrates

A) an automatic, non-learned response.
B) learning by consequences.
C) classical conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 38

Learning that takes place through an association of stimuli is called

A) latent learning.
B) observational learning.
C) classical conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 39

In which type of associative learning are the antecedents the most important aspect for the learning to take place?

A) operant conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) cognitive learning
D) instrumental learning

Question 40

An automatic,unlearned response is called a(n)

A) antecedent.
B) reflex.
C) consequence.
D) reinforcer.

Question 41

Which of the following best describes the unusual events that occurred in Pavlov's laboratory that led him to the discovery of classical conditioning?

A) Dogs salivated after meat powder was placed in their mouths.
B) Dogs sometimes salivated before the meat powder was placed in their mouths.
C) Salivation existed in dogs as an unlearned reflex.
D) Dogs salivated if and only if they were given a reward.

Question 42

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs,the bell (prior to conditioning)was the

A) neutral stimulus.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned response.
D) unconditioned response.

Question 43

During and after conditioning,the bell served as which of the following in Ivan Pavlov's experiment with the dogs?

A) conditioned response
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) conditioned stimulus
D) unconditioned response

Question 44

Ivan Pavlov has been credited with the initial discovery of

A) operant conditioning.
B) reinforcement.
C) classical conditioning.
D) vicarious conditioning.

Question 45

Operant conditioning is based on

A) the consequences of making a response.
B) what happens before we respond.
C) an association between two reflexes.
D) an association between stimuli.

Question 46

Learning by consequences occurs during

A) respondent conditioning.
B) insight learning.
C) classical conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 47

A response may be followed by a reinforcer,by punishment,or by nothing with these results determining whether a response is likely to be made again.The type of learning just described is

A) classical conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) respondent conditioning.
D) insight learning.

Question 48

A type of learning was discovered when the dogs in a lab learned to salivate to a bell.Which of the following is NOT one of the names by which this type of learning is known?

A) instrumental conditioning
B) Pavlovian conditioning
C) respondent conditioning
D) classical conditioning

Question 49

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs,salivation to the bell was the

A) conditioned response.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned response.

Question 50

Classical conditioning is most often used to condition

A) reflexes.
B) short-term behavior.
C) negative behavior.
D) positive behavior.

Question 51

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs,salivation to the food was the

A) conditioned response.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned response.

Question 52

If you wear a particular tie and get teased and laughed at,you are less likely to wear this tie again.This illustrates

A) reinforcement.
B) punishment.
C) a conditioned response.
D) an unconditioned response.

Question 53

In Pavlov's experiments,the meat powder (food)placed on the dog's tongue was the

A) conditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned response.
D) unconditioned response.

Question 54

In operant conditioning,the most important aspects for the learning to take place are the

A) antecedents.
B) consequences.
C) latent reflexes.
D) punishers.

Question 55

Wearing a tie less or not at all because you were teased and laughed at when you wore it illustrates

A) the effect of reinforcement.
B) the effect of punishment.
C) a conditioned response.
D) an unconditioned response.

Question 56

If you wear a particular tie and gets lots of compliments,you are more likely to wear this tie more often.This illustrates

A) an automatic, non-learned response.
B) observational learning.
C) classical conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 57

In which type of associative learning are the consequences the most important aspect for the learning to take place?

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) insight learning
D) respondent learning

Question 58

Operant conditioning is to Skinner as classical conditioning is to

A) Pavlov.
B) Bandura.
C) Tolman.
D) Freud.

Question 59

Pavlov's most famous experiment involved teaching dogs to do which of the following behaviors to a new stimulus?

A) salivate
B) blink
C) bark
D) regurgitate

Question 60

Wearing a particular tie because you get lots of compliments when you wear it illustrates

A) the effect of reinforcement.
B) the effect of punishment.
C) a conditioned response.
D) an unconditioned response.

Question 61

Which of the following would most likely be acquired by classical conditioning?

A) a rat learning to run through a maze correctly
B) a person learning to blink to the word "psychology"
C) a pigeon learns to peck a key of a toy piano
D) a rat learns to press a bar to receive food

Question 62

Mike and Jeff are brothers who have just moved with their parents into a beautiful old house.Mike soon discovers that if he flushes the toilet while Jeff is taking a shower,it will cause the water in the shower to become scalding hot.Naturally,Jeff screams as his reflexes cause him to leap backward in pain.After Mike has repeated this procedure several times,Jeff has begun to twitch involuntarily every time he hears any toilet flush.In this example,the sound of the flushing toilet would be the

A) conditioned response (CR).
B) conditioned stimulus (CS).
C) unconditioned response (UR).
D) unconditioned stimulus (US).

Question 63

Which of the following is the appropriate sequence for classically conditioning an eyeblink response to an auditory stimulus?

A) deliver a puff of air to the eyelid, sound the tone
B) sound the tone, deliver a puff of air to the eyelid
C) follow the eyeblink response with a mild shock
D) follow the eyeblink response with a soft drink

Question 64

After pairing the conditioned stimulus (CS)and unconditioned stimulus (US)in a series of conditioning trials,the organism learns to respond to the CS alone.This learned behavior is then termed the

A) neutral stimulus.
B) latent stimulus.
C) unconditioned response.
D) conditioned response.

Question 65

During classical conditioning,the sound of a clap is paired with a puff of air as air is delivered to the eye.The clap is referred to as the __________ stimulus.

A) conditioned
B) unconditioned
C) latent
D) instrumental

Question 66

In classical conditioning,a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with another stimulus that naturally elicits a reflex response.This neutral stimulus will become known as the

A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) conditioned stimulus.
C) reflexive stimulus.
D) latent stimulus.

Question 67

In his experiments,Pavlov found that conditioning worked best if the CS was presented

A) just before the US.
B) at the same time as the US.
C) just after the US.
D) instead of the US.

Question 68

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs,the unconditioned response was the

A) food.
B) bell.
C) salivation to the food.
D) salivation to the bell.

Question 69

Mike and Jeff are brothers who have just moved with their parents into a beautiful old house.Mike soon discovers that if he flushes the toilet while Jeff is taking a shower,it will cause the water in the shower to become scalding hot.Naturally,Jeff screams as his reflexes cause him to leap backward in pain.After Mike has repeated this procedure several times,Jeff has begun to twitch involuntarily every time he hears any toilet flush.In this example,jumping backward to the pain of the hot water would be the

A) conditioned response (CR).
B) conditioned stimulus (CS).
C) unconditioned response (UR).
D) unconditioned stimulus (US).

Question 70

To test the presence of classical conditioning,you would omit the

A) CS.
B) US.
C) CR.
D) S+.

Question 71

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs,the unconditioned stimulus was the

A) food.
B) bell.
C) salivation to the food.
D) salivation to the bell.

Question 72

To determine whether or not conditioning has occurred in the traditional Pavlovian experiment,an experimenter would present the

A) bell alone.
B) meat powder alone.
C) bell, followed by the meat powder.
D) meat powder, followed by the bell.

Question 73

When a stimulus acquires the power to elicit a response as a result of being paired with a stimulus that already produces the response,then which of the following has occurred?

A) operant conditioning
B) instrumental learning
C) respondent conditioning
D) insight learning

Question 74

The proper order of events required for classical conditioning to occur is

A) CS---US---UR.
B) US---CS---CR.
C) US---UR---CS.
D) CS---UR---CR.

Question 75

Learning that involves the pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli is called

A) operant conditioning.
B) vicarious learning.
C) observational learning.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 76

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs,the conditioned stimulus was the

A) food.
B) bell.
C) salivation to the food.
D) salivation to the bell.

Question 77

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs,the conditioned response was the

A) food.
B) bell.
C) salivation to the food.
D) salivation to the bell.

Question 78

If the sound of a clap occurs just before a puff of air is delivered to the eye,the person will,after several repetitions,learn to blink to the sound of the cap.Blinking to the sound of the clap would be considered a

A) neutral stimulus.
B) conditioned response.
C) spontaneous response.
D) conditioned stimulus.

Question 79

The unconditioned stimulus,by definition,leads to a(n)

A) conditioned response.
B) conditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned response.
D) classic response.

Question 80

A conditioned stimulus comes to evoke a response because it has been repeatedly paired with a(n)

A) unconditioned response.
B) conditioned response.
C) unconditioned stimulus.
D) neutral stimulus.