Deck 18: A: Applied Psychology

Question 1

The definition of applied psychology is

A) the use of psychological principles to solve practical problems.
B) the use of humanistic methods to solve practical problems.
C) applying psychoanalytic theories to real-world issues.
D) using classic behaviorism with consumers.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which part of I/O psychology involves studying jobs to identify underlying skills,which can then guide efforts to select people and train them for those jobs?

A) (human) integration
B) (job) orientation
C) organizational
D) industrial

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Whether it is the click wheel,the computer mouse,voice-activated computers,or computerized systems that disabled users can control,the type of psychologists who design better computer tools by utilizing an understanding of human behavior are the __________ psychologists.

A) humanistic
B) human factors
C) comparative
D) developmental

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which type of psychologist is likely to be interested in studying worker satisfaction and how to motivate people at work?

A) engineering psychologist
B) industrial/organizational psychologist
C) environmental psychologist
D) comparative psychologist

Question 5

Which psychologists typically work in two major areas: (1)studying jobs to identify underlying skills,which can then guide efforts to select people and train them for those jobs; and (2)studying organizations to understand how to create structures and company cultures that will improve worker performance?

A) industrial/organizational
B) environmental
C) comparative
D) sociological

Question 6

Jared is a psychologist who is studying the problems that people face at work that could lead to job stress and burnout.Jared is most likely a(n)__________ psychologist.

A) clinical
B) industrial/organizational
C) comparative
D) community

Question 7

Jenna is using psychological principles to help students with learning disabilities,while Jack is developing ways to help employees reduce job stress and avoid burnout.Both of these psychologists are working in the field known as __________ psychology.

A) basic research
B) comparative
C) applied
D) forensic

Question 8

Areas of applied psychology include all of the following EXCEPT

A) community psychology.
B) biopsychology.
C) educational psychology.
D) space psychology.

Question 9

A psychologist who is attempting to improve human relations in a work setting is likely to be identified as a(n)__________ psychologist.

A) community
B) counseling
C) clinical
D) industrial-organizational

Question 10

The largest areas of applied psychology are __________ psychology.

A) clinical and counseling
B) business and industrial
C) educational and sports
D) environmental and health

Question 11

As part of his job,Joseph has been observing iPod users as they manipulate both the standard and multi-touch interface models and will also survey them regarding these models.Joseph would best be described as a __________ psychologist.

A) human factors
B) humanistic
C) comparative
D) developmental

Question 12

The use of psychological principles and research methods to solve practical problems defines __________ psychology.

A) pure research
B) applied
C) experimental
D) basic research

Question 13

Which part of I/O psychology involves creating structures and company cultures that will improve worker performance?

A) (human) integration
B) (job) orientation
C) organizational
D) industrial

Question 14

Which are the two main areas of work for industrial-organizational psychologists?

A) designing and implementing new products and personnel information
B) handling personnel difficulties and increasing worker efficiency
C) studying jobs to identify underlying skills and creating structures that will improve worker efficiency
D) human resources and information technology

Question 15

Although more recent models of the iPod use a multi-touch interface,the iPod's early success depended on a tiny touch-sensitive ring that allowed users to quickly locate the one desired song among thousands.This touch-sensitive ring is known as a(n)

A) O-ring.
B) ergon.
C) click wheel.
D) reverberating loop.

Question 16

The work of which type of psychologist is likely to affect how you are selected for a job and tested,trained,or evaluated for promotions?

A) engineering
B) industrial/organizational
C) environmental
D) sociological

Question 17

Which type of psychologists studies the behavior of people at work as well as their behavior within the structure and culture of each particular business or company?

A) industrial/organizational
B) environmental
C) comparative
D) sociological

Question 18

Industrial-organizational psychologists are often employed by

A) the government.
B) industry.
C) businesses.
D) all of these.

Question 19

Areas of applied psychology include all of the following EXCEPT __________ psychology.

A) counseling
B) military
C) comparative
D) sports

Question 20

Zach is using psychological principles and research methods to determine methods for athletes to reach their peak performance,while Anna is utilizing psychological principles in developing ways to alleviate traffic jams in growing cities.Both of these psychologists are working in the field known as __________ psychology.

A) basic research
B) comparative
C) applied
D) forensic

Question 21

Which of the following is defined as maximum output at the lowest cost?

A) I/O quota
B) worker biodata
C) BMI
D) work efficiency

Question 22

A psychologist who is interested in studying how flexible work scheduling affects job satisfaction would most likely be a(n)__________ psychologist.

A) industrial-organizational
B) consumer
C) clinical
D) biodata

Question 23

Which of the following is typical of Theory X leadership?

A) participative management
B) worker autonomy
C) management by objectives
D) job specialization

Question 24

If,as a manager,you alter workers' time schedules,quotas,or bonuses,you are trying to affect

A) job specialization.
B) psychological efficiency.
C) participatory leadership.
D) work efficiency.

Question 25

Industrial plant managers who conduct time-and-motion studies and task analyses,and who use assembly lines to improve productivity,probably believe in

A) Theory X leadership.
B) Theory Y leadership.
C) psychological efficiency.
D) participative management.

Question 26

A shortcoming of the Theory X leadership approach seems to be that it fails to consider

A) psychological efficiency.
B) work efficiency.
C) management rights.
D) workplace design.

Question 27

Which of the following would be a topic of special interest to industrial-organizational psychologists?

A) leadership
B) machine design
C) job enrichment
D) all of these

Question 28

Fredrick Taylor's approach to improve worker efficiency by standardizing work routines and stressing careful planning is referred to as

A) psychological efficiency.
B) participative management.
C) job enrichment.
D) scientific management.

Question 29

According to family therapist and rabbi Edwin Friedman,which of the following can be thought of as "the capacity to define oneself to others in a way that clarifies and expands a vision of the future"?

A) self-esteem
B) leadership
C) self-actualization
D) integrity

Question 30

Which of the following would NOT be a topic of special interest to industrial-organizational psychologists?

A) absenteeism
B) pay schedules
C) management styles
D) market research

Question 31

Managers who assume that workers must be coerced or goaded into being productive typically use __________ techniques.

A) participative management
B) Theory X leadership
C) management by objectives
D) Theory Y leadership

Question 32

Jack is a manager of a local company.He is always trying to come up with new work schedules and bonus incentives to encourage his workers to be more productive while cutting costs.Jack's leadership style would be classified as

A) Type A.
B) Type B.
C) Theory X.
D) Theory Y.

Question 33

Which of the following was known for developing an approach for improving worker efficiency known as scientific management?

A) Fredrick Taylor
B) Douglas McGregor
C) Irving Janis
D) John Holland

Question 34

The term Theory X has been used to refer to an approach known as

A) psychological efficiency.
B) participative management.
C) job enrichment.
D) scientific management.

Question 35

Scientific management,which uses task analysis and job specialization,is also called

A) management by objectives.
B) Theory X leadership.
C) Theory Y leadership.
D) participative management.

Question 36

Versions of Fredrick Taylor's approach to improve worker efficiency are referred to as __________ leadership.

A) Theory X
B) Theory Y
C) Type A
D) Type B

Question 37

Theory X leadership emphasizes all of the following EXCEPT

A) work efficiency.
B) productivity.
C) task analyses.
D) psychological efficiency.

Question 38

Industrial-organizational psychologists are interested primarily in human relations at work,and

A) market research.
B) consumer psychology.
C) personnel psychology.
D) clinical diagnostics.

Question 39

Which of the following refers to maintaining good morale,labor relations,employee satisfaction,and similar aspects of work behavior?

A) I/O quota
B) psychological biodata
C) psychological efficiency
D) work efficiency

Question 40

One of the earliest attempts to improve worker efficiency was made in 1923 by an engineer who sped up production by standardizing work routines and by stressing careful planning,control,and orderliness?

A) Fredrick Taylor
B) Douglas McGregor
C) Irving Janis
D) John Holland

Question 41

A company that focuses on psychological efficiency is LEAST likely to do which of the following?

A) balance productivity with morale.
B) pay employees fairly.
C) use bonuses and time schedules to motivate workers.
D) use management by objectives.

Question 42

If,as a manager,you are concerned with maintaining good morale,labor relations,employee satisfaction,you are trying to affect

A) work efficiency.
B) psychological efficiency.
C) scientific management.
D) Theory X leadership.

Question 43

Which type of leaders assume people are industrious,creative,and rewarded by challenging work and that workers' needs and goals can be meshed with the company's goals?

A) Type A
B) Type B
C) Theory X
D) Theory Y

Question 44

With the economic downturn,Craig has increased quotas and the number of hours employees work to cut costs.Craig is most concerned with

A) Theory Y leadership.
B) management by objectives.
C) psychological efficiency.
D) work efficiency.

Question 45

Which of the following add value to their company by creating and manipulating information?

A) Theory X leaders
B) scientifically-managed workers
C) knowledge workers
D) work efficiency experts

Question 46

Which type of leaders have a person orientation rather than a task orientation and tend to assume that workers enjoy autonomy and are willing to accept responsibility?

A) Type A
B) Type B
C) Theory X
D) Theory Y

Question 47

To increase psychological efficiency,a business manager would be well-advised to apply the concepts of

A) Theory X leadership.
B) task analysis and assembly lines.
C) Theory Y leadership.
D) scientific management.

Question 48

An employer who lets employees make as many decisions as possible about what they do with their time probably believes in

A) Theory X leadership.
B) Theory Y leadership.
C) scientific management.
D) industrial biodata.

Question 49

Task orientation is to person orientation as

A) job enrichment is to job satisfaction.
B) Theory X leadership is to Theory Y leadership.
C) Theory Y leadership is to job satisfaction.
D) job enrichment is to Theory X leadership.

Question 50

Theory X leadership is to work efficiency as Theory Y leadership is to

A) inefficiency.
B) psychological efficiency.
C) scientific management.
D) impersonalization.

Question 51

Studies have consistently found that

A) psychological efficiency is important because happy workers are productive workers.
B) work efficiency is much more important than psychological efficiency.
C) emphasizing psychological efficiency has led to decreased production.
D) scientific management produces the happiest and most productive workers.

Question 52

Assumptions made by Theory X leaders include which of the following?

A) Time-and-motion studies and job specialization increase productivity.
B) People are industrious, creative, and rewarded by challenging work.
C) Workers must be given some degree of freedom and responsibility in completing their work.
D) All of these statements describe Theory X leadership.

Question 53

Work efficiency is to psychological efficiency as

A) job enrichment is to job satisfaction.
B) Theory X leadership is to Theory Y leadership.
C) management by objectives is to job enrichment.
D) job enrichment is to Theory X leadership.

Question 54

William has turned to his employees and given them more control and decision-making ability to effect change in the company and to come up with solutions to deal with the current economic downturn.William is more concerned with

A) Theory X leadership.
B) scientific management.
C) psychological efficiency.
D) work efficiency.

Question 55

Concerns with worker retention,minimizing absenteeism,and sustaining good morale and labor relations are all part of

A) psychological efficiency.
B) scientific management.
C) work efficiency.
D) Theory X leadership.

Question 56

A company that applies Theory Y leadership style is likely to use all of the following EXCEPT

A) encouraging people to be industrious and creative.
B) finding it beneficial to separate employees by their job position.
C) meshing the goals of the workers with those of the company.
D) giving workers some degree of freedom and responsibility.

Question 57

Which of the following coined the term Theory X as a way to distinguish the leadership style associated with scientific management from Theory Y,a newer approach,which emphasizes human relations at work?

A) Frederick Taylor
B) Douglas McGregor
C) Irving Janis
D) John Holland

Question 58

Ian is a manager of a local company.He holds departmental meetings daily in order to get input from the employees about ways to improve quality and safety.Ian often works alongside his employees and eats with them at lunch.All employees work as a team to produce the best product possible.Ian's management style would be classified as __________ leadership.

A) Type A
B) Type B
C) Theory X
D) Theory Y

Question 59

Which is an assumption made by Theory Y leaders?

A) Workers' needs and goals are incompatible with the company's goals.
B) People are industrious, creative, and rewarded by challenging work.
C) Workers must be coerced or goaded into being productive.
D) Time-and-motion studies and job specialization increase productivity.

Question 60

Which of the following is typical of Theory Y leadership?

A) worker autonomy
B) job specialization
C) rigid time-management
D) assembly lines

Question 61

Armando,who is a software engineer,has been working long hours trying to develop a new way to more quickly predict hurricane activity for a satellite weather system.Armando quit his last job because the leadership of that company made him feel like he was "punching the clock." The woman who is the chief executive officer of his new company believes that people are industrious,creative,and rewarded by challenging work.Regarding Armando's current and previous job situations,which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) The work efficiency at Armando's new job is probably being measured by time-and-motion studies.
B) Armando is now being scientifically-managed at his new company.
C) Armando's work and psychological efficiency would have been higher had he stayed with his old company.
D) Armando has moved from a job with a Theory X leader to a career with a Theory Y leader.

Question 62

Most people expect women to be dependent,nurturing,tender,sensitive,and sympathetic,which are qualities

A) referred to as agentic.
B) referred to as androgynous.
C) referred to as communal.
D) of a Theory X leader.

Question 63

In the Honda plant in Marysville,Ohio,all the employees,regardless of their position,wear identical white uniforms and hold the title of associate.There are no private offices,separate dining rooms,or reserved parking spaces for executives.In fact,employees work alongside company executives,with every employee having a "say" in and responsibility for quality control and safety.This leadership style would be classified as

A) Type A.
B) Type B.
C) Theory X.
D) Theory Y.

Question 64

Steven is independent,confident,ambitious,objective,dominant,and forceful.Steven would be considered

A) agentic.
B) psychologically androgynous.
C) communal.
D) a Theory Y leader.

Question 65

Which of the following would be considered knowledge workers?

A) bankers and lawyers
B) scientists and computer engineers
C) teachers and writers
D) all of these

Question 66

The invisible barrier that has prevented women from moving into leadership positions in the past has been replaced by a labyrinth created by a clash between

A) Type A versus Type B personalities.
B) "brain versus brawn."
C) leadership stereotypes and gender role stereotypes.
D) Theory X leadership versus scientific management styles.

Question 67

Regarding knowledge workers,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Knowledge workers tend to work hard to gain competence and to use their talents.
B) Today in North America, two of every five people in the workforce would be considered knowledge workers.
C) Knowledge workers usually think of their work as a career rather than a job.
D) Bankers, teachers, and lawyers are examples of knowledge workers.

Question 68

Most people expect good leaders to be independent,confident,ambitious,objective,dominant,and forceful,which are qualities

A) referred to as agentic.
B) referred to as androgynous.
C) referred to as communal.
D) of a Theory Y leader.

Question 69

Which of the following workers tend to think of their work as a career rather than a job and will work hard to gain competence and use their talents?

A) Theory X workers
B) scientifically-managed workers
C) knowledge workers
D) all of these

Question 70

Today in North America,how many people in the workforce are knowledge workers?

A) one out of five
B) two out of five
C) three out of five
D) four out of five

Question 71

Jessie is a college professor and also a writer.Jessie would be considered a

A) Theory X leader.
B) scientifically-managed worker.
C) knowledge worker.
D) Type A leader.

Question 72

Two elements that make Theory Y leadership methods effective are

A) shared leadership and management by objectives.
B) time-and-motion studies and task analysis.
C) scientific management and variable pay schedules.
D) job specialization and task analysis.

Question 73

Regarding women in leadership roles,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) If a woman practices the communal Theory Y leadership, she is seen as weak.
B) If a woman acts assertive and confident, she is scorned for "trying to be a man."
C) Studies have shown that companies with more women in leadership roles perform better financially.
D) Agentic leaders have been shown to be better leaders than communal leaders.

Question 74

In order to incorporate many of the features of Theory Y leadership,the Honda plant in Marysville,Ohio,made several changes.Which of the following was NOT one of these changes?

A) Employees, regardless of their position, wear identical white uniforms and hold the title of associate and work alongside company executives.
B) Private offices, separate dining halls, and reserved parking spaces for executives were abolished.
C) Departmental meetings are held daily with decisions being made and thoughts freely shared.
D) Executives were made entirely responsible for quality control and worker safety.

Question 75

Regarding women in leadership roles,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) As Theory Y leadership styles have become more popular, women are slowly gaining acceptance as leaders.
B) Only one percent of all American organizations have female CEOs.
C) Studies have shown that companies with more women in leadership roles perform better financially.
D) Most people expect good leaders to be agentic rather than communal.

Question 76

The invisible barrier that in the past has prevented women from moving into leadership positions was called the

A) communal barrier.
B) glass ceiling.
C) stereotype threat.
D) Type X labyrinth.

Question 77

Bankers,teachers,lawyers,computer engineers,writers,and scientists are considered

A) Theory X leaders.
B) scientifically-managed workers.
C) knowledge workers.
D) Type A leaders.

Question 78

According to traditional gender role stereotypes,most people expect good leaders to be all of the following EXCEPT

A) agentic.
B) male.
C) independent and ambitious.
D) a Theory Y leader.

Question 79

Regarding women in leadership roles,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Most leaders who are women tend to have a Theory X leadership style.
B) Nearly a quarter of all American organizations have female CEOs.
C) Studies have shown that companies with more women in leadership roles perform better financially.
D) Women who are leaders face a clash between leadership stereotypes and stereotypes about women.

Question 80

According to traditional gender role stereotypes,most people expect

A) men to be agentic and women to be communal.
B) men to be communal and women to be agentic.
C) men to use scientific management and women to use Theory X leadership.
D) men to use Theory Y leadership and women to use scientific management.