Deck 7: C: Memory

Question 1

Extremely traumatic experiences,such as military combat,can result in memories and "flashbacks" that leave a person emotionally handicapped because they produce so much activation in which part of the brain?

A) pons
B) limbic system
C) reticular formation
D) somatosensory cortex

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Patterns of blood flow within the brain show that the back areas of the brain cortex are associated more with __________ memories.

A) episodic
B) semantic
C) procedural
D) skill

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Regarding research on where long-term memories are stored and activated within the brain,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Procedural memories are stored in the basal ganglia and cerebellum.
B) The hippocampus is involved in memory consolidation.
C) Semantic memories are stored in the front of the cortex, while episodic memories are stored in the back areas of the cortex.
D) Different parts of cortex are activated when we are engaging in memory retrieval and suppression.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Cynthia can vividly recall where she was,what she was doing,and how she felt when she saw the planes hit the Twin Towers on September 11.For Cynthia and many others,this tragedy formed a(n)

A) eidetic image.
B) retroactive memory.
C) sensory memory.
D) flashbulb memory.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a reason that people tend to put great confidence in flashbulb memories,even when they are wrong?

A) We review emotionally charged events over and over.
B) We tell others about these emotionally charged events.
C) These events, such as earthquakes and assasinations, reappear many times in the news, which highlights them in our memories.
D) These events were so emotionally charged that they were initially repressed into the unconscious.

Question 6

Regarding research on where different types of long-term memories are stored in the brain,which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Declarative long-term memories appear to be stored in the basal ganglia and cerebellum.
B) Long-term procedural memories appear to be stored in the cerebral cortex.
C) Episodic memories are stored in the front of the cortex, while semantic memories are stored in the back areas of the cortex.
D) The pons serves as a "switching station" for consolidation of memories.

Question 7

Working with sea snails,Eric Kandel found that when learning took place

A) an engram was formed within the sea snails' nervous systems.
B) the next generation of sea snails also exhibited this learned behavior.
C) the sea snails' nerve cells released different amounts of neurotransmitters.
D) the sea snails' ECS increased dramatically.

Question 8

Regarding research on where different types of long-term memories are stored in the brain,which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) The hippocampus handles memory consolidation.
B) Declarative long-term memories appear to be stored in the basal ganglia and cerebellum.
C) Semantic memories are stored in the front of the cortex.
D) Episodic memories are stored in the back area of the cortex.

Question 9

Eric Kandel found that learning altered the amount of

A) engrams created with the snail's nerve cells.
B) blood flow to different subcortex areas.
C) decay that took place within the snail's nerve cells.
D) transmitter chemicals released by the snail's nerve cells.

Question 10

Pauline's flashbulb memories of her children's births were caused by these exciting and stressful experiences heightening the activity in the limbic system of her brain,which intensified the process of forming long-term memories known as

A) consolidation.
B) redintegration.
C) habituation.
D) sensory gating.

Question 11

For Angela,the memory of her wedding ten years ago is a vivid,lasting,and emotionally-charged memory.This memory would be considered a(n)__________ memory.

A) eidetic
B) acrostic
C) implicit
D) flashbulb

Question 12

According to blood flow patterns,the cortex of the brain appears to be where which type of memory is stored?

A) procedural
B) eidetic
C) skill
D) declarative

Question 13

Patterns of blood flow within the brain show that the front of the brain cortex is related more to __________ memories.

A) episodic
B) semantic
C) procedural
D) skill

Question 14

Once declarative memories are formed,they appear to be stored in which part of the brain?

A) cerebral cortex
B) cerebellum
C) hypothalamus
D) basal ganglia

Question 15

If a memory is particularly emotional,as are many flashbulb memories,the process of consolidation is intensified by heightened activity in the

A) pons.
B) limbic system.
C) reticular formation.
D) prefrontal cortex.

Question 16

Regarding flashbulb memories,which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Flashbulb memories are usually only associated with positive events and rarely with negative events like public tragedies.
B) Flashbulb memories are not always accurate.
C) Although flashbulb memories are intense and permanent, people tend not to place too much confidence in their accuracy.
D) Flashbulb memories are repressed memories of traumatic events.

Question 17

Long-term procedural memories are stored in which part(s)of the brain?

A) limbic system
B) cerebellum and basal ganglia
C) somatosensory area
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 18

According to blood flow patterns,the basal ganglia and cerebellum appear to be where which type of memory is stored?

A) procedural
B) eidetic
C) episodic
D) semantic

Question 19

Regarding flashbulb memories,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) People tend to place great confidence in their flashbulb memories.
B) Flashbulb memories result from an overactivation of the somatosensory cortex.
C) Flashbulb memories often focus on how you reacted to the event.
D) Flashbulb memories are not always accurate.

Question 20

Satera was in her car when the bridge collapsed.Her car dropped 30 feet to the ground.Although Satera experienced only scratches and bruises,this emotionally-charged event produced a very lasting and vivid flashbulb memory.Which part of her brain is responsible for intensifying this tragic memory for Satera?

A) limbic system
B) pons
C) reticular formation
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 21

Which of the following is the mechanism by which an affected brain cell responds more strongly to messages from other cells and leads to the formation of lasting memories?

A) redintegration
B) long-term potentiation
C) constructive processing
D) engram induction

Question 22

Learning tends to alter which aspect(s)of brain cells?

A) their activity
B) their structure
C) their chemistry
D) all of these aspects

Question 23

Representations in one's memory that are typically viewed with the eyes closed are called __________ images.

A) internal mental
B) implicit
C) eidetic
D) redintegrative

Question 24

Drugs that increase long-term potentiation tend to

A) cause retrograde amnesia.
B) increase memory for specific skill areas, but not others.
C) enhance overall memory.
D) decrease overall memory.

Question 25

If two brain cells become more active at the same time,the connections between them grow stronger.This process is called

A) the serial position effect.
B) long-term potentiation.
C) redintegration.
D) proactive consolidation.

Question 26

Electrically stimulating the hippocampus affects long-term potentiation by

A) increasing it.
B) decreasing it.
C) having little or no effect on young animals.
D) having little or no effect on older animals.

Question 27

In his studies with aplysia,Kandel found that the activity,structure,and chemistry of brain cells were altered by

A) drug interactions.
B) the application of ECS.
C) engram decay.
D) learning.

Question 28

Which of the following are somewhat like the after-images you might have after looking at a flashbulb or a brightly-lit neon sign?

A) eidetic images
B) mental images
C) implicit memories
D) mnemonic images

Question 29

The term photographic memory is most often used to describe a memory ability called

A) explicit memory.
B) implicit memory.
C) flashbulb memories.
D) eidetic imagery.

Question 30

The results of the experiments on long-term potentiation have demonstrated that

A) retroactive interference is a permanent condition.
B) electroconvulsive shock (ECS) can increase long-term potentiation and improve memory.
C) memory can be artificially enhanced using drugs.
D) all of these are true.

Question 31

Using electroconvulsive shock to overstimulate memory areas in the brains of rats causes memory loss by interfering with

A) long-term potentiation.
B) engram induction.
C) elaborative processing.
D) redintegration.

Question 32

Which of the following are visual depictions used by most people when thinking?

A) mental images
B) eidetic images
C) visual illusions
D) acoustic cues

Question 33

Two chess experts carry on a chess game in their heads without a board or any pieces; they simply call out their moves to one another.Obviously,they are good at using

A) sensory memory.
B) redintegration.
C) mental images.
D) implicit memory.

Question 34

Visual images which are clear enough to be "scanned" for at least 30 seconds,are "projected" out in front of a person,and can best be "seen" on a blank surface are called

A) eidetic images.
B) mental images.
C) flashbulb memories.
D) mnemonic images.

Question 35

You are asked how many windows are in your home.You are able to shut your eyes and "walk" through your home counting the windows along the way.This illustrates the use of

A) eidetic imagery.
B) mental images.
C) iconic memory.
D) flashbulb memories.

Question 36

In an experiment,participants first memorized a sort of treasure map and were asked to picture a black dot moving from one object to another on this map,such as moving to one of the trees or to the hut at the top of the island.The time it took to "move" the dot was directly related to the actual distances on the map,which illustrates that

A) memories do exist as eidetic imagery.
B) memories do exist as mental images.
C) iconic memory lasts longer than once suspected.
D) flashbulb memories are easily formed when requested.

Question 37

The most promising research today examining memory is the

A) work of psychologists in recovering repressed memories.
B) study of the amount of transmitter chemicals released by nerve cells involved in learning.
C) ability of bone marrow to code memory information.
D) development of "memory pill" for specific skills, such as math.

Question 38

Long-term potentiation refers to the process in which

A) the connections between brain cells grow stronger.
B) new memories interfere with and prevent the retrieval of old memories.
C) molecular engrams are formed in specific parts of the brain as skills are developed.
D) memory traces are faded or weakened.

Question 39

In an experiment,participants first memorized a sort of treasure map and were asked to picture a black dot moving from one object to another on this map,such as moving to one of the trees or to the hut at the top of the island.The time it took to "move" the dot

A) was instantaneous.
B) required significantly less time than the actual distances on the map.
C) was directly related to the actual distances on the map.
D) required significantly more time than the actual distances on the map.

Question 40

Regarding Kandel's research with aplysia,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) The activity and the structure of the nerve cells were not altered by learning.
B) Learning was shown to occur when certain nerve cells in a circuit altered the amount of transmitter chemicals being released.
C) The changes in the nerve cells determined which connections got stronger and which became weaker.
D) Changes in nerve cells "reprogram" the brain and record information.

Question 41

Regarding the exceptional memory of Steve described in the textbook,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Steve's exceptional memory seemed to be based on highly practiced strategies of encoding and storing digits.
B) After 20 months of practice, Steve was able to memorize approximately 80 digits.
C) Steve's short-term memory improved through this intensive practice.
D) Before he began practicing long lists of digits, Steve had a normal memory for digits.

Question 42

Regarding eidetic imagery,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Eidetic images are best "seen" with the eyes closed.
B) Eidetic memory is more common in childhood and becomes rare by adulthood.
C) Eidetic imagery is informally referred to as photographic memory.
D) Most people with good memories do not have a photographic memory, but have learned effective strategies for remembering.

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT considered an encoding strategy to improve memory?

A) elaborative processing
B) spaced practice
C) cognitive interview
D) overlearning

Question 44

When Sarah relates her own life experiences to what she is learning in her psychology class,it will be easier for her to recall the information on an exam.Sarah is engaging in

A) proactive encoding.
B) elaborative processing.
C) chunking or recoding.
D) maintenance rehearsal.

Question 45

The improvement of memory to truly exceptional levels involves

A) learning techniques for organizing or "chunking" information.
B) replacing memory based on meaning with memory that utilizes images.
C) improvements in short-term memory.
D) improvements in the neural substrates of memory through drugs and nutrition.

Question 46

Researchers have found that which of the following underlies expertise in many fields?

A) eidetic imagery
B) the ability to organize information into chunks
C) exceptional short-term memory storage
D) intensive maintenance rehearsal

Question 47

According to Wilding and Valentine,individuals with exceptional memories have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT for

A) using learned memory strategies.
B) having specialized interests and knowledge that make certain information easier to encode.
C) having naturally superior memory abilities, such as vivid mental images.
D) having superior intellectual abilities or differently structured brains.

Question 48

If you did not have which of the following you would recall countless scaps of unimportant information,such as the ingredients on your cereal box and every street number you have ever seen?

A) selective memory
B) vivid visual images
C) semantic memory
D) episodic memory

Question 49

If Carl has a superstition regarding the number 13,how is his superstition likely to affect his memory for a street address,such as 1313 Huntington Lane?

A) Carl will show improved memory for an address with the number 13 in it.
B) Carl will show a significant decrease in memory for an address with the number 13 in it due to suppression.
C) Carl will not remember this address with 13 in it at all due to repression.
D) Carl will show no increase or decrease in memory regarding an address with the number 13 in it.

Question 50

If you want to improve your memory,your best bet would be to

A) use herbs, such as Ginko.
B) take large doses of Vitamin E.
C) use learned strategies for encoding and retrieval.
D) receive electroconvulsive shocks (ECS) to improve long-term potentiation.

Question 51

Individuals with photographic memory,who were described at the beginning of the textbook chapter,attest to the importance of having which of the following that will allow them to forget unimportant information?

A) selective memory
B) procedural memory
C) eidetic imagery
D) episodic imagery

Question 52

Most individuals with exceptional memory use

A) no particular strategy.
B) intensive maintenance rehearsal.
C) tape recorders with numerous play backs of the information.
D) memory strategies, such as mnemonics and chunking.

Question 53

Regarding rehearsal of information,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) The more you rehearse (mentally review) information as you read, the better you will remember it.
B) If new information is linked to one's existing superstitions, the end result can be improved memory for the new information.
C) The encoding strategy of rote rehearsal is more effective than elaborative processing because it keeps remembered information more concise.
D) To learn college-level information, you must make active use of reflective study strategies.

Question 54

Eidetic imagery is more common in

A) adolescents than in children.
B) children than in adolescents or adults.
C) women than in men.
D) men than in women.

Question 55

According to Wilding and Valentine,individuals with exceptional memories

A) have superior intellectual abilities.
B) use learned memory strategies.
C) have differently structured brains.
D) are characterized by all of these.

Question 56

A child is shown a picture,the picture is taken away,and the child is asked questions about minute details within the picture.The child is able to answer these questions because he tells you that he can look down at the white table and still see the picture.This child is probably using

A) mental images.
B) eidetic images.
C) flashbulb memories.
D) mnemonic images.

Question 57

There is little you can do to improve which of the following memory processes?

A) encoding
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) all of these

Question 58

Regarding Wilding and Valentine's research on exceptional memory,which of the following was NOT a finding of their research?

A) Many of the contestants actively used memory strategies, including mnemonics.
B) Specialized interests or knowledge helped participants on some memory tasks.
C) On tasks in which the use of learned strategies was prevented, no participant was able to excel on these memory tasks.
D) Wilding and Valentine concluded that exceptional memory may be based on either natural ability or learned strategies, but usually required both.

Question 59

Psychologist Anders Ericsson believes that,in most cases,an exceptional memory

A) requires superior intelligence.
B) involves people who have brains that store information significantly different than persons with normal memories.
C) is an innate gift that cannot be learned.
D) is a learned extension of normal memory.

Question 60

When Wilding and Valentine presented the participants in their study with memory tasks that prevented the use of learned strategies and techniques,

A) all of the participants were able to excel on these tasks at the same level as when they were able to use the learned strategies.
B) all of the participants were able to memorize the task but at a lower level than when they were able to use the learned strategies.
C) several of the participants were able to excel on these tasks.
D) none of the participants were able to excel on these tasks.

Question 61

In the memorization of information,part learning is superior

A) in all cases.
B) for extremely long, complicated information.
C) only if the information is not very meaningful.
D) because it is a form of feedback.

Question 62

A common error made by college students is

A) marking too much in their textbooks.
B) using elaborative processing.
C) overlearning.
D) looking at their errors after a test is graded.

Question 63

After you read a section in your textbook,you summarize this material and then you summarize your summary to make the overall network of ideas clearer and simpler.You are using the memory strategy known as

A) overlearning.
B) organization.
C) maintenance rehearsal.
D) massed practice.

Question 64

If you learn a list of words by associating each word with another concept,you are using which of the following to aid your recall?

A) memory cues
B) implicit organization
C) the serial position effect
D) overlearning

Question 65

Jamilla is learning her lines for the play.First,she learns half of scene one.Once it is mastered,she studies the second half of scene one.She then goes back and recites her lines for all of scene one.Once this is mastered,Jamilla starts learning the first half of scene two and so on,always starting at the beginning of the play,once she has mastered each small part.After the whole play is learned,Jamilla also practices by starting at different points in the play.This will help prevent getting "lost" or going blank in the middle of the performance.To learn her lines for the play,Jamilla is using

A) whole learning.
B) the serial position approach.
C) partial encoding.
D) the progressive-part method.

Question 66

To learn college-level information,you must mentally review and look for connections between the information you are learning and your existing knowledge,a strategy known as

A) proactive encoding.
B) elaborative processing.
C) eidetic imagery.
D) rote rehearsal.

Question 67

When deciding whether to use the whole or part approach to learning a long poem,it is best to

A) always use the part approach in learning both short and long passages.
B) remember to study the largest meaningful amount of information you can at one time.
C) utilize maintenance rehearsal regardless of whether the whole or part approach is used.
D) do all of these.

Question 68

In comparing whole and part learning,which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A) Part learning is better for fairly short, organized information.
B) Whole learning is better for long, complicated information.
C) The progressive-part method is a good way to learn lines in a play, a poem, or a musical piece.
D) All of these statements are true.

Question 69

When learning complex information that is quite lengthy,it is best to break the learning sessions into a series of short sessions.This memory strategy is called

A) whole learning.
B) serial positioning.
C) partial encoding.
D) the progressive-part method.

Question 70

When Martin boils down the paragraphs in his physics book to one or two important points,he is helping his memory by using the technique called

A) organization.
B) repetition.
C) selection.
D) serial positioning.

Question 71

Which of the following would be the most important factor to use in deciding whether to use whole learning or part learning in memorizing a poem or a selection of music?

A) the age and gender of the person who will be memorizing the poem or music selection.
B) the intellectual level of the person who wil be memorizing the poem or music selection.
C) the number of days before the person must perform the poem or musical selection.
D) the length and complexity of the poem or music selection to be memorized.

Question 72

You have to memorize the following list of words: north,red,spring,east,autumn,yellow,summer,blue,west,winter,green,and south.It will be easier to remember these words if you arrange them into chunks,such as north-east-south-west (directions),spring-summer- autumn-winter (seasons); and red-yellow-green-blue (colors).You are using which strategy to improve your memory?

A) spaced practice
B) maintenance rehearsal
C) the serial position effect
D) organization

Question 73

Students in one study had the task of trying to recall a list of 600 words.As they read the list,the students were asked to write down three other words closely related in meaning to each listed word.In a test given later,the words each student supplied were used as the memory cues to jog memory.The students were able to recall what percent of the original list of 600 words using these cues?

A) 20 percent
B) 45 percent
C) 65 percent
D) 90 percent

Question 74

Underlining too much rather than too little in your textbook is an example of

A) poor rehearsal.
B) poor selection.
C) massed practice.
D) overlearning.

Question 75

Organizing and summarizing material to be remembered works because it

A) makes sensory memory more efficient.
B) frees up the serial processing resources involved in memory.
C) encourages better encoding of the information.
D) facilitates state-dependent memory.

Question 76

If you need to memorize a short five-minute speech to be delivered next week,it is best to

A) practice the whole speech rather than smaller parts.
B) memorize the speech, sentence by sentence.
C) practice only one or two parts of the speech at one study time.
D) go through the speech once and then wing it!

Question 77

Highlighting a few of the ideas in your textbook and writing notes in the margins helps to consolidate memory by

A) selecting the important information.
B) creating the serial position effect.
C) creating partial learning.
D) providing feedback.

Question 78

Memory cues are defined as

A) learned mechanisms that interfere with memory formation.
B) stimuli that aid retrieval and are often present during encoding.
C) distracter stimuli that are present during encoding and prevent retrieval.
D) none of these.

Question 79

Regarding whole,part,and progressive-part learning,which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A) In using the part learning approach, it is best to study the smallest amount of information you can for each section, such as one sentence at a time.
B) Whole learning is better for long, complicated information, while part learning is better for fairly short, organized information.
C) After material is learned using the progressive-part method, one should also practice by starting at points other than at the beginning.
D) All of these statements are true.

Question 80

Effective strategies for improving memory encoding include

A) organizing the information to be retained.
B) studying for long uninterrupted periods.
C) underlining a lot of details in your text so that you can retain everything.
D) using all of these strategies in combination.