Deck 7: A: Memory

Question 1

Which of the basic processes of memory is like typing data into a computer?

A) encoding
B) retrieval
C) consolidation
D) storage

Answer 1

A

Question 2

After information has been entered into memory,this information is held for later use through the memory process known as

A) retrieval.
B) encoding.
C) storage.
D) habituation.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

If you are to remember all 9,856 new terms on your psychology final exam,you must successfully

A) encode them in sensory memory, move them through short-term memory, and eventually retrieve them from long-term memory.
B) utilize eidetic memory and mnemonic devices in constructively processing the information.
C) move this information through procedural memory, semantic memory, and episodic memory while avoiding the serial position effect.
D) utilize stimulus control and redintegration in the processing of this information.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following statements best characterizes the memory system?

A) an automatic and unchanging means of storing exact copies of experience
B) a vast storehouse from which specific facts can be retrieved when they are needed
C) a dusty archive in which interesting, but often irrelevant, relics are housed
D) an active system for manipulating information

Question 5

Luria studied Mr.S.,who had an amazing memory.Concerning Mr.S.'s abilities,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Mr.S.had trouble separating trivia from important facts.
B) Mr.S.had no difficulty separating fact from fantasy.
C) Mr.S.had to devise ways to forget.
D) Mr.S.made his living as a mnemonist.

Question 6

When you need information stored in computer files,you select the file and open it.When you need information from your long-term memory,you utilize the memory process known as

A) retrieval.
B) encoding.
C) iconic processing.
D) dishabituation.

Question 7

Memory is an active system that

A) stores and organizes information.
B) receives and recovers information.
C) alters information.
D) does all of these.

Question 8

The three basic processes of memory are

A) recognition, storage, retrieval.
B) encoding, storage, forgetting.
C) encoding, storage, retrieval.
D) maintenance, elaboration, forgetting.

Question 9

Information is initially converted into a form that can be retained.This conversion part of the memory process is known as

A) encoding.
B) retrieval.
C) consolidation.
D) storage.

Question 10

The process of holding information in memory for later use is referred to as

A) retrieval.
B) encoding.
C) storage.
D) organization.

Question 11

You are taking a psychology test and are trying to remember what you studied.The memory process being used when you try to remember the psychology material is

A) encoding.
B) feedback.
C) storage rehearsal.
D) retrieval.

Question 12

Before new incoming information can be stored,it must be first be

A) assimilated.
B) retrieved.
C) encoded.
D) habituated.

Question 13

A professional memorizer is known as a(n)

A) mnemonist.
B) telepath.
C) medium.
D) psychic.

Question 14

In order for a memory to be useful,it must be

A) dishabituated.
B) episodic.
C) decoded as an image.
D) retrieved.

Question 15

Which of the following is the active system that receives,stores,organizes,alters,and recovers information?

A) memory
B) suppression
C) repression
D) priming

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic processes of memory?

A) encoding
B) feedback
C) storage
D) retrieval

Question 17

The mnemonist Mr.S.had a such an exceptional memory that he had to devise ways to

A) forget.
B) remember accurately with his eyes open if prohibited from closing his eyes.
C) learn more mnemonics.
D) study meaningless words and random digits.

Question 18

Memory is often characterized as being similar to a computer because

A) long-term memories are exact copies, like files on a hard drive.
B) memories are encoded, stored, and later retrieved.
C) the space available for memory storage is limited as is the storage capacity of a computer.
D) computers and the human mind both process information in a serial fashion.

Question 19

Sensory,short-term,and long-term are the three

A) stages of memory.
B) levels of Alzheimer's disease.
C) types of interference that occur during the process of forgetting.
D) types of amnesia.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of people with amazing memories?

A) seeing a date and immediately remembering where they were and what they were doing
B) seeing a date and knowing what day of the week this date fell on
C) being able to easily separate trivia from facts and facts from fantasy
D) feeling like their amazing memories were both a gift and a burden

Question 21

A person is able to move information to the second memory stage by focusing on a selected portion of a sensory input,a process known as

A) selective attention
B) constructive processing.
C) priming.
D) consolidation.

Question 22

Sensory memory is the stage of memory that

A) holds small amounts of information when one is thinking or problem-solving.
B) holds an exact record of incoming information for a few seconds or less.
C) involves the permanent storage of meaningful information.
D) involves the storage of conditioned responses and learned skills.

Question 23

The first stage of memory,which holds an exact record of incoming information for a few seconds or less is called __________ memory.

A) short-term
B) working
C) sensory
D) engram

Question 24

Which memory stage are we largely unaware of but which holds information just long enough for it to be moved to the second memory stage?

A) short-term memory
B) procedural memory
C) sensory memory
D) episodic memory

Question 25

Which of the following determines what information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory?

A) consolidation
B) constructive processing
C) priming
D) selective attention

Question 26

Which stage of memory allows us to perceive motion pictures as seamless and connected images?

A) short-term memory
B) long-term memory
C) contextual memory
D) sensory memory

Question 27

The three stages of memory IN ORDER are

A) short-term memory, sensory memory, long-term memory.
B) eidetic memory, sensory memory, long-term memory.
C) sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.
D) short-term memory, working memory, long-term memory.

Question 28

The three stages of memory include all of the following EXCEPT

A) short-term memory.
B) eidetic memory.
C) sensory memory.
D) long-term memory.

Question 29

Through selective attention,information is moved to short-term memory from __________ memory.

A) procedural
B) sensory
C) implicit
D) eidetic

Question 30

Sensory images that persist for about one-half second after being seen are referred to as

A) engrams.
B) echoic memory.
C) iconic memory.
D) illusions.

Question 31

Selective attention determines what information moves from

A) short-term memory to long-term memory.
B) sensory memory to short-term memory.
C) implicit memory to explicit memory.
D) episodic memory to semantic memory.

Question 32

The types of sensory memory include

A) declarative memory and semantic memory.
B) skill memory and fact memory.
C) procedural memory and episodic memory.
D) iconic memory and echoic memory.

Question 33

You quickly walk through your living room and hear a few words of a commercial coming form the television.An exact copy of these words will remain in your auditory system for about two seconds and are referred to as __________ memory.

A) iconic
B) echoic
C) short-term
D) flashbulb

Question 34

To be stored for a long time,information must pass through all three stages of which model of memory?

A) Atkinson-Schiffrin
B) Hobson-McCarley
C) Melzack-Wall
D) Darley-Latané

Question 35

Iconic memory and echoic memory are two types of __________ memory.

A) sensory
B) short-term
C) long-term
D) working

Question 36

If you look at a flower and then quickly close your eyes,you will see a fleeting visual image for about one-half second that is referred to as

A) a flashbulb memory.
B) echoic memory.
C) iconic memory.
D) illusory imagery.

Question 37

Echoic memory involves a brief flurry of activity in the auditory system that lasts for up to __________ second(s).

A) one-half
B) two
C) six
D) 10

Question 38

A brief continuation of sensory activity in the auditory system after a sound is first heard is referred to as __________ memory.

A) echoic
B) iconic
C) short-term
D) working

Question 39

Sensory,short-term,and long-term are the three stages of the

A) Atkinson-Schiffrin model of memory.
B) Hobson-McCarley memory model.
C) Melzack-Wall model of memory.
D) Darley-Latané memory model.

Question 40

Iconic memory involves fleeting visual images that persist for about __________ second(s).

A) one-half
B) two
C) four
D) six

Question 41

Which of the following types of memory is most often stored phonetically (by sound)?

A) eidetic
B) short-term
C) iconic
D) procedural

Question 42

Earlier in the day,you ate breakfast at The Pine Tree Cafe.You are trying to tell a friend about this restaurant,but you can't quite recall the name.You will most likely call the restaurant

A) The Oak Grove Cafe.
B) The Lime Tree Cafe.
C) The Fair Tree Cafe.
D) The Forest Tree Cafe.

Question 43

You are introduced to Tim and Gina.Later when you see them,you cannot remember their names.If you try to guess their names,which of the following would most likely be your guess,considering how information is stored in short-term memory?

A) Thomas and Glenda
B) Tad and Gloria
C) Jim and Tina
D) George and Tanya

Question 44

Which of the following types of memory prevents our minds from collecting useless names,dates,telephone numbers,and other trivia?

A) sensory memory
B) short-term memory
C) procedural memory
D) implicit memory

Question 45

Someone leaves a phone number on your answering machine.You repeat the number to yourself as you start to dial.Then,your mother asks you a question.You answer her and then turn back to the phone to complete your dialing only to realize tht you do not remember the last three digits.This illustrates how short-term memory is affected by

A) dishabituation.
B) priming.
C) chunking.
D) interference.

Question 46

Information is quickly "dumped" from short-term memory and forever lost unless you silently say the information over and over to yourself through a process known as

A) verbal reorganization.
B) chunking.
C) rehearsal.
D) priming.

Question 47

Your instructor is lecturing in class when security knocks on the door.The instructor goes to the door,gets the note from security,and gives it to a student,who exits the classroom.The instructor looks at the class and asks,"Now where was I in the lecture notes?" This situation illustrates how short-term memory is affected by

A) dishabituation.
B) priming.
C) chunking.
D) interference.

Question 48

As your friend reads her shopping list to you in her apartment,you are aware that the radio is playing in the background.The fact that you remember what your friend said and not what the announcer on the radio said can be attributed to

A) short-term memory.
B) redintegrative memory.
C) selective attention.
D) constructive processing.

Question 49

Regarding short-term memory (STM),which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) STM has an unlimited storage capacity and can hold information for at least 30 minutes.
B) It is very difficult to do more than one task at a time in STM.
C) Unlike long-term memory, STM is rarely affected by interruption or interference.
D) Once information is placed in STM, it is permanently stored.

Question 50

Because this memory system can handle only small amounts of information,it is very difficult to do more than one task at a time in ___________ memory.

A) short-term
B) episodic
C) procedural
D) semantic

Question 51

Your instructor gives a pop test after just lecturing on the effects of drugs on the nervous system.On this test,you write "axon potential" instead of "action potential" and "repression" instead of "depression." Your mistakes illustrate the errors that can occur because most short-term memories are encoded

A) phonetically.
B) visually.
C) episodically.
D) procedurally.

Question 52

You have gone for the first time to one of the campus computer labs to work on your psychology assignments.However,you forgot your first-day handout,which has the psychology website listed.You spot a person from your class,and he tells you the website.You walk back to your computer and type in the website.In the process of working through the assignment,you accidentally exit completely out of the system.You cannot remember the psychology website.This illustrates how which of the following types of memory operates?

A) sensory memory
B) iconic memory
C) short-term memory
D) procedural memory

Question 53

Regarding short-term memory (STM),which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) STM has a limited storage capacity.
B) Although information can be stored in STM in images, it is generally stored phonetically.
C) It is very difficult to do more than one task at a time in STM.
D) Once information is placed in STM, it is permanently stored.

Question 54

You and a friend are seated in the large auditorium psychology class.There are two students seated right behind you talking about what they did last weekend.You have trouble concentrating on what the teacher is saying,but you picked up on a lot of campus gossip from the conversation going on behind you.At the end of class,you relate to your friend the latest gossip heard during class,but she does not remember hearing any gossip and is really worried about how she will complete the new assignment that the teacher discussed today.You think,"What new assignment?" This explains the difference in your and your friend's

A) short-term memory.
B) redintegrative memory.
C) selective attention.
D) procedural memory.

Question 55

In which memory system will information be quickly "dumped" and never reach long-term memory unless the process of rehearsal takes place?

A) sensory memory
B) short-term memory
C) semantic memory
D) procedural memory

Question 56

Your roommate calls out ten items for you to get at the grocery store on your way back from class.Regarding how short-term memories are encoded,if you were asked to get ham and soap,you are most likely to mistakenly bring back

A) jam and soup.
B) roast beef and shampoo.
C) hot dogs and buns.
D) bologna and detergent.

Question 57

Someone leaves a phone number on your answering machine.You repeat the number to yourself as you start to dial.Then,the doorbell rings,and you rush to see who is there.When you return to the phone,you have completely forgotten the number.This illustrates how interference affects ___________ memory.

A) eidetic
B) sensory
C) short-term
D) long-term

Question 58

Short-term memories are most often stored

A) phonetically.
B) visually.
C) iconically.
D) episodically.

Question 59

The memory system used to hold small amounts of information for relatively brief time periods of approximately a dozen seconds or so is called __________ memory.

A) episodic
B) short-term
C) long-term
D) procedural

Question 60

Which of the following would be an example of short-term memory?

A) remembering the letters of the alphabet
B) looking up a phone number and remembering it while you dial
C) remembering your name
D) remembering how to ride a bicycle

Question 61

Information in long-term memory is generally stored on the basis of

A) visual images.
B) meaning and importance.
C) how the words sound.
D) patterns of visual and auditory images.

Question 62

The memory system used for relatively permanent storage of meaningful information is called __________ memory.

A) sensory
B) short-term
C) long-term
D) eidetic

Question 63

The critical factor determining whether information will move from short-term memory to long-term memory is its

A) length.
B) complexity.
C) meaning.
D) diversity.

Question 64

When discussing the relationship between short-term and long-term memory,the authors of your textbook use the analogy of short-term memory being like

A) a huge warehouse filled with desks and filing cabinets.
B) a small desk at the front of a huge warehouse filled with filing cabinets.
C) several large filing cabinets.
D) a laptop that has an unlimited number of files.

Question 65

Whenever you are doing mental arithmetic,planning a meal,or reading a book,you are using __________ memory.

A) procedural
B) working
C) eidetic
D) implicit

Question 66

Making information personally meaningful and important will improve which of the following types of memory?

A) sensory memory
B) eidetic memory
C) long-term memory
D) iconic memory

Question 67

The more information you learn,the easier it becomes

A) to add new information to memory.
B) to forget previously learned information.
C) for interference and retrieval failure to occur.
D) for a person to develop Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia.

Question 68

The storage capacity of long-term memory is best described as

A) a single item.
B) about seven items.
C) about seven volumes.
D) limitless.

Question 69

Because of the way in which information is encoded in long-term memory,if you are attempting to recall the word bed from a memorized list,which word are you most likely to mistakenly say?

A) red
B) table
C) bread
D) sleep

Question 70

Sydney would be described as having a wealth of knowledge.She is constantly reading about many diverse subjects.Heather has not read a book since her senior year in college and rarely watches the news to keep up with national or international events.Regarding the research on memory,we would expect

A) Sydney will find it easier than Heather to add new information to memory.
B) Heather will find it easier than Sydney to add new information to memory.
C) both women to be able to add new information to memory equally well.
D) Sydney more likely to develop Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia.

Question 71

Another name for short-term memory,especially as it is used for thinking and problem-solving is __________ memory.

A) working
B) eidetic
C) procedural
D) integrative

Question 72

Information in long-term memory can be retained for

A) 30 minutes
B) one hour.
C) ten hours.
D) many years.

Question 73

If you relate the definition of test anxiety to a memory of a time when your best friend was extremely nervous about taking a test,

A) you will have a harder time remembering the definition of the term.
B) you will have an easier time remembering the definition of the term.
C) this past memory will have no effect on whether you remember the definition or not.
D) you will most likely start feeling anxious about the test and impair your performance on it significantly.

Question 74

If you are trying to recall the concept "test anxiety" for your final psychology exam,you are more likely to mistakenly write "test nervousness" or "test worry" than "text anxiety" or "tent anxiety" because information for your psychology final is most likely stored in long-term memory

A) phonetically.
B) on the basis of visual images.
C) procedurally.
D) on the basis of meaning.

Question 75

Working memory is a part of which memory system?

A) procedural memory
B) short-term memory
C) long-term memory
D) sensory memory

Question 76

Because of the way in which information is encoded in long-term memory,if you were attempting to recall the word barn from a memorized list,which word are you most likely to mistakenly say?

A) darn
B) shed
C) yarn
D) house

Question 77

If you can link information in short-term memory to knowledge already stored in long-term memory,the information will

A) gain meaning and be easier to remember.
B) lose meaning and be harder to remember.
C) become confused with the old information and be harder to remember.
D) be forgotten.

Question 78

Regarding long-term memory (LTM),which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) LTM is often referred to as working memory.
B) LTM has an unlimited storage capacity.
C) LTM typically stores information phonetically.
D) LTM is considered eidetic for many people.

Question 79

Although sensory memory is involved every time we store information,we are more likely to notice which of the following in carrying out our everyday chores?

A) short-term and long-term memory
B) chunking and implicit memory
C) eidetic and redintegrative memory
D) procedural and skill memory

Question 80

When short-term memory (STM)is combined with other mental processes,it acts more like a "mental scratchpad" where we do much of our thinking.This aspect of STM is known as __________ memory.

A) working
B) eidetic
C) procedural
D) integrative