Deck 12: A: Personality

Question 1

If we describe Dan as being sociable,orderly,and intelligent,we are referring to his

A) personality traits.
B) personality type.
C) personality style.
D) temperamental character.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

When you describe your friend as being outgoing,funny,honest,dependable,and just an "all-around good guy," you are referring to attributes of

A) character.
B) temperament.
C) the superego.
D) the ideal self.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A personality type is

A) a style of personality defined by a group of related qualities.
B) a stable, enduring quality that a person shows in most situations.
C) the hereditary aspect of a person's personality.
D) the subjective evaluation of a character.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Personality traits are inferred from past behavior and allow us to do which of the following regarding behavior in future situations?

A) explain
B) learn from
C) justify
D) predict

Question 5

Regarding personality traits,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Personality traits are inferred from one's behavior.
B) We are less likely to predict that a person will be successful if he or she has the personality trait of conscientiousness.
C) If we observe a person who is outgoing, we are likely to predict that this person will be sociable at school and at work.
D) Personality traits can influence our health as well as our marital and occupational success.

Question 6

The term character refers to

A) the hereditary aspects of one's emotional nature.
B) unique and enduring behavior patterns.
C) favorable and unfavorable personal characteristics.
D) one's temperament.

Question 7

An individual's unique and enduring patterns of thinking,feeling,and behaving are called

A) personality.
B) character.
C) somatotype.
D) phenotype.

Question 8

Carl Jung's concepts of introversion and extroversion represent

A) personality types.
B) somatotypic profiles.
C) character groupings.
D) situational determinants.

Question 9

When desirable or undesirable characteristics of personality are evaluated,we are assessing

A) temperament.
B) character.
C) personality types.
D) popular stereotypes.

Question 10

The description of a person's character implies

A) the use of rating scales.
B) the use of multiple observers.
C) the use of situational testing.
D) judgment about the desirability of traits.

Question 11

A personality trait is

A) a style of personality defined by a group of related qualities.
B) a stable, enduring quality that a person shows in most situations.
C) the hereditary aspect of a person's personality.
D) the subjective evaluation of a character.

Question 12

Which of the following statements pertains to character as opposed to personality?

A) "Eddie is a good guy.He's honest and dependable."
B) "Judy tends to be withdrawn.She rarely enjoys being with others."
C) "Juanita loses her temper easily and cools off slowly."
D) "As a group, Americans are less restrained than the British."

Question 13

A style of personality defined by a group of related characteristics is called

A) character.
B) a temperamental quality.
C) a personality type.
D) a personality trait.

Question 14

In psychology,the term personality implies that individual patterns of behavior are both

A) universal and inherited.
B) desirable and undesirable.
C) unique and stable.
D) complimentary and diverse.

Question 15

The consistency of who you are,have been,and will become,as well as the special blend of talents,values,hopes,loves,hates,and habits that makes you a unique person is referred to as

A) personality.
B) character.
C) somatotype.
D) temperament.

Question 16

A subjective evaluation of a person is referred to as

A) personality.
B) character.
C) temperament.
D) a trait critique.

Question 17

Informally,we tend to place people into categories,such as the "executive type," the "athletic type," and the "motherly type." If you tried to define these informal types,you would probably

A) evaluate them on their character.
B) use cardinal traits to describe them.
C) describe their temperaments.
D) list a different collection of traits for each category.

Question 18

A stable,enduring quality that a person shows in most situations is

A) self-esteem.
B) a personality type.
C) a personality trait.
D) a somatotype.

Question 19

Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung proposed that people are either

A) Type A or Type B personalities.
B) ectomorphic, mesomorphic, or endomorphic.
C) introverts or extroverts.
D) congruent or incongruent.

Question 20

The term personality refers to

A) the hereditary aspects of one's emotional nature.
B) unique and enduring behavior patterns.
C) favorable and unfavorable personal characteristics.
D) charisma, character, or temperament.

Question 21

All your ideas,perceptions,and feelings about who you are make up your

A) ideal self.
B) ego ideal.
C) possible selves.
D) self-concept.

Question 22

A bold,outgoing person whose attention is directed outward is referred to as a(n)

A) introvert.
B) Type A personality.
C) perceptive type.
D) extrovert.

Question 23

The "mental picture" you have of your own personality that is creatively built out of our daily experiences is called your

A) ideal self.
B) ego ideal.
C) self-concept.
D) self-esteem.

Question 24

People take a more laid-back approach to life are considered __________ personalities.

A) extroverted
B) introverted
C) Type A
D) Type B

Question 25

When you tell a prospective employer that you are a high-achiever,gregarious,and occasionally brilliant,you are describing your

A) self-concept.
B) temperament.
C) character.
D) ordinal position.

Question 26

If you prefer studying in the quiet cubicles in the library,you are probably

A) more of an introvert.
B) more of an extrovert.
C) a Type A personality.
D) a Type B personality.

Question 27

The paranoid personality,the dependent personality,and the antisocial personality are examples of __________ personality types.

A) introverted
B) extroverted
C) unhealthy
D) Type A

Question 28

People who have personality traits that increase their chance of suffering a heart attack are considered __________ personalities.

A) extroverted
B) introverted
C) Type A
D) Type B

Question 29

Regarding personality types,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Two categories or even several are often inadequate to fully capture differences in personality.
B) Rating people on a list of traits tends to be more informative than classifying people into two or three types.
C) Types tend to oversimplify people.
D) The personality types of introversion and extroversion were first proposed by Abraham Maslow.

Question 30

We each have a perception of our own personality traits with this perception strongly influencing our behavior.Psychologists call this perception our

A) self-evaluation.
B) inner concept.
C) self-concept.
D) self-esteem.

Question 31

If you like studying where there is more socializing and a higher noise level,you are probably

A) more of an introvert.
B) more of an extrovert.
C) a Type A personality.
D) a Type B personality.

Question 32

Concerning pure extroversion and pure introversion,it is most accurate to say

A) these categories are not types but ways to define a person's character.
B) that knowing if someone is extroverted or introverted tells you little about how conscientious, kind, or open to new ideas the person is.
C) each of these types is a specific collection of maladaptive traits.
D) classifying people into two or three types is more informative than rating people on a list of traits.

Question 33

One problem psychologists have with personality types is they

A) are hereditary constructs.
B) oversimplify personality.
C) describe character, not personality.
D) are not observable or measurable.

Question 34

A shy,reserved person whose attention is focused inward is referred to as a(n)

A) introvert.
B) Type B personality.
C) feeling type.
D) extrovert.

Question 35

Which of the following is a shorthand way of labeling people who have several key traits in common?

A) archetype
B) actualization potential
C) types
D) character profile

Question 36

Gregory tends to be shy and prefers to study alone in quiet corners of the library.Gregory would be classified as

A) neurotic.
B) an extrovert.
C) an introvert.
D) androgynous.

Question 37

Melissa tends to be outgoing,assertive,and very sociable.Carl Jung would have classified Melissa as

A) an introvert.
B) an extrovert.
C) self-actualized.
D) androgynous.

Question 38

Because two categories (or even several)are often inadequate to fully capture differences in personality,which of the following tends to be more informative than classifying persons into two or three types?

A) rating people on a list of traits
B) determining their archetype
C) determining their actualization potential
D) analyzing fixations through psychoanalytic techniques

Question 39

The psychiatrist who proposed that people are either introverts or extroverts was

A) Abraham Maslow.
B) Carl Jung.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) B.F.Skinner.

Question 40

Classifying people as having either a Type A or Type B personality has been used to predict

A) competency as a parent.
B) chances of suffering a heart attack.
C) success in education.
D) chances of developing a serious mental illness.

Question 41

In both Eastern and Western cultures,self-esteem is based on which of the following concepts with this concept being perceived differently by each culture?

A) success
B) temperamental traits
C) intelligence
D) sociability

Question 42

In cultures like the United States,self-esteem is based on

A) a person's outstanding performance.
B) interdependence.
C) collectivism.
D) group membership.

Question 43

Regarding self-esteem,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) A person with high self-esteem is confident, proud, and self-respecting.
B) A person with low self-esteem suffers from poor self-knowledge with their self-concepts being inconsistent, inaccurate, and confused.
C) A positive self-evaluation that is bestowed very easily tends to be healthy and appropriate.
D) The success that helps create high self-esteem is viewed differently by different cultures.

Question 44

The Japanese and other Asian cultures place a greater emphasis on

A) personal success.
B) interdependence among people.
C) a complete understanding of one's self.
D) self-enhancement.

Question 45

Regarding self-concept,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) We creatively build our self-concepts out of daily experiences and revise them as we have new experiences.
B) Once a stable self-concept exists, it tends to guide what we pay attention to, remember, and think about.
C) Self-concepts can greatly affect our behavior, personal adjustment, and self-esteem, especially when these self-concepts are inaccurate.
D) The reasons for having high self-esteem tend to be very similar across different cultures.

Question 46

M.J.misses two free throws that just cost his team the basketball game.His teammates blame M.J.for the loss.In the previous game,M.J.performed admirably and was the hero for his team as he hit the game winning shot.These types of reactions are most likely to occur in

A) Japan.
B) China.
C) both Japan and China.
D) the United States.

Question 47

Evaluating your worth as a person creates either a high or low

A) ideal self.
B) temperament.
C) character.
D) self-esteem.

Question 48

Virginia is insecure,anxious,lacking in confidence,and overly self-critical.Virginia is experiencing

A) low self-esteem.
B) organismic valuing.
C) a congruent self.
D) all of these.

Question 49

People with low self-esteem exhibit all of the following EXCEPT

A) having an accurate self-concept.
B) having poor self-knowledge.
C) being anxious, unhappy, and self-critical.
D) having an inconsistent and confused perception of one's personality.

Question 50

Genuine self-esteem is based on which type of appraisal of your strengths and weaknesses?

A) modest
B) balanced
C) accurate
D) high positive

Question 51

Janet is a college student and thinks that she is stupid,worthless,and a failure,despite getting good grades and being an excellent part-time employee.Janet

A) has an inaccurate self-concept and will most likely experience depression.
B) is an introverted person who is soliciting sympathy from others.
C) will experience neurotic anxiety due to a failure to resolve the Electra complex.
D) is exhibiting organismic valuing due to unresolved conditions of worth.

Question 52

Grace thinks very highly of her intellectual abilities and lets everyone else know it.When Grace interacts with a new group,the other members may initially perceive her as confident and interesting.However,research suggests that Grace's high self- esteem will soon be perceived as

A) a self-affirmation.
B) hostile.
C) arrogance.
D) incompetence.

Question 53

Japan and other Asian cultures place a greater emphasis on which of the following than do cultures,such as the United States?

A) self-concept
B) collectivism
C) being independent
D) a person's outstanding performance

Question 54

In the Japanese and other Asian cultures,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) People in Asian cultures are more apt to engage in self-criticism
B) The path to higher self-esteem in Asian cultures lies in self-enhancement.
C) Asian cultures place a greater emphasis on collectivism.
D) The self-esteem of people in Asian cultures is based on a secure sense of belonging to social groups.

Question 55

C.K.misses two goals in soccer and greatly criticizes himself after the game because he believes that by correcting his personal faults he can add to the well-being of the team.C.K.is most likely a member of which culture?

A) Asian
B) European
C) North American
D) none of these

Question 56

When we experience success or praise,which of the following tends to rise?

A) ideal self
B) conditions of worth
C) character
D) self-esteem

Question 57

A person who is competent and effective and who is loved and admired will almost always have

A) low self-efficacy.
B) low self-awareness.
C) high self-esteem.
D) a high degree of arrogance.

Question 58

In the United States and other Western cultures,the path to heightened levels of self-esteem is believed to be attained through

A) personal success.
B) group success.
C) a complete understanding of one's self.
D) an accurate assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the group to which one belongs.

Question 59

If self-esteem is too high,the person may be perceived as

A) a pathological liar.
B) ineffective.
C) dull.
D) arrogant.

Question 60

Regarding cultural differences in self-esteem,which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) People from Asian cultures tend to downplay their faults and failures.
B) The self-esteem for people from Western cultures is based on a secure sense of belonging to social groups.
C) For people from Western cultures, the path to higher self-esteem lies in self-enhancement.
D) People in Western cultures are more apt to engage in self-criticism.

Question 61

The four approaches to personality covered by the text include all following EXCEPT

A) psychodynamic.
B) humanistic.
C) transactional analysis.
D) trait.

Question 62

Which theories of personality stress private,subjective experience and personal growth?

A) trait theories
B) humanistic theories
C) behaviorist theories
D) psychodynamic theories

Question 63

Eysenck sees the characteristics of personality as being related to the four types of temperament first recognized by the early Greeks.Which of the following is NOT one of those four types?

A) melancholic
B) choleric
C) sanguine
D) somatic

Question 64

Erin is attending group sessions at the counseling center at her college,not to solve problems,but to enhance her personal growth.These sessions most likely follow which theoretical perspective?

A) psychodynamic
B) behaviorist
C) humanistic
D) social learning

Question 65

A personality theory is a(n)

A) category used to describe continuums within personality.
B) interrelated system of concepts used to explain personality.
C) relatively permanent set of behavior patterns.
D) subjective evaluation of a person.

Question 66

To understand personality,trait theorists attempt to

A) discover how the various traits were learned in early childhood.
B) increase the number of basic traits that have been identified.
C) classify traits and discover how they are related to behavior.
D) reduce source traits to cardinal traits.

Question 67

Which of the following theories focus on the inner workings of personality,especially internal conflicts and struggles?

A) humanistic theories
B) psychodynamic theories
C) behaviorist theories
D) trait theories

Question 68

The dimensions of personality stressed by Eysenck include

A) psychosexual stages and Oedipal conflicts.
B) the collective unconscious and archetypes.
C) introversion-extroversion and emotional stability.
D) cognitions and reinforcement.

Question 69

Michael's psychologist believes that Michael's depression is due to internal conflicts and struggles he is experiencing over the relationship he had as a child with his hypercritical but overprotective mother.Michael's psychologist emphasizes which theory of personality?

A) humanistic theory
B) psychodynamic theory
C) behaviorist theory
D) social learning

Question 70

The theories that attribute differences in personality to one's culture,expectations,and mental processes are the __________ theories.

A) trait
B) humanistic
C) psychodynamic
D) social learning

Question 71

Eysenck believed that the characteristics of personality were related to four types of temperament,melancholic,choleric,phlegmatic,and sanguine,which were first recognized by

A) the Romans.
B) the early Greeks.
C) the Chinese (Ming Dynasty).
D) Nostradamus.

Question 72

A personality theory must include

A) connotative meanings.
B) somatotypic guidelines.
C) statistical assessment techniques.
D) concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles.

Question 73

Behaviorists are to the external environment as humanists are to

A) stress.
B) personal growth.
C) trait analysis.
D) internal conflicts.

Question 74

The theories that place importance on the external environment and on the effects of conditioning and learning are the

A) humanistic theories.
B) psychodynamic theories.
C) behaviorist theories.
D) trait theories.

Question 75

The theories that attempt to learn what characteristics make up personality and how they relate to actual behavior are the __________ theories.

A) trait
B) humanistic
C) social learning
D) behaviorist

Question 76

Four types of temperament recognized by the early Greeks are sanguine,choleric,phlegmatic,and

A) manic.
B) melancholic.
C) somatic.
D) anxious.

Question 77

Dr.Woody attributes differences in personality primarily to such factors as culture,mental processes,and one's expectations about environmental situations.Dr.Woody emphasizes which theories of personality?

A) behaviorist theories
B) trait theories
C) humanistic theories
D) social learning theories

Question 78

A system of concepts,assumptions,ideas,and principles proposed to explain people's unique and relatively stable behavior patterns is called

A) the law of inherited temperaments.
B) somatotypic guidelines.
C) a personality theory.
D) a semantic differential.

Question 79

In working with his clients and in his lectures at the university,Dr.Ferris tends to explain personality and various psychological disorders in terms of a person's responses being reinforced or punished as they were growing up.Dr.Ferris places the most importance on which theories of personality?

A) humanistic theories
B) psychodynamic theories
C) behaviorist theories
D) trait theories

Question 80

Which of the following was an English psychologist who proposed the theory that many personality traits are related to whether one is introverted or extroverted and whether one tends to be emotionally stable or unstable?

A) Julian Rotter
B) Hans Eysenck
C) Albert Bandura
D) Carl Rogers