Deck 15: B: Therapies

Question 1

Gamblers who believe in a "run of luck," "winning streaks," and "the dice being hot" are exhibiting which cognitive distortion?

A) the gambler's fallacy
B) selective memory
C) attribution errors
D) probability biases

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Jenny,a 19-year-old college student,is playing online blackjack and tells her friends that she just "gets a feeling" and bets accordingly,and so far she has won.Since her hunches have been really on target lately,she plans to bet a little more money.Jenny is exhibiting which of the cognitive distortions that lead to a gambling addiction?

A) luck as a trait
B) the gambler's fallacy
C) overinterpretation of cues
D) selective memory

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Carena has a bad habit of biting her fingernails and pulling at her cuticles until her fingers bleed and have sores.Her therapist is teaching her how not to bite and pick at her fingernails using various learning principles.Her therapist is using

A) behavior modification.
B) humanistic therapy.
C) psychoanalysis.
D) existential therapy.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Psychologists using which type of therapy assume that if people have learned responses that cause problems,they can relearn more appropriate responses?

A) psychoanalysis
B) applied behavior analysis
C) client-centered therapy
D) existential therapy

Question 5

The man described in the text who was attempting to control his kleptomania by repeatedly and vividly imagining himself being arrested,handcuffed,taken to jail,and facing his wife's anger and his son's disappointment was using

A) covert sensitization, a form of behavior therapy.
B) avoidance therapy, a form of REBT.
C) overt sensitization, a form of existential therapy.
D) escape therapy, a form of insight therapy.

Question 6

Lenny,a 17-year-old college student,is playing online poker and believes that his losses must soon be followed by wins,so he doubles his bet.Lenny is exhibiting the cognitive distortion known as

A) vicarious reinforcement.
B) the gambler's fallacy.
C) the tension-release error.
D) selective memory.

Question 7

Behavior modification refers to any use of which of the following to directly alter human behavior?

A) selective perception and reflection
B) REBT and EMDR
C) classical and operant conditioning
D) brief psychodynamic therapy and token economies

Question 8

Basic assumptions of behavior modification include which of the following?

A) Gaining insight into one's problems brings relief from symptoms and ultimately changes one's behavior.
B) Emotional disturbances are the result of past experiences that must be understood and resolved before personal growth can be achieved.
C) Learned responses cause problems; therefore, behavior can be changed by relearning.
D) Emotional disturbances are caused by a loss of meaning in one's life.

Question 9

Covert sensitization,thought stopping,and covert reinforcement are considered __________ approaches.

A) existential
B) Gestalt
C) cognitive-behavioral
D) somatic

Question 10

Behavior modification involves

A) applying non-directive techniques such as unconditional positive regard to clients.
B) psychodynamic approaches to specific behavior disturbances.
C) the use of learning principles, such as classical and operant conditioning to change behavior.
D) the use of insight therapy to change upsetting thoughts and beliefs.

Question 11

John considers himself to be a professional gambler and only a part-time truck driver.He has "won big" several times in his life,but his wife remembers the times that she had to rely on help from her parents just to feed and clothe their children because of John's "big losses." However,John keeps gambling because he tends to focus on the "wins" and not on the "losses." John is exhibiting which of the cognitive distortions that lead to a gambling addiction?

A) luck as a trait
B) the gambler's fallacy
C) attribution errors
D) selective memory

Question 12

Jake is being trained in how to utilize therapies based on classical and operant conditioning.Jake is most likely training to become a

A) psychoanalyst.
B) behavior therapist.
C) humanistic psychotherapist.
D) Gestalt therapist.

Question 13

Therapists using behavior modification would view mental disorders as

A) biochemical imbalances that can be balanced using somatic approaches.
B) maladaptive responses that were learned and can be unlearned.
C) an expression of repressed impulses that can be freed through catharsis.
D) the result of only temporary blockages to a natural tendency for growth.

Question 14

Lance has a gambling addiction.His therapist helped Lance to restructure his beliefs about gambling,so that he no longer believes that if he keeps working at it hard enough that he can figure out a "sure fire" way to win every time.Lance's therapist is most likely a(n)__________ psychologist.

A) existential
B) Gestalt
C) cognitive
D) psychodynamic

Question 15

When gamblers believe that a string of losses must soon be followed by wins,they are exhibiting

A) an attribution error.
B) selective memory.
C) magnified gambling skill.
D) the gambler's fallacy.

Question 16

Behavior therapy is considered a(n)__________-oriented approach.

A) action
B) insight
C) cathartic
D) psychodynamic

Question 17

Michael's therapist is helping Michael to discover what lead to his fear of closed spaces so that by understanding his condition he can decrease his fear of small spaces.Abby's therapist is trying to help Abby to alleviate her fear of small spaces by gradually exposing her to smaller and smaller spaces.Regarding the type of therapist,Michael's therapist is a(n)

A) behavior therapist, while Abby's therapist is an insight therapist.
B) insight therapist, while Abby's therapist is a behavior therapist.
C) cognitive therapist, while Abby's therapist is a psychoanalyst.
D) psychoanalyst, while Abby's therapist is a cognitive therapist.

Question 18

Any use of classical or operant conditioning to directly alter human behavior is called

A) behavior modification.
B) somatic therapy.
C) insight therapy.
D) Gestalt psychotherapy.

Question 19

Paul,an 18-year-old college student,is playing online blackjack and credits his skill for the wins and blames his losses on bad luck.Paul is exhibiting which of the cognitive distortions that lead to gambling addictions?

A) attribution error
B) the gambler's fallacy
C) overinterpretation of cues
D) selective memory

Question 20

Which of the following is a type of action therapy that uses learning principles to help a person make constructive changes?

A) existential therapy
B) person-centered therapy
C) behavior therapy
D) brief psychodynamic therapy

Question 21

Helga paints her fingernails with a bitter-tasting substance so that every time she begins to bite her fingernails,she will experience a bitter taste.This method to alleviate nail biting would be considered

A) aversion therapy.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) transference.
D) somatic therapy.

Question 22

To alleviate bed wetting,special sheets connected to an alarm are placed on the child's bed.When the child's full bladder releases the first droplets of urine onto the special sheet,the alarm will sound and awaken the child.Through this pairing of a loud alarm with a full bladder,the child will learn to awaken to the full bladder.This illustrates the use of which of the following in alleviating a problem behavior?

A) transference
B) classical conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) observational learning

Question 23

A form of learning in which simple responses (especially reflexes)are associated with new stimuli is called

A) operant conditioning.
B) social learning.
C) classical conditioning.
D) rational-emotive behavior therapy.

Question 24

The most widely used aversion therapy for smoking is

A) a nauseating drug called Antabuse.
B) response-contingent shocks.
C) rapid smoking.
D) systematic desensitization.

Question 25

Which of the following utilizes classical conditioning in helping an individual to suppress an undesirable response by associating it with uncomfortable stimuli?

A) aversion therapy
B) desensitization
C) somatic therapy
D) brief psychodynamic therapy

Question 26

Snapping a rubber band around your wrist every time you have a negative thought would be a form of

A) logotherapy.
B) rational-emotive therapy.
C) aversion therapy.
D) Gestalt therapy.

Question 27

Which of the following would NOT be considered a behavior therapy?

A) aversion therapy
B) somatic therapy
C) desensitization
D) applied behavior analysis

Question 28

Aversion therapy,desensitization,and token economies are part of __________ therapy.

A) existential
B) somatic
C) behavioral
D) psychodynamic

Question 29

By using which of the following could Alba learn to associate a negative emotional response with her undesirable habit of compulsive hair-pulling?

A) operant conditioning
B) escape training
C) aversion therapy
D) conditioned helplessness

Question 30

The process of suppressing an undesirable habit,such as smoking or drinking,by associating it with a painful or uncomfortable stimulus is known as

A) resistance.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) aversion therapy.
D) transference.

Question 31

Aversion therapy has been used to successfully treat all of the following EXCEPT

A) smoking.
B) phobias.
C) sneezing.
D) compulsive hair-pulling.

Question 32

Aversion therapy has been used to successfully treat all of the following EXCEPT

A) smoking, gambling, and alcoholism.
B) hiccups, sneezing, and vomiting.
C) stuttering, nail-biting, and bed-wetting.
D) acute stress and post-traumatic stress disorders.

Question 33

Tommy has been an emergency room doctor for six years.After the horrible injuries he has seen from car accidents,Tommy does not drive without using a seat belt.This situation with Tommy illustrates the effectiveness of which of the following?

A) systematic desensitization
B) aversion therapy
C) covert reinforcement
D) the mirror technique

Question 34

Not many physicians who treat lung cancer patients are smokers.This observation helps explain the effectiveness of

A) systematic desensitization.
B) aversion therapy.
C) covert reinforcement.
D) the mirror technique.

Question 35

When a neutral stimulus is followed by an unconditioned stimulus that consistently produces an unlearned reaction,called the unconditioned response,the previously neutral stimulus begins to produce this response directly.This process is called

A) classical conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) social learning.
D) observational learning.

Question 36

The owner of a chicken ranch ends a pet dog's habit of stealing and eating eggs by allowing the dog to "find" and eat several eggs laced with Tabasco sauce.The ranch owner's approach is similar to

A) covert sensitization.
B) aversion therapy.
C) operant conditioning.
D) desensitization techniques.

Question 37

A learned dislike or negative emotional response to some stimulus is called a(n)

A) desensitization.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) conditioned aversion.
D) extinction.

Question 38

For a child,the sight of a needle (CS)is followed by an injection (US),which causes fear (UR).Eventually the sight of the needle (CS)may produce a learned fear of the needle (CR).This illustrates

A) classical conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) social learning.
D) observational learning.

Question 39

If you are eating an apple and bite a large green worm in half,you may not be able to look at an apple for several months without feeling ill because you have developed a(n)

A) systematic desensitization.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) conditioned aversion.
D) extinction.

Question 40

During aversion therapy,which of the following is being used to associate discomfort with the undesirable habit?

A) operant conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) social learning
D) insight learning

Question 41

Part of Roger Vogler's aversion therapy with alcoholics involves

A) the use of nauseating drugs.
B) administering an electric shock to their hand.
C) token economies.
D) systematic desensitization.

Question 42

Fears can be unlearned by approaching feared situations in a series of ordered steps called

A) the aversion series.
B) adaptation steps.
C) inhibition states.
D) a hierarchy.

Question 43

Which of the following involves using one emotional state to block another,such as it being impossible to be anxious and relaxed at the same time?

A) stimulus control
B) reciprocal inhibition
C) role reversal
D) vicarious opposition

Question 44

The concept of reciprocal inhibition refers to the fact that

A) fears can be gradually adapted to new situations.
B) the occurrence of one emotional state can prevent the occurrence of another.
C) disinhibition works even when a patient vividly imagines steps of the hierarchy.
D) punishment inhibits undesirable responses.

Question 45

Jamie is a child who is afraid of the high diving board.Jamie's fear is treated through desensitization using a rank ordered series of steps.This series of steps is known as

A) the adaptation sequence.
B) a hierarchy.
C) reciprocal inhibition.
D) aversion therapy.

Question 46

Response-contingent shock paired with an undesirable habit would most likely be used in which of the following?

A) desensitization
B) a token economy
C) reciprocal inhibition
D) aversion therapy

Question 47

When electric shock is used to make the sight and smell of alcohol a conditioned stimuli for an aversion response,the electric shock serves as the

A) conditioned response.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) higher-order stimulus.
D) unconditioned response.

Question 48

Aversion conditioning for the control of alcoholism has made use of

A) response-contingent shocks.
B) a hierarchy of fear stimuli.
C) tokens and other symbolic rewards.
D) reciprocal deinhibition.

Question 49

Using the aversive therapy for alcohol abuse pioneered by Roger Vogler and associates,the shocks would be administered

A) as the person orders the alcoholic beverage.
B) as the person is beginning to take a drink of alcohol.
C) after the person has finished their first alcoholic beverage.
D) after the person is intoxicated.

Question 50

Clients are told to smoke continuously,taking a puff every six to eight seconds until they cannot stand it anymore during the aversion technique known as

A) Antabuse.
B) EMDR.
C) rapid smoking.
D) covert sensitization.

Question 51

In behavior modification,the term "response-contingent" means

A) containing the response.
B) linked to a response.
C) being followed by the response.
D) positive reinforcement.

Question 52

Roger Vogler and his associates helped alcoholics to stop drinking by linking the alcohol with immediate discomfort by using

A) covert sensitization.
B) EMDR.
C) transference.
D) response-contingent shocks.

Question 53

Jaime has gone through a series of steps that helped her gradually adapt and overcome her fear of the high diving board.When she has conquered her fear,we say that which of the following has occurred?

A) catharsis
B) role reversal
C) desensitization
D) adaptive extinction

Question 54

Which of the following pioneered a type of aversive therapy in which clients receive painful electric shocks while they are drinking alcoholic beverages?

A) Francine Shapiro
B) Fritz Perls
C) Roger Vogler
D) Joseph Wolpe

Question 55

Learning exercises that produce total relaxation while experiencing disturbing items in a hierarchy of fear-provoking situations is based on

A) reciprocal inhibition.
B) aversion conditioning.
C) vicarious conditioning.
D) cognitive therapy.

Question 56

Regarding aversion therapy,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Although its use is legal, aversive therapy for alcoholism is considered unethical by the APA.
B) Even though aversive therapy for alcoholism is unpleasant, its long-term benefits justify its use.
C) Commercial aversion programs for alcohol abuse have attracted many willing customers, who volunteer for the procedure.
D) The aversive therapy involving response-continent shocks for the treatment of alcohol abuse was pioneered by Roger Vogler and associates.

Question 57

Aversion therapy for smoking involves rapid smoking which seems to work because

A) of the added expense of purchasing so many cigarettes.
B) excessive smoking is unpleasant due to nicotine being toxic.
C) the smoker feels smelly and dirty.
D) the process is based on supportive reinforcement.

Question 58

Regarding aversion therapy for smoking cigarettes,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Behaviorists have found that electric shock and nauseating drugs are not required to make smokers uncomfortable.
B) Without the help of a therapist, most people quit too soon for rapid smoking to succeed.
C) A trained therapist should be present during the rapid smoking procedure because it can be dangerous due to the toxic nature of nicotine.
D) Rapid smoking is an example of the use of operant conditioning in causing extinction of the smoking habit.

Question 59

Both aversion therapy and desensitization are based on __________ conditioning.

A) classical
B) operant
C) resistance
D) instrumental

Question 60

As Jamie goes through the series of steps for treatment of her fear of the high diving board,she will experience

A) adaptation.
B) role reversal.
C) disinhibition.
D) aversion.

Question 61

The tension-release method is a procedure

A) that involves the cathartic release of emotion through physical exercise.
B) utilized during REBT to change distortions in thought and emotion.
C) for systematically achieving deep relaxation of the body.
D) that uses aversive stimuli to interrupt or prevent upsetting thoughts.

Question 62

Katie is very afraid of deep water.According to behavior therapists,the best way to alleviate Katie's fear is to

A) throw her into the deep end of the pool.
B) help her relax while she gradually becomes accustomed to deeper water.
C) explore how she originally became afraid of water.
D) substitute more rational thoughts for her distorted obsessive thoughts about drowning.

Question 63

Systematic desensitization is described as

A) a guided reduction in fear, anxiety, or aversion attained by gradually approaching a feared stimulus while maintaining relaxation.
B) the removal of the individual from a situation in which reinforcement occurs.
C) the process of rephrasing or repeating thoughts and feelings expressed by clients so they can become aware of what they are saying.
D) the technique of having a client say anything that comes to mind, regardless of how embarrassing or unimportant it may seem.

Question 64

According to the behavior therapists,the best way to cure Ken's fear of snakes is to

A) try desensitization.
B) hold a nonpoisonous snake up to his face.
C) use aversion therapy.
D) find out the cause of his fear.

Question 65

For which of the following conditions would desensitization NOT be helpful?

A) a teacher with stage fright
B) a student with test anxiety
C) a newlywed with an aversion to sexual intimacy
D) a person who wants to stop smoking or drinking

Question 66

Systematic desensitization involves

A) transference and resistance.
B) reflection and empathy.
C) a hierarchy and relaxation.
D) confrontation and rational thinking.

Question 67

Harriet,a student nurse,was at first extremely uncomfortable at the sight of blood.After a month of working in the emergency room,she is no longer upset when confronted with serious injuries.Harriet has undergone

A) time out.
B) shaping.
C) desensitization.
D) trial-and-error learning.

Question 68

If you have a specific phobia,a behavioral therapist would most likely use which of the following to treat it?

A) desensitization
B) aversion therapy
C) covert sensitization
D) cybertherapy

Question 69

The first step in overcoming a phobia is to construct a hierarchy which involves

A) an ordered list of fear-provoking stimuli.
B) covert sensitization.
C) a list of possible causes of the phobia.
D) making a list of situations that produce pleasure or relaxation.

Question 70

Lamont's therapist helps him construct a list of fear-producing situations involving heights.His therapist then teaches Lamont exercises that produce deep relaxation.Once Lamont is relaxed,he attempts the first time on the list,which is "standing on a chair." The first item is repeated until Lamont feels no anxiety.He then proceeds to the second item "climbing a small stepladder." During the next six weeks,this procedure continues until Lamont performs the last item of "flying in an airplane." Lamont and his therapist are using

A) aversive conditioning.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) rational-emotive behavior therapy.
D) rational confrontation.

Question 71

Desensitization is primarily used to

A) alleviate phobias and anxieties.
B) overcome delusions and hallucinations.
C) get people accustomed to experiencing anxiety.
D) decrease depersonalization.

Question 72

Which of the following occurs when relaxation is induced to block fear during desensitization?

A) systematic adaptation
B) vicarious opposition
C) stimulus control
D) reciprocal inhibition

Question 73

The key to desensitization is

A) relaxation.
B) reflection.
C) transference.
D) rational confrontation.

Question 74

Juan has claustrophobia; so Juan's therapist gradually exposes Juan to smaller and smaller places while Juan relaxes to each step in the hierarchy,beginning with the lowest fear-producing item.Juan's phobia is being treated with

A) aversive conditioning.
B) confrontation.
C) rational-emotive behavior therapy.
D) systematic desensitization.

Question 75

In desensitization,a person

A) constructs a hierarchy, is taught exercises that produce deep relaxation, and then tries to perform the least disturbing item on the list.
B) is taught exercises that produce deep relaxation and then is exposed to the highest fear-producing stimulus.
C) attempts to discover the reasons why she or he is fearful of a particular stimuli and then to face these fears one by one.
D) is exposed to response-contingent shocks whenever they try to engage in a bad habit, such as smoking or drinking alcohol.

Question 76

George is extremely afraid to ride elevators.His therapist treats George's fear by gradually getting him accustomed to riding in elevators.The therapist begins by teaching George to relax.He then learns to relax while standing close to the elevator and then to relax while standing in an elevator with the doors open,and so on.The two processes taking place in the reduction of George's fear are

A) desensitization and reciprocal inhibition.
B) desensitization and reflection.
C) adaptation and aversion therapy.
D) reciprocal inhibition and EMDR.

Question 77

Of the following,which is usually treated by desensitization?

A) phobias
B) bipolar disorder
C) paranoia
D) paraphilias

Question 78

Gradually approaching a feared stimulus while maintaining relaxation describes the therapy technique known as

A) aversive conditioning.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) confrontation.
D) transference.

Question 79

A procedure for systematically achieving deep relaxation of the body is known as

A) EMDR.
B) REBT.
C) covert sensitization.
D) the tension-release method.

Question 80

In order to achieve deep-muscle relaxation,Gayle tenses the muscles in her right arm until they tremble,holds them tight as she slowly counts to ten and then lets go.She allows her hand and arm to go limp and to relax completely.She repeats this procedure three times for her right arm,then proceeds to do the same sequence with her left arm,then her right leg,left leg,abdomen,chest,shoulders,chin,neck,and face.Gayle is using a procedure known as

A) EMDR.
B) REBT.
C) covert sensitization.
D) the tension-release method.