Deck 17: C: Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior

Question 1

In order to make the world more manageable,we often see out-group members as very much alike,even when they are varied.This tendency to place people in categories is called

A) individuating.
B) the self-fulfilling prophecy.
C) stereotyping.
D) social competition.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Believing that people generally get what they deserve in life is referred to as __________ beliefs.

A) just-world
B) multicultural
C) individuating
D) animistic

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Becoming less prejudiced involves the ability to genuinely appreciate those who differ from us culturally,an ability known as

A) individuating.
B) mutual interdependence.
C) openness to the other.
D) equal-status contact.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Larry believes that members of another ethnic group are hostile and unfriendly.However,Larry tends to inadvertently treat people in that group in ways that actually provoke hostile and unfriendly responses.Larry's stereotype of this ethnic group will be reinforced because Larry is unknowingly creating

A) groupthink.
B) a just-world belief.
C) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
D) individuating information.

Question 5

A good antidote for social stereotyping involves

A) adopting just-world beliefs.
B) creating self-fulfilling prophecies.
C) accepting status inequalities.
D) seeking individuating information.

Question 6

If Janie wants to learn to be more tolerant,she should

A) decrease individuating information.
B) actively inhibit stereotypes.
C) believe in a fair and just world.
D) look for things that are different between herself and other people.

Question 7

The concept of "openness to the other" involves

A) genuinely appreciating those who differ from us culturally.
B) tolerating cultural differences without appreciating them.
C) agreeing with the different cultural values.
D) turning your back on your own culture.

Question 8

For most subtle kinds of symbolic prejudice,which of the following may be the best way to reduce intergroup conflict?

A) a tolerance for just-world beliefs
B) ethnocentrism
C) frequent and equal status social competition
D) increased contact between people

Question 9

Which of the following helps define a person as a separate entity rather than as a member of a group or social category?

A) social stereotypes
B) individuating information
C) just-world beliefs
D) social competitions

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a part of showing "openness to the other"?

A) agreeing with the other person and turning one's back on your own culture
B) being motivated to try to "break the prejudice habit"
C) being motivated to accept the values of tolerance and equality
D) using repeated efforts to learn to think, feel, and act differently and resist intolerant thoughts

Question 11

Alma tells a fellow coworker that so many minority group members wouldn't be poor if they weren't so "lazy" and wanted to "live off the government." Alma's prejudiced statement is an example of

A) social competition.
B) multiculturalism.
C) individuating information.
D) a just-world belief.

Question 12

Rivalry among groups,each of which regards itself as superior to others,is referred to as

A) social competition.
B) multiculturalism.
C) a just-world belief.
D) egocentrism.

Question 13

English-speaking Canadian students became more positive toward French Canadians and saw themselves as less different from French Canadians when they

A) took a class on the history of the French Canadians.
B) participated in a class on multiculturalism that promoted tolerance.
C) were "immersed," that is, spent most of their waking hours with French Canadians.
D) were reinforced for tolerant behavior and reprimanded for intolerance.

Question 14

When you treat people in a manner consistent with your stereotype,they often act in accordance with the behavior you expected of them.This is known as

A) groupthink.
B) a just-world belief.
C) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
D) the fundamental attribution error.

Question 15

An expectation that prompts people to act in ways that make the expectation come true is referred to as

A) social competition.
B) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
C) individuating.
D) a just-world belief.

Question 16

Which of the following can directly increase prejudiced thinking?

A) individuating information
B) just-world beliefs
C) looking for commonalities
D) avoiding social competition

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT associated with just-world beliefs?

A) the idea that people generally get what they deserve
B) a form of faulty thinking which helps maintain prejudice
C) the belief that many minority group members are victims of discrimination
D) the assumption that minority group members are poor because they are "lazy"

Question 18

Typically,when we only have minimal information about a person,we are most tempted to apply

A) social stereotypes.
B) individuating information.
C) tolerance, giving people the "benefit of the doubt."
D) self-fulfilling prophecies.

Question 19

The use of individuating information

A) is an effective way of combating stereotypes.
B) enables you to see someone as a member of a group.
C) is a useful way to understand the categories that a person belongs to.
D) is not associated with a reduction in prejudice.

Question 20

English-speaking Canadian students who were "immersed," that is,spent more of their waking hours with French Canadian students,became more positive toward French Canadians because of the effects of

A) individuating information.
B) self-fulfilling prophecies.
C) status inequalities.
D) superordinate goals.

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT helpful in reducing prejudice?

A) setting a good example by modeling tolerance
B) promoting social competition among different groups of people
C) remembering that differences do not add up to inferiority
D) looking at race as a social label rather than a biological reality

Question 22

If Gordon wants to develop cultural awareness,the BEST way would be for him to

A) read several books on different cultures.
B) visit different cultural exhibits, museums, plays, and restaurants.
C) become acquainted with a person whose cultural background is different from his.
D) strive to develop more just-world beliefs.

Question 23

In Schachter's "Dr.Zilstein experiment," most women waiting to receive a "shock" preferred to wait with others who were about to be "shocked."

Question 24

Prosocial behavior is any behavior that has a positive impact on other people,while antisocial behavior is any behavior that has a negative impact on other people.

Question 25

According to your text,which of the following promotes living with diversity?

A) fostering just-world beliefs
B) using general knowledge and avoiding individuating information
C) looking for commonalities with others
D) increasing social competition

Question 26

Regarding living with diversity,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Competing with others fosters desires to demean, defeat, and vanquish them.
B) When we cooperate with others we tend to share their joys and suffer when they are in distress.
C) Greater tolerance for others comes from emphasizing one's individual effort in accomplishing a task.
D) Everyone knows what it feels like to be different with greater tolerance coming from remembering those times.

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT helpful in reducing prejudice?

A) emphasizing competition and individual effort
B) cooperating with others
C) looking for commonalities with others
D) being willing to get acquainted with people from other ethnic groups

Question 28

Regarding the concept of race,which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Race can be determined biologically through physical characteristics and blood type.
B) Determining the race of a person requires complex DNA analysis.
C) Race is a matter of social labeling, rather than a biological reality.
D) The best available evidence suggests that all people descended from the same ancient ancestors in Northern Europe.

Question 29

Regarding social competition,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) In a 1991 survey, every major ethnic group in the United States rated itself as better than any other group.
B) A person with high self-esteem tends to treat others as inferior in order to feel good about himself or herself.
C) Each ethnic group has strengths that members of other groups could benefit from emulating.
D) Social competition refers to the fact that some individuals seek to enhance their self-esteem by identifying with a group.

Question 30

Hostility between campus ethnic groups was significantly reduced at a Houston,Texas high school after just five months of

A) social competition both in academics and athletes.
B) modeling tolerance through campus newsletter stories.
C) sensitivity training exercises during homeroom class.
D) required sociology classes that detailed the history and customs of various cultures.

Question 31

Which of the following is recommended as the BEST way of increasing cultural awareness?

A) Study ethnic diversity through movies and television.
B) Get to know a person from a different culture.
C) Read literature written by persons from other cultures.
D) Explore different cultures through one's own fantasies.

Question 32

Race is

A) a genetic absolute.
B) a biological reality.
C) a social construction.
D) all of these.

Question 33

Students in an ethnically diverse high school in Houston,Texas,promoted tolerance by

A) conducting sensitivity training sessions at school and in the community.
B) putting up posters around the community promoting tolerance and cultural awareness.
C) writing stories for a newsletter about situations in which cooperation led to better understanding.
D) holding a multicultural fair in which members of the community could become more aware of the richness of the various cultures.

Question 34

The fact that Americans enjoy Mexican,Chinese,and Thai food indicates that

A) Americans have a higher obesity rate than other countries.
B) Americans are more interested in other cultures than are the citizens of other countries.
C) social competition in the food industry increases tolerance.
D) multicultural populations enrich a community.

Question 35

The fact that some individuals seek to enhance their self-esteem by identifying with a group is at the core of

A) self-actualization.
B) sociopathy.
C) social competition.
D) groupthink.

Question 36

When looking at the concept of "race," it is important to remember that

A) human groups have intermixed for so many centuries that it is impossible to tell, biologically, to what "race" any given individual belongs.
B) the best available evidence suggests that all people descended from the same ancient ancestors in Africa.
C) among early human populations, darker skin was a protective adaptation to sun exposure near the equator.
D) all of these statements are true.

Question 37

An African-American woman who wanted to ease racial tensions took a freshly baked pie to her neighbors across the way,who were Orthodox Jews.At the front door the woman extended her hand,not knowing that Orthodox Jews don't shake women's hands,unless the woman is a close family member.The African-American woman also picked up a kitchen knife to cut the pie,not knowing the couple kept a kosher household and used different knives for different foods.The woman's well-intentioned attempt at neighborliness ended in an argument,which could have been prevented through

A) knowledge of different cultural values and practices.
B) controlled social competition.
C) the development of more just-world beliefs.
D) all of these.

Question 38

African-Americans in New York City were angered because they felt that the Korean grocers were treating them in an unfriendly and hostile manner because the Korean grocers did not smile or use polite expressions,such as "thank you," and they refused to place change directly in the customer's hand.In the Korean culture,smiling too much is seen as "silly," and expressions,such as "thank you" and "excuse me" are used sparingly,and strangers are not touched even to return change.This misunderstanding was due to

A) a lack of cultural awareness on both sides.
B) the avoidance of social competition by the Koreans.
C) a lack of just-world beliefs by both groups.
D) the use of individuating information.

Question 39

Each ethnic group has strengths that members of other groups could benefit from emulating.For instance,all of the following groups emphasize family networks that help buffer them from some of the stresses of daily life EXCEPT for which group?

A) African Americans
B) Asian Americans
C) European Americans
D) Latinos

Question 40

Groups tend to view themselves as better than their rivals due to

A) self-actualization.
B) individuating information.
C) social competition.
D) groupthink.

Question 41

Studies of prosocial behavior show that the more potential helpers present in an emergency,the more likely people are to get involved.

Question 42

Overdisclosure often results in growing trust and intimacy and a tendency to respond in the same way.

Question 43

The Implicit Association Test assesses one's bias toward others regarding race,age,gender,religion,disability,sexual orientation,and weight by measuring how long it takes a person to respond and categorize words.

Question 44

The marriage of two people who are similar to one another in age,race,values,religion,etc.is known as androgyny.

Question 45

Because their comparison level is lower,lonely persons,or those whose friendships have been marginal,might stay in a relationship that others with a higher comparison level might consider unacceptable.

Question 46

Persons with authoritarian personalities think they are superior to everyone who is different,not just other ethnic groups.

Question 47

Watching sporting events,such as a boxing match,drains off a person's aggressive urges.

Question 48

While male bullies are more likely to engage in direct aggression,female bullies tend to specialize in indirect aggression.

Question 49

If a person is being robbed or assaulted,he or she should yell,"Fire" in order to be noticed by others,since bystanders who might run away from a robbery or an assault may rush to see where the fire is.

Question 50

In the North American culture,most male friendships are activity based and provide companionship without closeness.

Question 51

According to Sternberg,a relationship in which commitment is based only on passion with the two partners not sharing any emotional connectedness is called empty love.

Question 52

Exposure to mass media stimuli that have both violent and sexual content increases the audience's aggressive-sexual fantasies,beliefs in rape myths,and aggressive behavior.

Question 53

Empathic arousal is especially likely to motivate helping when the person in need seems to be different from ourselves.

Question 54

Relationships are most likely to persist when lovers idealize one another because,by doing so,the lovers are blinded to each other's faults,which helps them to create the relationship they wish for.

Question 55

Alcohol causes relaxation and raises one's threshold to engage in aggression.

Question 56

If Maggie has conflicting feelings of affection,anger,emotional turmoil,physical attraction,and doubt regarding her relationship with Greg,she would be described as having an avoidant attachment style.

Question 57

Physically attractive people are generally rated by other people as being cold,less likeable and less intelligent.

Question 58

A prime example of the weapons effect is the fact that murders are more likely to occur in homes where guns are kept.

Question 59

According to evolutionary psychologists,the differences between male and female mating patterns are primarily due to different reproductive challenges.

Question 60

According to Gordon Allport,if you show a negative attitude toward members of another group only because your friends or co-workers expect you to think about this group as they do,you are exhibiting a personal prejudice.

Question 61

Selena finds it relatively easy to get close to others and is comfortable depending on others and having others depend on her.Selena would be described as having a(n)__________ attachment style.

Question 62

The fact that we tend to remain in relationships only as long as the rewards outweigh the effort and irritation they cause is explained by the __________ theory.

Question 63

The need that is based on the human desires to get and to give approval,support,friendship,and love as well as the desire to alleviate fear and anxiety is the need for __________.

Question 64

The likelihood that help will be given to a person in need is reduced when there are many people present due to a(n)__________ of responsibility.

Question 65

According to psychologists Seyle and Newman,the "red states and blue states" have become a national shorthand for dividing Americans into opposing camps with the "red" supposed to be conservative and the "blues" supposed to be liberal.

Question 66

According to Sternberg,the form of love that is more common among couples who have been together a long time and includes only the elements of intimacy and commitment is __________ love.

Question 67

Stereotypes are oversimplified images of people and often include a mixture of both positive and negative qualities.

Question 68

People who are not consciously prejudiced may continue to respond emotionally to members of other ethnic groups,which may reflect lingering stereotypes and prejudices learned in childhood.

Question 69

In social psychology,the process of revealing private thoughts,feelings,and one's personal history to others is known as __________.

Question 70

The observation that we are most likely to help someone else when we are able to "feel that person's pain" is referred to as a(n)__________ relationship.

Question 71

With regard to romantic love,the nearly exclusive attention lovers give to one another is referred to as __________.

Question 72

When hiring new employees at his company,Jake has a tendency to generalize a favorable impression to unrelated personal characteristics,such as their physical appearance,a tendency known as the __________ effect.

Question 73

Intergroup conflict between two groups of boys at a summer camp was most efficiently reduced by emergencies that required the cooperation of both groups.

Question 74

Intimacy,passion,and commitment are the three components of Robert Sternberg's __________ theory of love.

Question 75

A good way to reduce social stereotyping is for groups to engage in social competition.

Question 76

When looking at the concept of "race," it is impossible to biologically determine a given person's race.

Question 77

Although prejudice was reduced by jigsaw classrooms,it did not improve the children's grades,self-esteem,or attitudes toward school.

Question 78

When Amanda volunteers at the animal shelter and when she helps her elderly next-door-neighbor grocery shop,she is exhibiting behaviors that have a positive effect on people and are collectively referred to as __________ behaviors.

Question 79

According to the evolutionary theory,mating preferences for men and women developed in response to differing __________ challenges.

Question 80

During times of war,normal people are capable of killing other humans because they convince themselves that their actions are just.