Deck 12: C: Personality

Question 1

Regarding self-reinforcement,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Mildly depressed college students tend to have low rates of self-reinforcement.
B) Higher rates of self-reinforcement are associated with greater life satisfaction.
C) The use of self-reinforcement is closely related to high self-esteem.
D) Self-reinforcement can be thought of as the social learning theorist's counterpart to fixation.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

When Anthony gets a test paper back on which he earned an A,phrases like,"atta boy" and "good going" pop into his head; and he feels a sense of pride in his accomplishments.This illustrates the social learning concept of

A) the ego ideal.
B) self-reinforcement.
C) conditions of worth.
D) unconditional positive regard.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to the behaviorists,early childhood is a time of urgent drives,crushing frustrations,and

A) powerful psychosexual urges and fixations.
B) incongruence and conditions of worth.
C) the child's identification with the same-sex parent in order to resolve the conflicts of the phallic stage.
D) powerful punishments and rewards, including social reinforcement.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Kierra was invited to go water skiing,an activity she has not done before.Kierra believes she has the ability to learn to water ski and keep up with her more experienced friends because she is a fast learner.Bandura would say that Kierra shows high

A) self-actualizing.
B) organismic valuing.
C) congruence.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 5

Dollard and Miller believed that the first six years are important to personality development because childhood is a time

A) when most fixations occur resulting in an oral, anal, or phallic personality.
B) when one starts forming the idea of an "ideal self" as well as other possible selves.
C) when the framework of our personality is formed through the expression of one's inborn temperament.
D) of urgent drives, powerful rewards and punishments, and crushing frustrations.

Question 6

Concerning self-reinforcement,which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Self-reinforcement leads to less life satisfaction.
B) Mildly depressed college students tend to frequently use self-reinforcement, rather than peer reinforcement.
C) Self-reinforcement is closely related to low self-esteem.
D) Self-reinforcement is similar to the psychoanalytical concept of the superego.

Question 7

The social learning theorist's equivalent to the Freudian concept of superego is

A) self-reinforcement.
B) drive-reduction.
C) habit.
D) self-image.

Question 8

The core of personality is shaped by early learning experiences and by social reinforcement,according to which view of development?

A) humanist
B) behaviorist
C) psychoanalytic
D) trait theorist

Question 9

Which of the following concepts would NOT be a part of the social learning theory of personality?

A) self-reinforcement
B) self-efficacy
C) self-actualization
D) psychological situation

Question 10

The fact that James allows himself one play on a video game after studying a half an hour illustrates which concept in social learning theory?

A) situational determinants
B) expectancy
C) self-reinforcement
D) self-efficacy

Question 11

Feeding and toilet training are capable of leaving a lasting imprint on personality with the behaviorists referring to these as

A) conditions of worth.
B) fixations.
C) critical situations.
D) initiating behaviors.

Question 12

The notion of self-reinforcement is important in the accounts of personality development provided by

A) traditional behaviorists.
B) neo-Freudians.
C) humanistic theorists.
D) social learning theorists.

Question 13

In the behavioristic view of development,the core of personality is shaped by early learning experiences and by praise,attention,and approval from others,which is also called

A) congruence.
B) the superego.
C) social reinforcement.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 14

Dollard and Miller agree with Freud that

A) much of our behavior is unconscious.
B) the first six years of life are crucial to personality development.
C) to be fully functioning person, one must strive for congruence between one's real self and ideal self.
D) our behavior is directed by psychosexual urges and fixations.

Question 15

Gayle made a 98 on her term paper for psychology class.So,she treats herself to a manicure to reward herself for a job well done.Gayle is using

A) self-efficacy.
B) conditional positive regard.
C) conditions of worth.
D) self-reinforcement.

Question 16

You are planning to get your doctorate in psychology.Do you believe you will be able to make the sacrifices,study long hours,conduct research,and write a dissertation? If you do,then Bandura would say that you have a high degree of

A) psychological drive.
B) reinforcement value.
C) self-efficacy.
D) behavioral competence.

Question 17

According to Bandura,which of the following plays a key role in shaping our lives by influencing the activities and environments in which we choose to participate?

A) self-actualization
B) self-efficacy
C) congruence
D) organismic valuing

Question 18

Albert Bandura believes that one of the most important expectancies we develop concerns our capacity for producing a desired result.He called this concept

A) self-reinforcement.
B) self-efficacy.
C) congruence.
D) organismic valuing.

Question 19

The notion of self-efficacy is important in the accounts of personality development proposed by

A) Albert Bandura.
B) Carl Rogers.
C) Abraham Maslow.
D) Gordon Allport.

Question 20

Social reinforcement has a strong influence on personality development because it

A) is made up of interactions that expand one's psychosexual development.
B) is made up of praise, attention, or approval from others.
C) is made up of conditions of worth.
D) forms the basis for the development of our possible selves.

Question 21

According to Miller and Dollard,permissiveness for sexual and aggressive behavior in childhood

A) is linked to adult needs for power.
B) forms a person's attitudes toward cleanliness, conformity, and bodily functions.
C) helps form a person's basic active or passive orientation toward the world.
D) leads to androgynous behavior as adults.

Question 22

Five-year-old Ryan likes to spend as much time as he can with his dad and often tells people that "his dad is the smartest,strongest,and best dad in the whole world." According to social learning theorists,Ryan is

A) exhibiting a fixation on his dad.
B) showing congruence with his dad.
C) imitating his dad.
D) identifying with his dad.

Question 23

According to social learning theory,a child's attempts to match his or her behavior to another person's behavior is called

A) identification.
B) imitation.
C) self-efficacy.
D) organismic valuing.

Question 24

The four critical situations Miller and Dollard consider important in the development of personality involved sex,aggression,

A) feeding, and toilet training.
B) cleanliness, and language.
C) attachment, and imitation.
D) social learning, and imitation.

Question 25

Studies have shown that severe,punishing,or frustrating toilet training

A) leads to quicker training at an early age.
B) changes a child's passive orientation to an active one.
C) can have undesirable effects on personality development.
D) have not shown any undesirable effects on personality development.

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT one of the four critical situations that Dollard and Miller believed to be capable of leaving a lasting imprint on personality?

A) sex training
B) language skills
C) feeding
D) toilet training

Question 27

According to the behaviorists,which of the following involves learning socially defined "male" and "female" gender roles,which affect personality development?

A) sex training
B) organismic valuing
C) the exploration of possible selves
D) self-efficacy

Question 28

According to social learning theory,a child's emotional attachment to admired adults,especially those who provide love and care is referred to as

A) fixation.
B) congruence.
C) identification.
D) imitation.

Question 29

When his dad is fixing things around the house,five-year-old Jamie gets out his toy tool kit and acts like he is fixing things.Jamie even tries to walk and talk like his father does because Jamie wants to be like his father so much.This illustrates the social learning concept of

A) androgyny.
B) imitation.
C) congruence.
D) fixation.

Question 30

Which of the following theorists believed that during childhood four critical situations,which include feeding,toilet and cleanliness training,sex training,and learning to express anger or aggression,are capable of leaving a lasting imprint on personality?

A) Dollard and Miller
B) Rogers and Maslow
C) Allport and Cattell
D) Rotter and Murray

Question 31

According to Miller and Dollard,early feeding experiences

A) are linked to adult needs for power.
B) form a person's attitudes toward cleanliness, conformity, and bodily functions.
C) lead to the learning of gender roles.
D) help form a person's basic active or passive orientation toward the world.

Question 32

Regarding the critical situation of feeding,if children are fed when they cry,it encourages them to

A) be aggressive toward others.
B) actively manipulate their parents.
C) passively accept situations.
D) develop self-efficacy in situations.

Question 33

Regarding the social learning theorists' view of personality and gender,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) From birth onward, children are labeled as boys or girls and encouraged to learn sex-appropriate behavior.
B) Imitation refers to the child's emotional attachment to admired adults.
C) Many "male" or "female" traits come from children's attempts to imitate a same-sex parent with whom they identify.
D) The learning of sex-appropriate behaviors takes place vicariously as well as directly.

Question 34

Learning sex-appropriate behavior is greatly influenced by

A) self-reinforcement and resolution of unconscious conflicts.
B) identification and imitation.
C) toilet training and early feeding contacts.
D) valuing and self-regard.

Question 35

According to the behaviorists,the link between permissiveness for sexual and aggressive behavior and adult needs for power probably occurs because permitting such behaviors

A) prevents the Oedipal and Electra complexes from being resolved.
B) causes a fixation to occur at the phallic stage.
C) causes incongruence between the individual's real self and external reality.
D) allows children to get pleasure from asserting themselves.

Question 36

According to the behaviorists,which critical situation can affect later social relationships because the child learns to associate people with pleasure or with frustration and discomfort as well as developing a passive or active orientation toward the world?

A) feeding experiences
B) toilet training
C) sex education
D) expression of anger

Question 37

According to the learning theorists,a passive or active orientation toward the world may develop as a result of

A) feeding experiences.
B) toilet training.
C) sex education.
D) expression of anger.

Question 38

According to Miller and Dollard,attitudes toward cleanliness and conformity are formed by

A) early feeding experiences.
B) toilet training.
C) sex training.
D) androgynous training.

Question 39

Regarding the critical situation of feeding,a child who is allowed to cry without being fed learns to

A) be aggressive.
B) actively manipulate their parents.
C) be passive.
D) develop self-efficacy in situations.

Question 40

Children are labeled as boys and girls and encouraged to learn sex-appropriate behavior from __________ onward.

A) birth
B) age two
C) age three
D) age six

Question 41

Concerning the differences in boys and girls regarding aggression,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Boys and girls have equal chances to observe adults and other children acting aggressively.
B) Girls do not often see direct female aggression rewarded or approved.
C) Girls are more likely to rely on directly aggressive behaviors, such as shouting at a person than indirect aggression, such as excluding others from friendships.
D) Over the last few years, the popular culture has presented more images of directly aggressive women.

Question 42

Regarding the social learning theorists' view of personality and gender,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Many "male" or "female" traits come from children's attempts to imitate a same-sex parent with whom they identify.
B) We can learn without direct reward by observing and remembering the actions of others.
C) The actions we choose to imitate depend on their outcomes.
D) Children are labeled as boys or girls around age two and are encouraged to learn sex-appropriate behaviors from preschool on.

Question 43

Personality starts to stabilize around age three and continues to "harden" through age

A) 20.
B) 30.
C) 40.
D) 50.

Question 44

Concerning the differences in boys and girls regarding aggression,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Boys have more chances to observe adults and other children acting aggressively.
B) Girls are less likely than boys to imitate directly aggressive behaviors, such as shouting or hitting.
C) Girls are more likely to rely on indirectly aggressive behaviors, such as excluding others from friendship and spreading rumors.
D) Over the last few years, girls have become more willing to engage in direct aggression as popular culture presents more images of directly aggressive women.

Question 45

The study of inherited behavioral traits and tendencies is known as

A) analytical genetics.
B) behavioral genetics.
C) inferential statistics.
D) statistical genetics.

Question 46

Regarding how personality develops through the life span,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Newborn babies differ in temperament, which implies that this aspect of personality is hereditary.
B) Most people continue to become more conscientious, agreeable, and emotionally stable as they mature.
C) The stereotypes of the "grumpy old man" and "cranky old woman" are largely unfounded (untrue).
D) Personality stabilizes around age 15 and continues to "harden" through age 35.

Question 47

Personality starts to stabilize around age

A) three.
B) seven.
C) 11.
D) 20.

Question 48

Temperament refers to

A) charisma or character.
B) unique and enduring behavior patterns.
C) learned traits of emotional response.
D) hereditary emotional traits.

Question 49

When parents accept their children and give them affection,the children tend to

A) become dependent.
B) have impaired self-esteem.
C) become sociable.
D) be characterized by all of these.

Question 50

Which of the following two theories stress the role of learning and life experiences in personality development?

A) trait theory and psychoanalytic theory
B) behavioral theory and humanistic theory
C) trait theory and social learning theory
D) psychoanalytic theory and humanistic theory

Question 51

If you know the personality of an identical twin,you can expect the personality of the other twin to be

A) unrelated.
B) similar.
C) identical.
D) conflicting.

Question 52

Which of the following two theories stress the role of inherited biological predispositions in personality development?

A) trait theory and psychoanalytic theory
B) behavioral theory and humanistic theory
C) behavioral theory and social learning theory
D) humanism and existentialism.

Question 53

An ideal situation for studying the role of genetics in behavior involves

A) identical twins reared together.
B) identical twins reared apart.
C) fraternal twins reared together.
D) fraternal twins reared apart.

Question 54

The hereditary aspects of one's emotional nature,including one's sensitivity,irritability,distractibility,and prevailing mood,are referred to as one's

A) possible self.
B) temperament.
C) character.
D) self-concept.

Question 55

Some breeds of dogs have reputations for being friendly,aggressive,intelligent,calm,or emotional.The study of such differences in inherited traits would occur within the field of

A) analytical genetics.
B) behavioral genetics.
C) inferential statistics.
D) statistical genetics.

Question 56

When parents are rejecting,punishing,sarcastic,humiliating,or neglectful,their children tend to be characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

A) being independent.
B) having impaired self-esteem.
C) being hostile.
D) being unresponsive and unstable.

Question 57

According to the social learning theorists,the learning of sex-appropriate behaviors can take place directly or it can take place without any direct reward for observing and remembering the actions of others,which is referred to as __________ learning.

A) vicarious
B) innate
C) unconscious
D) inverse

Question 58

Regarding how personality develops through the life span,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Temperament has a large impact on how infants interact with their parents.
B) After age 50, most older adults tend to become "grumpy old men" and "cranky old women."
C) Personality starts to stabilize at age three and continues to "harden" through age 50.
D) Temperament consists of the biological predispositions to be sensitive, irritable, distractible, and display a typical mood.

Question 59

Studies have shown which of the following to be influenced by heredity?

A) intelligence and some mental disorders
B) facial features and body type
C) temperament
D) all of these

Question 60

Which of the following is an infant's biological predispositions to be sensitive,irritable,distractible,and to display a typical mood and which has a large impact on how the infant interacts with his or her parents?

A) character
B) ego
C) somatotype
D) temperament

Question 61

According to studies of the influence of heredity and environment on personality traits,heredity appears to be responsible for what percent of the variation in many personality traits?

A) less than 10 percent
B) about 25 to 50 percent
C) about 75 percent
D) at least 90 percent

Question 62

A person states that the reason people in some professions,such as teachers,lawyers,or doctors,seem so much alike is because their work requires that they act in particular ways.This person believes that the behavior of these professionals is strongly influenced by

A) personality traits.
B) external situations.
C) lasting biological predispositions.
D) ego defense mechanisms.

Question 63

The "amazing similarities" of identical twins may be a result of

A) the confirmation bias.
B) deliberate deceit by the twins.
C) deliberate deceit by the researchers.
D) the Barnum effect.

Question 64

Connie and Sue are identical twins reared apart and recently reunited.Carl and Fred are unrelated students at a major university.Which of the following statements is TRUE of these pairings?

A) Connie and Sue will probably show a long list of amazing similarities, while Carl and Fred will only share a couple of similarities.
B) Connie and Sue will probably share many similarities; Carl and Fred may share many similarities but are probably not motivated enough to discover them.
C) Connie and Sue will not share as many similarities as will Carl and Fred.
D) Connie and Sue will have more differences than will Carl and Fred.

Question 65

In comparison of identical twins reared together and identical twins reared apart,it was found that

A) those reared together always have more similar personality traits than those reared apart.
B) those reared apart tend to be completely different from each other in personality traits because they experienced different environments.
C) if one identical twin had a mental illness, the other twin will have the same mental illness, whether reared together or apart.
D) some twins reared apart appeared very similar, while some reared together appeared rather different.

Question 66

What one becomes and where one goes in life is the result of

A) genetic programming.
B) the behavior and personality traits that are "wired in" for life.
C) the environment.
D) the choices one makes, which are influenced by inherited tendencies.

Question 67

Concerning the Minnesota reunited twin studies,which of the following aspects of their lives is more likely to be due to genetic similarities than to living in the same historical time period?

A) Both twins like banana splits and cheeseburgers.
B) Both twins are Democrats.
C) Both twins have a nervous tic, like nail biting.
D) Both twins joined the National Guard.

Question 68

In studies at the University of Minnesota on twins reared apart,it was found that identical twins were similar in

A) their athletic or artistic talents.
B) facial and hand gestures and voice quality.
C) nervous tics, such as nail biting.
D) all of these.

Question 69

If you believe that behavior is influenced by external situations and circumstances,then you would most likely agree with which statement?

A) Almost anyone would be polite at a wedding reception; it doesn't matter what kind of personality the person has.
B) Most people I have known for several years have pretty much the same personalities now as they did when I first met them.
C) To be comfortable in a particular job, a person's personality must match the nature of the work.
D) One of the first things I would want to know about a potential roommate is what the person's personality is like.

Question 70

If you believe that behavior is strongly influenced by personality traits or lasting personal dispositions,whether biological or learned,then you would most likely agree with which statement?

A) Almost anyone would be polite at a wedding reception; it doesn't matter what kind of personality the person has.
B) I believe that immediate circumstances usually determine how people act at any given time.
C) The reason people in some professions, such as teachers, lawyers, or doctors, seem so much alike is because their work requires that they act in particular ways.
D) My friends' actions are fairly consistent from day to day and in different situations.

Question 71

In a study that compared twins to unrelated pairs of students,who were the same age and sex,the unrelated pairs of students were

A) almost as alike as the twins.
B) much less alike than the twins.
C) more alike than the twins.
D) more motivated to find similarities than the twins were.

Question 72

A person states that most people he has known for several years have pretty much the same personalities now as they did when he first met them.This person believes that the behavior of the people he knows is strongly influenced by

A) personality traits.
B) external situations.
C) ego defense mechanisms.
D) a striving for consistency and congruence.

Question 73

Based on the research to date,most psychologists would argue that personality is

A) solely determined by hereditary factors.
B) solely the result of personal experiences.
C) approximately 90 percent genetic and 10 percent environment.
D) a combination of genetics and environment.

Question 74

According to twin studies,the role of environment in shaping personality is

A) small but detectable.
B) as much or more important than heredity.
C) overestimated.
D) negligible.

Question 75

According to your textbook,the psychologists at the University of Minnesota for the last two decades have been studying

A) the differences in fraternal and identical twins in relation to the five-factor model of personality.
B) how adoption affects the development of traits in males and females.
C) identical twins who grew up in different homes.
D) the interaction of the mother's and father's personality traits in their child's personality.

Question 76

All told,it seems reasonable to conclude from twin studies that the role of heredity in determining personality is

A) sizable but with personality being shaped as much or more by the environment.
B) the single most powerful factor.
C) impossible to detect.
D) the basis for most personal preferences and interests.

Question 77

In a study that compared twins to unrelated pairs of students,who were the same age and sex,the unrelated pairs of students were almost as alike as the twins.These unrelated pairs had similar political beliefs,musical interests,religious preferences,job histories,hobbies,and favorite foods.These unrelated students were so similar because

A) the students in the study actually were similar in their genetic make-up.
B) they were selected through procedures that were biased in favor of the middle class.
C) people of the same age and sex live in the same historical times and select from similar societal options.
D) the pairs of twins were so dissimilar that the unrelated pairs of students appeared very similar to each other in comparison.

Question 78

Often when twins who were separated at birth are reunited,they tend to focus on all of their similarities,while ignoring their differences.This is known as

A) the Barnum effect.
B) the confirmation bias.
C) uncritical acceptance.
D) functional fixedness.

Question 79

Because people of the same age and sex live in the same historical times and select from similar societal options,

A) unrelated pairs of students of the same age and sex will appear very dissimilar on most traits.
B) you will find several children with the same first name in nearly every elementary classroom.
C) children in today's elementary classrooms are significantly more diverse than the children in the elementary schools of 50 years ago.
D) twins reared apart will always be significantly more similar than unrelated pairs of students.

Question 80

Gina and Tina are identical twins who were separated at birth and grew up in different families.Which of the following aspects of their lives is more likely to be due to genetic similarities?

A) Both sing alto and are accomplished musicians.
B) Both married men who were named Tim.
C) Both drive red Mustang convertibles.
D) Both use the same shampoo and toothpaste.