Deck 15: A: Therapies

Question 1

During the Middle Ages,if people ate rye bread tainted by a grain fungus,they would develop a psychotic-like condition,which was attributed to demon possession then,but which we now know as

A) anxiolytics.
B) psychotropics.
C) ergotism.
D) trepanning.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

During the Middle Ages,the treatment for abnormal behavior often involved physical torture in order to "cast out the evil spirits," which was part of a procedure known as

A) psychodrama.
B) exorcism.
C) ergotism.
D) asceticism.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following was a primitive procedure that was used to "release evil spirits" and consisted of boring,chipping,or bashing holes in the patients' heads?

A) ergotism
B) trepanning
C) ECT
D) REBT

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following would be the best definition of psychotherapy?

A) The use of drugs and other medical techniques to alleviate the symptoms of emotional disturbance.
B) A technique in which improvement is caused not by the process but by the client's expectation.
C) A psychological technique used to facilitate positive changes in a person's personality, behavior, or personal adjustment.
D) A technique in which a group of people discuss their problems in person or through social networking sites.

Question 5

A psychological technique used to facilitate positive changes in a person's personality,behavior,or personal adjustment defines

A) pharmacotherapy.
B) somatotherapy.
C) psychotherapy.
D) psychosurgery.

Question 6

Trepanning,as a primitive procedure,involved boring a hole into the skull to

A) relieve pressure or release "evil spirits."
B) shock patients into a remission of symptoms.
C) coerce and control disruptive patients.
D) punish those who had committed crimes.

Question 7

As a modern procedure,trepanning,also called trephining,involves

A) the use of computer-generated images to present fear stimuli in the desensitization process.
B) the suppression of an undesirable response by associating it with aversive stimuli.
C) passing an electric shock directly through the brain to induce a convulsion.
D) any surgical procedure in which a hole is bored into the skull.

Question 8

Modern analysis of "demonic possession" suggests that many victims were suffering from which of the following conditions?

A) epilepsy
B) schizophrenia or depression
C) dissociative disorders
D) any one of these disorders

Question 9

For what is Philippe Pinel most famous?

A) changing an asylum in Paris into a mental hospital
B) discovering that the grain fungus ergot caused a psychotic-like condition
C) developing the technique of trephining to alleviate pressure in the brain
D) developing the psychotherapy known as existentialism

Question 10

In 1793,French doctor changed the Bicêtre Asylum in Paris from a squalid "madhouse" into a mental hospital by unchaining the inmates and treating them humanely and compassionately.This French doctor was

A) Alfred Binet.
B) Philippe Pinel.
C) Jean-Martin Charcot.
D) Paul Sollier.

Question 11

Regarding the ancient approaches for treating mental illness,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Archaeological findings dating to the Stone Age suggest that most ancient approaches to treating mental illness were marked by fear and the superstitious belief in witchcraft and magic.
B) In ancient times, when holes were drilled into the skull to release evil spirits, no person ever survived this procedure.
C) During the Middle Ages when mental illness focused on demonology, physical torture was used to make the body an inhospitable place for the devil to reside.
D) Exorcism, which was used to "cast out evil spirits", was considered a religious ritual.

Question 12

In Europe,exorcism was used as a treatment at a time when medieval "therapists" focused on which of the following as the cause of abnormal behavior?

A) trepanning
B) humanism
C) demonology
D) Gestaltism

Question 13

In what way are trephining and exorcism alike?

A) Both cause mental illness.
B) Both were used as treatments by Pinel in the Bicêtre Asylum.
C) Both were considered approaches for removing evil spirits.
D) Both are considered Gestalt therapies.

Question 14

Regarding ergot,which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Ergot was used to treat patients who had undergone trepanning.
B) Ergot can cause muscle twitches, delirium, and hallucinations.
C) Ergot is a lethal bacteria discovered by Philippe Pinel.
D) Ergot was the term applied to the ravings of the mentally ill within the asylum.

Question 15

Humane treatment for the mentally ill was brought about by the work of which of the following,who literally unchained the "patients" in a European asylum in 1793?

A) Victor Frankl
B) Philippe Pinel
C) Fritz Perls
D) Joseph Wolpe

Question 16

During the Middle Ages,abnormal behavior was blamed on supernatural forces,such as possession by the devil and on curses from witches and wizards.Thus,treatments for mental illness in Europe during this time period focused on what is known as

A) demonology.
B) asceticism.
C) Gestaltism.
D) ergotism.

Question 17

Regarding exorcism,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Exorcism was a religious ritual.
B) Exorcism was used to "cast out" evil spirits.
C) Exorcism often involved some type of physical torture.
D) Exorcism is similar to the procedure called ergotism.

Question 18

Ergotism refers to

A) a primitive form of drug therapy.
B) a form of demonic possession that was treated by trepanning.
C) reactions to LSD chemicals found in a fungus.
D) a treatment designed to expand sensory experience.

Question 19

Who is credited with developing the first true psychotherapy about 110 years ago to treat what he called cases of hysteria?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Fritz Perls
C) Hans Eysenck
D) Victor Frankl

Question 20

Regarding trepanning,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) As a primitive technique, it was done to relieve pressure or release evil spirits.
B) Some "patients" actually survived the primitive treatment of trepanning.
C) The procedure of trepanning is also called trephining.
D) Trepanning has not been used as a medical treatment since the early 1800s.

Question 21

The main goal of psychoanalysis was to

A) bring an end to irrational internal dialogue.
B) provide the client with unconditional positive regard and empathy.
C) reduce internal conflicts that led to emotional suffering.
D) apply learning principles to change maladaptive behaviors.

Question 22

The purpose of free association and dream analysis is to

A) confront patients' irrational beliefs.
B) uncover the unconscious roots of neurosis.
C) discover the patient's ideal self.
D) increase the use of ego defense mechanisms.

Question 23

Free association,dream analysis,analysis of resistance,and analysis of transference are aspects of which psychotherapy?

A) Gestalt psychotherapy
B) psychoanalysis
C) existential therapy
D) rational-emotive behavioral therapy

Question 24

Saying whatever comes to mind,even if it seems senseless,painful,or embarrassing,is part of the Freudian technique known as

A) dream analysis.
B) analysis of transference.
C) free association.
D) analysis of resistance.

Question 25

Freud's patients usually reclined on a couch during therapy.Regarding the use of the couch during therapy,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) The use of the couch also included Freud sitting out of sight, taking notes, and offering interpretations.
B) Reclining on the couch was supposed to encourage a free flow of thoughts and images from the unconscious.
C) The use of the couch was the least important feature of psychoanalysis, and many modern analysts have abandoned it.
D) The couch is used by most modern psychoanalysts as well as a majority of therapists who adhere to other schools of thought.

Question 26

Freud called which of the following the "royal road to the unconscious" because forbidden desires and unconscious feelings were freely expressed?

A) transference
B) resistance
C) dreams
D) free association

Question 27

In which type of therapy were the analysis of resistance and transference first used?

A) client-centered therapy
B) Gestalt therapy
C) logotherapy
D) psychoanalysis

Question 28

Freud's theory stressed that "neurosis" and "hysteria" were caused by repressed memories,motives and conflicts with these hidden forces remaining active in the personality and causing people to develop

A) learned helplessness.
B) rigid ego-defenses and compulsive, self-defeating behavior.
C) incongruence between the real self and the ideal self.
D) a loss of meaning in their lives so their self-awareness becomes disjointed.

Question 29

Freud's theory was based on the belief that neuroses were caused by

A) repressed memories, motives, and conflicts.
B) learned maladaptive behaviors.
C) negative self-regard.
D) destructive interpersonal relationships.

Question 30

A psychoanalyst who believes in the theories of Freud would see psychopathology as caused by

A) birth trauma.
B) deeply hidden unconscious conflicts.
C) bizarre dreams.
D) immature personal relationships.

Question 31

The purpose of free association is to

A) create a psychologically safe environment for the client.
B) reflect the client's thoughts and feelings so the client can see them more clearly.
C) lower defenses so that unconscious thoughts and feelings will emerge.
D) challenge irrational beliefs of the patient so that constructive changes can be made.

Question 32

The first true psychotherapy was developed to help people suffering from what was then called hysteria,a condition which is now known as

A) dissociative disorders.
B) schizophrenia.
C) bipolar disorders.
D) somatoform disorders.

Question 33

Aaron is asked by his therapist to relax and talk about any thoughts that come into his head,letting his thoughts move freely from one idea to the next.Aaron's therapist is using which psychoanalytic technique?

A) analysis of transference
B) reciprocal inhibition
C) reflection
D) free association

Question 34

Which of the following theorists believed that conflicts stemmed from instinctual drives for sex and aggression and forced people to develop rigid ego-defenses and compulsive,self-defeating behaviors?

A) Fritz Perls
B) Aaron Beck
C) Carl Rogers
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 35

The psychiatrist who viewed emotional problems,which he called "hysteria," as originating from unconscious conflicts was

A) Victor Frankl.
B) Fritz Perls.
C) Carl Rogers.
D) Sigmund Freud.

Question 36

About 110 years ago,the first true psychotherapy was developed by

A) Freud to treat hysteria.
B) Pinel to treat psychosis.
C) Eysenck to treat neurosis.
D) Frankl to treat anxiety.

Question 37

Freud's method of psychotherapy involved

A) bringing to an end the patient's irrational and self-defeating internal dialogue.
B) unconditional positive regard, empathy, and reflection.
C) free association, dream analysis, and transference.
D) drugs and psychosurgery.

Question 38

Sigmund Freud became convinced that the "hysteria" his patients were suffering from was caused by

A) a faulty self-image.
B) unconscious conflicts.
C) bizarre dreams.
D) transference.

Question 39

Many of Freud's first patients had physical symptoms,such as paralysis or numbness,for which no physical causes could be found.Freud called this condition

A) schizophrenia.
B) an organic psychosis.
C) hysteria.
D) ergotism.

Question 40

Sigmund Freud developed the first true psychotherapy,which he called

A) logotherapy.
B) psychoanalysis.
C) client-centered therapy.
D) transactional analysis.

Question 41

Freud considered the distinction between manifest content and latent content essential for

A) free association.
B) dream analysis.
C) resistance.
D) transference.

Question 42

In psychoanalysis,resistance was thought by Freud to be important because it

A) revealed important unconscious conflicts.
B) indicated learned helplessness.
C) aided in transference.
D) helped to reveal the patient's illogical thoughts and irrational beliefs.

Question 43

Leonard becomes silent when his therapist asks him about his relationship with his mother.As the therapist continues to explore this area of Leonard's life,Leonard either skips sessions or arrives late.In psychoanalytic terms,Leonard is exhibiting

A) resistance.
B) transference.
C) covert sensitization.
D) reciprocal inhibition.

Question 44

A young man dreams of pulling a pistol from his waistband and aiming at a target,while his wife watches.The pistol repeatedly fails to discharge,and the man's wife laughs at him.According to Freud,these aspects of the dream that the patient tells the therapist constitute which type of dream content?

A) transference
B) lucid
C) manifest
D) latent

Question 45

According to Freud,the unconscious message of a dream is revealed by interpreting

A) transference references.
B) dream symbols.
C) resistance figures.
D) manifest meanings.

Question 46

In psychoanalysis,resistance should be regarded as a(n)

A) indication of learned helplessness and dependence on the therapist.
B) indication of the confusion a patient feels due to his or her distorted logic.
C) challenge and a guide to a patient's unconscious conflicts.
D) roadblock in therapy.

Question 47

In psychoanalysis,an emotional attachment to the therapist that symbolically represents other important relationships in the patient's life is an example of

A) resistance.
B) transference.
C) identification.
D) empathy.

Question 48

Through transference,the patient re-experiences

A) repressed emotions.
B) conditions of worth.
C) vicarious desensitization.
D) selective perception.

Question 49

The obvious part of a dream that is visible and remembered by the dreamer is referred to as the __________ content.

A) manifest
B) lucid
C) conscious core
D) latent

Question 50

A patient stops talking about an idea during free association.Since this interrupted idea may reveal particularly important unconscious conflicts,psychoanalysts are taught to analyze this

A) resistance.
B) transference.
C) covert sensitization.
D) reciprocal inhibition.

Question 51

Who stated that dreams provide a "royal road to the unconscious" because forbidden desires and unconscious feelings are freely expressed?

A) Abraham Maslow
B) Carl Rogers
C) Albert Ellis
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 52

A young man dreams of pulling a pistol from his waistband and aiming at a target,while his wife watches.The pistol repeatedly fails to discharge,and the man's wife laughs at him.A Freudian psychoanalyst might see the symbolic meaning of this dream to mean that the young man is suffering from repressed feelings of sexual impotence.This symbolic meaning of a dream is known as __________ content.

A) transference
B) lucid
C) manifest
D) latent

Question 53

Isabelle acts as if her therapist is an important person from her past.By doing this,Isabelle will be able to re-experience her repressed emotions with her therapist helping her to recognize and understand these emotions.Freud called this process

A) therapeutic attachment.
B) reciprocal inhibition.
C) systematic desensitization.
D) transference.

Question 54

According to Freud,the images that have personal or emotional meanings within a dream were referred to as

A) transference references.
B) dream symbols.
C) resistance figures.
D) manifest meanings.

Question 55

During free association or dream analysis,patients may avoid talking about certain subjects.This is called

A) avoidance.
B) transference.
C) repression.
D) resistance.

Question 56

When utilizing dream analysis,Freud would interpret the dream symbols to uncover the true,but hidden,meaning of a dream found in its __________ content.

A) manifest
B) lucid
C) conscious
D) latent

Question 57

Raul remembers that he had a dream last night in which he was riding in his car when he flew out the window and up toward the clouds.These remembered parts of the dream are known as the __________ content.

A) lucid
B) transference
C) manifest
D) latent

Question 58

In Raul's dream,he flew out the window of his car and up into the clouds.Raul's therapist interprets this dream to mean that Raul is feeling a strong need to be free "as a bird" rather than being tied down by his family and work responsibilities.This therapist's interpretation of Raul's dream is revealing which type of dream content?

A) NREM
B) lucid
C) manifest
D) latent

Question 59

The part of the dream that is hidden and symbolic and must be interpreted to be understood is called the __________ content.

A) manifest
B) lucid
C) archetypal
D) latent

Question 60

When Marco was describing his dream,he stopped at one point,seemed a bit upset,and then told the therapist that he could not remember any more and said,"Besides,this dream analysis is really silly anyway." Marco's therapist will most likely pay careful attention to these thoughts that Marco was unwilling to discuss.This technique of psychoanalysis is known as a(n)

A) analysis of transference.
B) analysis of resistance.
C) covert sensitization.
D) reciprocal inhibition.

Question 61

The goal of psychotherapy is to

A) undo a person's past so that these events will cease to cause emotional harm to the person.
B) bring about positive changes in personality, behavior, or personal adjustment.
C) treat mental disorders using psychiatric drugs and other physical approaches.
D) help a person's to develop ego defenses that can be used to resolve emotional conflicts.

Question 62

The disappearance of symptoms of a disorder,such as hyperactivity or anxiety,due to the mere passage of time is called

A) spontaneous remission.
B) catharsis.
C) active remediation.
D) reverse psychology.

Question 63

Many psychoanalysts have switched to brief psychodynamic therapy,which uses which of the following to reveal unconscious conflicts?

A) reciprocal inhibition
B) direct questioning
C) aversion therapy
D) psychodrama

Question 64

Tim tries to argue with his therapist like he used to argue with his late father,who rejected and ridiculed him.Tim even tells the therapist,"You are just like him." According to psychoanalytical theory,Tim is exhibiting

A) reciprocal inhibition.
B) a therapeutic attachment.
C) transference.
D) resistance.

Question 65

When transference occurs,effective therapists learn to

A) avoid reacting as others do and playing the patient's habitual "games."
B) reinforce this transference by playing the role of "the parent" to aid in recreating the patient's feelings.
C) punish this transference in order to eliminate it occurring again in the therapeutic session.
D) ignore this transference and follow therapeutic guidelines.

Question 66

An important outcome of brief dynamic therapy has been to

A) increase the expense of psychoanalytic treatments.
B) reduce the time required for therapy.
C) provide a less intense emotional experience for the client.
D) increase awareness of the benefits of traditional psychoanalysis.

Question 67

Research has shown which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Spontaneous remission was the main reason that traditional psychoanalysis worked with a majority of patients.
B) Problems, such as hyperactivity and anxiety, require extensive treatment and do not improve because of a passage of time.
C) Psychoanalysis has been shown to produce improvement in a majority of patients.
D) Brief psychodynamic therapies, such as interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) have been shown to be effective with children and young adolescents, but not with adults.

Question 68

Traditional psychoanalysis can be objectively criticized as

A) requiring large amounts of time and money.
B) effective only in treating psychosis.
C) being ineffective for a majority of its patients.
D) placing too much responsibility on the client.

Question 69

Regarding a comparison of traditional psychoanalysis and the therapy used today,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Traditional psychoanalysis called for three to five therapy sessions a week with sessions today occurring only once or twice per week.
B) Because of the huge amounts of time and money that traditional psychoanalysis requires, psychoanalysts have become relatively rare.
C) Brief therapy appears to accelerate recovery because patients seem to realize that they need to get to the heart of their problems quickly.
D) One example of a brief psychodynamic therapy used today is existential, or logotherapy.

Question 70

Which of the following is usually based on a dialogue between therapists and their clients,although learning principles can also be used to directly alter troublesome behaviors?

A) psychotherapy
B) meta-analysis
C) pharmacotherapy
D) somatic therapy

Question 71

Which of the following is a brief psychodynamic therapy that was first developed to help people with depression by improving their relationships with others?

A) interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
B) rational-emotive behavioral therapy (REBT)
C) existential therapy
D) Gestalt psychotherapy

Question 72

Brief psychodynamic therapy developed in part because some critics,such as Hans Eysenck suggested that traditional psychoanalysis takes so long that patients experience

A) a relapse of their symptoms.
B) reciprocal inhibition.
C) a spontaneous remission.
D) covert sensitization.

Question 73

Extensive empirical research has confirmed that interpersonal psychotherapy is effective in treating all of the following EXCEPT __________ disorders.

A) depressive
B) eating disorders and substance abuse
C) social phobias and personality
D) delusional and dissociative

Question 74

Regarding the psychodynamic therapy used today,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) More direct questioning is used to reveal unconscious conflicts.
B) Therapists today actively provoke emotional reactions, which lower defenses and provide insights.
C) Today's psychodynamic therapy requires more sessions per week over a longer time period than the traditional psychoanalysis.
D) Today's psychodynamic therapy has been shown to accelerate recovery.

Question 75

Liona was suffering from a depression,which her therapist traced to a conflict with her parents and the different roles that she had to play within the family due to her father's frequent absences.By working with Liona and helping her to clarify her family role,the therapist was able to help alleviate Liona's depression and improve her relationships with family members.Liona's therapist most likely uses which type of therapy?

A) rational-emotive behavioral therapy (REBT)
B) interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
C) existential therapy
D) Gestalt psychotherapy

Question 76

Interpersonal therapy (IPT)is most closely related to __________ therapy.

A) client-centered
B) Gestalt
C) psychodynamic
D) existential

Question 77

Brief psychodynamic therapy is most closely related to which of the following?

A) client-centered therapy
B) Gestalt therapy
C) psychoanalysis
D) existential therapy

Question 78

Which of the following is a brief psychodynamic therapy that has been shown through extensive empirical research to be effective in treating depressive disorders,social phobias,personality disorders,eating disorders,and substance abuse disorders?

A) rational-emotive behavioral therapy (REBT)
B) interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
C) extensive therapy
D) Gestalt psychotherapy

Question 79

When contemporary psychodynamic therapists actively provoke emotional reactions,their patients tend to

A) lower their defenses and gain insight.
B) actively begin the process toward self-actualization.
C) make courageous choices and find the meaning they have lost in their lives.
D) become aware of their incongruence and strive toward becoming "whole."

Question 80

Regarding the effectiveness of psychoanalysis and the development of briefer therapies,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Research has shown that some problems, such as hyperactivity and anxiety do improve with the passage of time, even when not treated with therapy.
B) Research has shown that psychoanalysis produces improvement in only a small minority of patients.
C) Hans Eysenck suggested that psychoanalysis takes so long that patients experience a spontaneous remission of symptoms.
D) Eysenck's critique of therapy has encouraged psychologists to try new ideas and techniques.